chapter 002

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Bell Work 1/19Bell Work 1/19

Word buildingWord building Tumor of a gland?Tumor of a gland?

• adenomaadenoma

Pertaining to the head? Pertaining to the head? • cephaliccephalic

P/T Below the skin? P/T Below the skin? • hypodermichypodermic

Red blood cell? Red blood cell? • erythrocyteerythrocyte

No textbook checkout today, they have not No textbook checkout today, they have not arrived.arrived.

Chapter 2Chapter 2Terms Pertaining to the Terms Pertaining to the

Body as a WholeBody as a Whole



Chapter GoalsChapter Goals

Define terms that apply to the structural Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body.organization of the body.

Identify the body cavities and recognize the Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities.organs contained within those cavities.

Locate and identify the anatomical and Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.clinical divisions of the abdomen.

Locate and name the anatomical divisions of Locate and name the anatomical divisions of the back.the back.


Chapter Goals (cont’d)Chapter Goals (cont’d)

Become acquainted with terms that describe Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body.positions, directions, and planes of the body.

Identify the meanings for new word elements Identify the meanings for new word elements and use them to understand medical terms.and use them to understand medical terms.


Structural Organization of the BodyStructural Organization of the Body CELLS– CELLS–

the fundamental unit of all living things the fundamental unit of all living things TISSUES– TISSUES–

a group of similar cells working a group of similar cells working together to do a specific jobtogether to do a specific job

ORGANS—ORGANS— types of tissue combine to form an types of tissue combine to form an

organorgan SYSTEMS–SYSTEMS–

groups of organsgroups of organs


CELL—the fundamental unit of all living thingsCELL—the fundamental unit of all living things

Structural Organization of the BodyStructural Organization of the Body

Major parts of a cell include:

chromosomes nucleus cell membrane cytoplasm


Study Section 1– these terms Study Section 1– these terms are defined on page 35are defined on page 35

anabolismanabolism catabolismcatabolism cell membranecell membrane chromosomeschromosomes cytoplasmcytoplasm DNADNA

endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum

genesgenes karyotypekaryotype metabolismmetabolism mitochondriamitochondria nucleusnucleus



Cells are specialized to Cells are specialized to carry out individual carry out individual functions.functions.

Identify the following in Identify the following in the imagethe image Epithelial cellEpithelial cell Fat cellFat cell Nerve cellNerve cell Muscle cellMuscle cell


Structural Organization of the Body Structural Organization of the Body (cont’d)(cont’d)

Types of CellsTypes of Cells


Tissues Tissues Different tissue types include:Different tissue types include:

Epithelial Tissue — tissues that line internal Epithelial Tissue — tissues that line internal organs and is the outer most layer of our skinorgans and is the outer most layer of our skin

Muscle Tissue – three types of muscle tissueMuscle Tissue – three types of muscle tissueInvoluntaryInvoluntaryVoluntaryVoluntaryCardiac Cardiac

Connective Tissue – fat, cartilage, bone and bloodConnective Tissue – fat, cartilage, bone and blood Nerve Tissue – conducts impulses Nerve Tissue – conducts impulses




Organs: Different types of tissue combine Organs: Different types of tissue combine to form an organ to form an organ The stomach is composed of muscle, nerve, The stomach is composed of muscle, nerve,

and epithelial tissues.and epithelial tissues. Internal organs is called Internal organs is called visceraviscera

Systems: Groups of organs working Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform complex functionstogether to perform complex functions Page 37 has a list of systemsPage 37 has a list of systems


VocabularyVocabulary adipose tissueadipose tissue

collection of fat cellscollection of fat cells CartilageCartilage

connective tissue that attaches bones at jointsconnective tissue that attaches bones at joints epithelial cellsepithelial cells

skin cells that cover the body and internal surfaces skin cells that cover the body and internal surfaces of organsof organs

HistologistHistologist Specialist in the study of tissues. Hist = tissueSpecialist in the study of tissues. Hist = tissue

LarynxLarynx ““Voice box” – the upper part of the tracheaVoice box” – the upper part of the trachea


VocabularyVocabulary pharynxpharynx

throatthroat pituitary glandpituitary gland

Gland at the base of the brain, often referred to as Gland at the base of the brain, often referred to as the master glandthe master gland

thyroid glandthyroid gland Gland that surrounds the tracheaGland that surrounds the trachea

tracheatrachea ““windpipe” Tube that leads from the throat to the windpipe” Tube that leads from the throat to the

bronchial tubesbronchial tubes


Body Cavities and OrgansBody Cavities and Organs

CranialCranial

ThoracicThoracic

AbdominalAbdominal

PelvicPelvic

SpinalSpinal

BrainBrain

Lungs and heartLungs and heart

Stomach, small and large Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreasintestines, spleen, pancreas

Portions of the small and large Portions of the small and large intestines, bladder, rectumintestines, bladder, rectum

Nerves of the spinal cordNerves of the spinal cord

Cavity Cavity Organ(s)Organ(s)


VocabularyVocabulary

UreterUreter Tube that leads from the kidney to the bladderTube that leads from the kidney to the bladder

UrethraUrethra Tube from the bladder to the outside of the bodyTube from the bladder to the outside of the body

UterusUterus The wombThe womb

VisceraViscera Internal organsInternal organs


ReviewReview Cystoscopy:Cystoscopy:

A.A. Study of cells Study of cells B.B. Visual examination of cells Visual examination of cells

C.C. Removal of a sac of fluid Removal of a sac of fluid D.D. Removal of the urinary Removal of the urinary

bladder bladder E.E. Visual examination of the Visual examination of the

urinary bladderurinary bladder

Electroencephalogram:Electroencephalogram: A.A. Record of electricity in the Record of electricity in the

brain brain B.B. Record of electricity in the Record of electricity in the

heart heart C.C. X-ray of the brain X-ray of the brain D.D. Record of sound waves in Record of sound waves in

the brain the brain E.E. X-ray of the heart and brain X-ray of the heart and brain

Cancerous tumor:Cancerous tumor: A.A. Hematoma Hematoma B.B. Adenoma Adenoma C.C. Carcinoma Carcinoma D.D. Carcinogenic Carcinogenic E.E. Neurotomy Neurotomy

Pain in a joint:Pain in a joint: A.A. Ostealgia Ostealgia B.B. Arthritis Arthritis C.C. Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis D.D. Arthroalgia Arthroalgia E.E. Arthralgia Arthralgia


Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Body cavities are the Body cavities are the spaces within the body spaces within the body that contain internal that contain internal organs (viscera).organs (viscera).


QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::

1.1. Which body cavity contains the Which body cavity contains the pleural cavity and the pleural cavity and the mediastinum?mediastinum?

A.A. cranialcranial

B.B. pelvicpelvic

C.C. spinalspinal

D.D. thoracicthoracic


2.2. Which body cavity contains the Which body cavity contains the peritoneum?peritoneum?

A.A. abdominalabdominal

B.B. pelvicpelvic

C.C. spinalspinal

D.D. thoracicthoracic

QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ: (cont’d): (cont’d)


Bell work 1/24Bell work 1/24 Match the parts of the body with their correct descriptions:Match the parts of the body with their correct descriptions:

a.adipose tissuea.adipose tissue e.pleurae.pleura

b.cartilageb.cartilage f.tracheaf.trachea

c.larynxc.larynx g.ureterg.ureter

d.pharynxd.pharynx h.urethrah.urethra

1.1. ThroatThroat

2.2. Collection of fat cellsCollection of fat cells

3.3. WindpipeWindpipe

4.4. Tube from the kidney to the urinary bladderTube from the kidney to the urinary bladder

5.5. Voice boxVoice box

6.6. Membrane surrounding the lungsMembrane surrounding the lungs

7.7. Flexible connective tissue at jointsFlexible connective tissue at joints

8.8. Tube from the urinary bladder to outside of bodyTube from the urinary bladder to outside of body


Organs of the Abdominopelvic Organs of the Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities and Thoracic Cavities


Study Section 3Study Section 3 abdominal cavityabdominal cavity

Space below the chest that contains the liver, Space below the chest that contains the liver,

stomach, gallbladder and intestinesstomach, gallbladder and intestines

cranial cavity cranial cavity

Space in the head that contains the brain, skullSpace in the head that contains the brain, skull

diaphragmdiaphragm

Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal

cavities.cavities.


Study Section 3Study Section 3 dorsal (posterior)dorsal (posterior)

Pertaining to the backPertaining to the back

mediastinummediastinum

Centrally located space between the lungsCentrally located space between the lungs

pleurapleura

Membrane surrounding each lungMembrane surrounding each lung

pleural cavitypleural cavity

Space between the pleural membraneSpace between the pleural membrane


Study Section 3Study Section 3 spinal cavityspinal cavity

Space within the spinal column (backbone) and Space within the spinal column (backbone) and

contains the spinal cord.contains the spinal cord.

thoracic cavitythoracic cavity

Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs,

bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other

organsorgans

ventral (anterior)ventral (anterior)

Pertaining to the frontPertaining to the front


Abdominopelvic Regions and Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants Quadrants

Regions Regions Right Hypochondriac regionRight Hypochondriac region Left Hypochondriac region Left Hypochondriac region Epigastric region Epigastric region Right Lumbar regionRight Lumbar region Left Lumbar region Left Lumbar region Umbilical region Umbilical region Right Inguinal regionRight Inguinal region Left Inguinal regionLeft Inguinal region Hypogastric region Hypogastric region


Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)


Abdominopelvic Regions and Abdominopelvic Regions and QuadrantsQuadrants

Quadrants Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)


Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants


Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic Quadrants


Anatomical Divisions of the BackAnatomical Divisions of the Back

Cervical Cervical Neck region. There are 7 cervical vertebraeNeck region. There are 7 cervical vertebrae

Thoracic Thoracic Chest region. There are 12 thoracic vertebraeChest region. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar Lumbar Loin or flank region. There are 5 lumbar vertebraeLoin or flank region. There are 5 lumbar vertebrae

Sacral Sacral Five bones that fuse together form the sacrum. Five bones that fuse together form the sacrum.

CoccygealCoccygeal The tailbone. A small bone of four fused piecesThe tailbone. A small bone of four fused pieces


Anatomical Divisions of the BackAnatomical Divisions of the Back



3.3. Name the abdominopelvic region Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the central region that is located in the central region near the navel.near the navel.

A.A. inguinalinguinal

B.B. umbilicalumbilical

C.C. lumbarlumbar

D.D. hypochondriachypochondriac


QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ: : (cont’d)(cont’d)

4.4. Name the abdominopelvic region Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the lower middle that is located in the lower middle below the umbilical region.below the umbilical region.

A.A. inguinalinguinal

B.B. epigastricepigastric

C.C. lumbarlumbar

D.D. hypogastrichypogastric


Bell Work 1.24Bell Work 1.24

What area of the spine is at the neck?What area of the spine is at the neck? Cervical spineCervical spine

What word means incision into a bone?What word means incision into a bone? OsteotomyOsteotomy

What cavity surrounds the lungsWhat cavity surrounds the lungs Pleural cavityPleural cavity


Positions, Directions, and Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body Planes of the Body

Positional and Directional Terms Positional and Directional Terms Anterior (ventral) -- the front side of the bodyAnterior (ventral) -- the front side of the body Posterior (dorsal) -- the back side of the bodyPosterior (dorsal) -- the back side of the body Deep -- away from the surfaceDeep -- away from the surface Superficial -- on the surfaceSuperficial -- on the surface Proximal -- near the point of attachmentProximal -- near the point of attachment Distal -- far from the point of attachmentDistal -- far from the point of attachment Inferior -- below another structureInferior -- below another structure Superior -- above another structureSuperior -- above another structure


Positional and Directional Terms Positional and Directional Terms


Positions, Directions, and Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body Planes of the Body

Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d)Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d) Medial – pertaining to the middleMedial – pertaining to the middle Lateral – pertaining to the sideLateral – pertaining to the side Supine – lying on the backSupine – lying on the back Prone – lying on the bellyProne – lying on the belly


Positions, Directions, and Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body (cont'd)Planes of the Body (cont'd)

Planes of the Body – an imaginary flat Planes of the Body – an imaginary flat surfacesurface Frontal (coronal) Frontal (coronal)

a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions portions

Sagittal (lateral) Sagittal (lateral) a lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left a lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left

sides sides

Transverse (cross-sectional or axial)Transverse (cross-sectional or axial) a plane running across the body parallel to the ground a plane running across the body parallel to the ground


Positional and Directional TermsPositional and Directional Terms


Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes and Prefixes

COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS

abdomin/oabdomin/o abdomenabdomen

adip/oadip/o fatfat

anter/oanter/o frontfront

bol/obol/o to cast (throw)to cast (throw)

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning


Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) and Prefixes (cont’d)


cervic/ocervic/o neck (of the body or neck (of the body or uterus)uterus)

chondr/ochondr/o cartilagecartilage

chrom/ochrom/o colorcolor

coccyg/ococcyg/o coccyx (tailbone)coccyx (tailbone)



Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)and Prefixes (cont’d)


crani/ocrani/o skullskull

cyt/ocyt/o cellcell

dist/odist/o far, distantfar, distant

dors/odors/o back portion of the bodyback portion of the body



Combining Forms, Suffixes Combining Forms, Suffixes and Prefixes (cont’d) and Prefixes (cont’d)


hist/ohist/o tissuetissue

ili/oili/o ilium (of the pelvic ilium (of the pelvic

bone)bone)

inguin/oinguin/o groingroin

kary/okary/o nucleusnucleus





later/olater/o sideside

lumb/olumb/o lower backlower back

medi/omedi/o middlemiddle

nucle/onucle/o nucleusnucleus




pelv/ipelv/i pelvispelvis

poster/oposter/o back, behindback, behind

proxim/oproxim/o nearestnearest

sacr/osacr/o sacrumsacrum






sarc/osarc/o fleshflesh

spin/ospin/o spine, backbonespine, backbone

thel/othel/o nipplenipple

thorac/othorac/o chestchest

trache/otrache/o trachea, windpipetrachea, windpipe




umbilic/oumbilic/o navel, umbilicusnavel, umbilicus

ventr/oventr/o belly side of the bodybelly side of the body

vertebrovertebro vertebra(e), vertebra(e),

backbone(s)backbone(s)

viscer/oviscer/o internal organsinternal organs




PREFIXESPREFIXES

ana-ana- upup

cata-cata- downdown

epi-epi- aboveabove

hypo-hypo- belowbelow

inter-inter- betweenbetween

meta-meta- changechange




Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) and Prefixes (cont’d)

SUFFIXESSUFFIXES

-eal-eal pertaining topertaining to

-iac-iac pertaining topertaining to

-ior-ior pertaining topertaining to

-ism-ism process, conditionprocess, condition

-ose-ose pertaining to, full ofpertaining to, full of

-plasm-plasm formationformation

-somes-somes bodiesbodies

-type-type picture, classificationpicture, classification

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning



5.5. Which term means process of Which term means process of cutting the skull?cutting the skull?

A.A. thoracotomythoracotomy

B.B. craniotomycraniotomy

C.C. diskectomydiskectomy

D.D. arthroscopyarthroscopy

chapter 002

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