chapter 0. contents

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 0-8247-0992-6

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Headquarters

Marcel Dekker, Inc.

270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540

Eastern Hemisphere Distribution

Marcel Dekker AG

Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland

tel: 41-61-260-6300; fax: 41-61-260-6333

World Wide Web

http://www.dekker.com

The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more

information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address

above.

Copyright q 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or

by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the

publisher.

Current printing (last digit):

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
http://www.dekker.com/http://www.dekker.com/http://www.dekker.com/


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2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.


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Preface

There are two fundamental types of HVAC systems designed to satisfy building

cooling requirements: direct expansion (DX) systems, in which there is direct

heat exchange between the building air and the refrigerant, and secondary

refrigerant systems that utilize chilled water as an intermediate heat exchange

medium to transfer heat from the building air to the refrigerant.

Chilled water systems are the heart of central HVAC cooling, providing

cooling throughout a building or group of buildings from one source. Centralized

cooling offers numerous operating, reliability, and efficiency advantages over

individual DX systems and, on a life-cycle basis, can have significantly lower

total cost.

Every central HVAC cooling system is made up of one or more

refrigeration machines, or water chillers, designed to collect excess heat from

buildings and reject that heat to the outdoor air. The water chiller may use the

vapor compression refrigeration cycle or the absorption refrigeration cycle.

Vapor compression refrigeration compressors may be of the reciprocating,

helical screw, or centrifugal type with electric or gas-fired engine prime movers.

The heat collected by the water chiller must be rejected to the atmosphere. This

waste heat can be rejected by air-cooling, in a process that transfers heat directly

from the refrigerant to the ambient air, or by water-cooling, a process that uses

water to collect the heat from the refrigerant and then to reject that heat to



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the atmosphere. Water-cooled systems offer advantages over air-cooled systems,

including smaller physical size, longer life, and higher operating efficiency. The

success of their operation depends, however, on the proper sizing, selection,

application, operation, and maintenance of the cooling tower.

Thus, the goal of this book is to provide the HVAC designer, the building

owner and his operating and maintenance staff, the architect, and the mechanical

contractor with definitive and practical information and guidance relative to the

application, design, purchase, operation, and maintenance of water chillers and

cooling towers. The first half of the book discusses water chillers and the second

half addresses cooling towers.

Each of these two topics is treated in separate sections, each of which is

divided into three basic parts:

Fundamentals (Part I) presents the basic information about systems and

equipment. How they work and their various components are described anddiscussed.

In Design and Application (Part II), equipment sizing, selection, and

application are discussed. In addition, the details of piping, control, and water

treatment are presented. Finally, special considerations such as noise control,

electrical service, fire protection, and energy efficiency are examined.

Finally, Operations and Maintenance (Part III) takes water chillers and

cooling towers from commissioning through routine maintenance. Chapters on

purchasing equipment include guidelines and recommended specifications for

procurement.This is not an academic textbook, but a book designed to be useful on a day-

to-day basis and provide answers about water chiller and cooling tower use,

application, and problems. Extensive checklists, design and troubleshooting

guidelines, and reference data are provided.

Herbert W. Stanford III



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Contents

Preface

WATER CHILLERS

Part 1 Fundamentals

1. Refrigeration Machines

2. Chiller Configurations

Part II Design and Application

3. Chilled Water System Elements

4. Chiller Controls

5. Thermal Storage

6. Special Chiller Considerations

Part III Operation and Maintenance

7. Chiller Operation and Maintenance

8. Buying a Chiller



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COOLING TOWERS

Part IV Fundamentals

9. Cooling Tower Fundamentals10. Cooling Tower Components

Part V Design and Application

11. Tower Configuration and Application

12. Cooling Tower Controls

13. Condenser Water Treatment

14. Special Tower Considerations

Part VI Operation and Maintenance

15. Cooling Tower Operation and Maintenance

16. Buying a Cooling Tower

17. In-Situ Tower Performance Testing

Appendices

Appendix A. Design Ambient Wet Bulb Temperatures

Appendix B. Draft Specifications

Appendix C. References and Resources


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