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8/13/2019 chapt11holeslecture1-091122123910-phpapp01

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BIOL 2064:Anatomy & Physiology 1

Chapter 11

Edited by Brenda Holmes

MSN/Ed, RN

Associate Professor

South Aransas Community College


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!ole"s !uman Anatomy

an# Physiology$%elth '#ition

Shier Butler Le%is

Chapter

11

(er)ous System II: *i)isionso the (er)ous System

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


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11+1: Intro#u,tion

!e central ner"o#s system $%NS& consists of t!e brain

and s'inal cord(

!e brainstem connects t!e brain to t!e s'inal cord(

%omm#nication to t!e 'eri'!eral ner"o#s system $PNS&

is by )ay of t!e s'inal cord(


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11+2: -eninges

!e menin+esMembranes of %NSProtect t!e %NS!ree $3& layers

-#ra mater.o#+! mot!er0eno#s sin#sesal

Arac!noid mater.S'ider)ebli4e

S'ace containscerebros'inal fl#id

$%S&Pia mater

.ait!f#l mot!er

Enca's#lates blood"essels

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Scalp

Cranium

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Meninges

Meninges

Cerebrum

(b)(a)

Gray matter

White matter

Subarachnoid space

Falx cerebri

Pia mater

Dura mater

Bone o s!ull

Subcutaneous tissue

S!in

"entorium

cerebelli

#ertebra

Dural sinus (superior

sagittal sinus)

$rachnoid

granulation

$rachnoid

mater


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-eninges o the Spinal Cor#Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Pia mater

$rachnoid mater

Dura mater

Dorsal root

Dorsal root

Spinal ner%e

&pidural space

(a) (b)

#entral root

Dorsal root

ganglion

"horacic

%ertebra

Spinal

ner%e

Dorsal rootganglion

Subarachnoid

space

Dorsal branch

(dorsal ramus)

#entral branch

(%entral ramus)

#entral root

&pidural

space

Body o

%ertebra


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11+.: /entri,les

an# Cererospinal lui#!ere are fo#r $*& "entricles!e "entricles are interconnected

ca"ities )it!in cerebral !emis'!eres and

brain stem!e "entricles are contin#o#s )it! t!e

central canal of t!e s'inal cord!ey are filled )it! cerebros'inal fl#id

$%S&

!e fo#r $*& "entricles are

7ateral "entricles $2&8no)n as t!e first and

second "entricles!ird "entricleo#rt! "entricle

9nter"entric#lar foramen%erebral a:#ed#ct

'ateral %entricle

"hird %entricle

Fourth %entricle

(a)

nter%entricular

oramen

Cerebralaueduct

"o central canal

o spinal cord


"hird %entricle

(b)

Cerebral

aueduct

"o central canalo spinal cord

Fourth

%entricle

'ateral

%entricle

nter%entricularoramen


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;

Cererospinal lui#

Secreted by t!e c!oroid 'le#s

$%an yo# recall t!e s'ecific cells


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11+1 Clini,al Appli,ation

Cererospinal lui# Pressure


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11+4: Spinal Cor#

Slender col#mn of ner"o#s

tiss#e contin#o#s )it! brain

and brainstem

Etends do)n)ard t!ro#+!"ertebral canalBe+ins at t!e foramen

ma+n#m and terminates at t!e

first and second l#mbar

"ertebrae $71/72& inters'ace


Brainstem

Spinal cord

(a) (b)

Foramen

magnum

Cer%icalenlargement

#ertebral

canal

'umbar

enlargementConus

medullaris

Cauda

euinaFilum

terminale

Conus

medullaris

'umbar

enlargement

Cer%icalenlargement


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1=

Stru,ture o the Spinal Cor#


White matter

Gray matter

'ateral uniculus

Posterior uniculus

Gray commissure

Central canal

(a)

Posterior horn

Dorsal root

o spinal ner%e

Dorsal root

ganglion

#entral root

o spinal ner%e

$nterior

horn

$nterior

median

issure

Portion o

spinal ner%e

$nterior

uniculus

Posterior median

sulcus


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11

un,tions o Spinal Cor#

%enter for s'inal reflees

%ond#it for ner"e im'#lses to and from t!e brain and

brainstem


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ele3 Ar,s

Reflees are a#tomatic, s#bconscio#s res'onses to stim#li

)it!in or o#tside t!e bodySim'le refle arc $sensory @ motor&

Most common refle arc $sensory @ association @ motor&Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

+eceptor

(a)

Sensory or

aerent neuron

Motor or

eerent neuronCentral

,er%ous

System

&ector

(muscle or gland)

13


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ele3 Ar,s


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1*

eneral Components o a

Spinal ele3

+eceptor

Sensory neuron

Motor neuron

White matter

Gray matter

Spinal cord

Dorsalnterneuron

-

.

/

0

1

(b)

Cell body

o sensory

neuron

&ector

(muscle

or gland)

Central

canal

#entral



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ele3 Beha)ior

Eam'le is t!e knee-jerk reflexSim'le monosyna'tic refleHel's maintain an #'ri+!t 'ost#re


Spinal cord

Patella

Patellar ligamentDirection o impulse

$xon o sensoryneuron

Cell body o

sensory neuron Cell body omotor neuron

$xon o motor

neuron

&ector (uadriceps emorismuscle group)

+eceptor associated 2ith

dendrites o sensory neuron


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ele3 Beha)iorEam'le is a withdrawal reflexPre"ents or limits tiss#e dama+e


nterneuron

Spinal cord

$xon o sensory neuron

Cell body o sensory neuron

Dendrite o

sensory

neuron

Pain

receptor

in s!in

Directiono impulse

Cell body o

motor neuron

$xon omotor neuron

&ector (lexor

muscle contracts

and 2ithdra2s part

being stimulated)

"ac!


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ele3 Ar,

Eam'le crossed extensor reflex%rossin+ of sensory im'#lses )it!in t!e refle center to

'rod#ce an o''osite effect Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

3 Stimulation

3 nhibition

nterneuron

Flexor contracts

Sensory neuron

4

4

4

5

5

5

Motor

neurons

&xtensorcontracts

Flexor

relaxes

Motor

neurons

&xtensor

relaxes

1>


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5ses o ele3es


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$ra,ts o the Spinal Cor#Ascendin+ tracts cond#ct sensory im'#lses to t!e brain-escendin+ tracts cond#ct motor im'#lses from t!e brain to

motor ne#rons reac!in+ m#scles and +landsCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

'ateral corticospinal tract

'ateral reticulospinal tract+ubrospinal tract

$nterior spinocerebellar tract

'ateral spinothalamic tract

$nterior reticulospinal tract

Medial reticulospinal tract

Fasciculus cuneatus

Fasciculus gracilisDorsal column

$nterior spinothalamic tract$nterolateral

system

$nterior

corticospinaltract


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As,en#ing $ra,ts

Maor ascendin+ $sensory&

s'inal cord tractsascic#l#s +racilis and

fascic#l#s c#neat#sS'inot!alamic tracts

7ateral and anteriorS'inocerebellar tracts

Posterior and anterior


Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

"halamus

Sensory

cortex o

cerebrum

Cerebrum

(rontal

section)

Brainstem

(trans%erse

sections)

Spinal cord

(trans%erse section)

Sensory ibers

cross o%er

Spinothalamic

tract

Fasciculuscuneatus

tract

Sensory

impulse

rom s!in

temperature

or pain

receptors


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*es,en#ing $ra,ts

Maor descendin+ $motor& s'inal

cord tracts%orticos'inal tracts

7ateral and anteriorRetic#los'inal tracts

7ateral, anterior and medialR#bros'inal tract


Midbrain

Pons

Brainstem

(trans%erse

sections)

Spinal cord

(trans%erse section)

Motor cortex

o cerebrum

Cerebrum

(rontal

section)

Corticospinal

tract

Medullaoblongata

Motor ibers

cross o%er

Motor

impulse tos!eletal

muscle


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(er)e $ra,ts o the Spinal Cor#


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11+. Clini,al Appli,ation

Spinal Cor# Inuries


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11+7: Brain

#nctions of t!e brain9nter'rets sensations-etermines 'erce'tion

Stores memoryReasonin+Ma4es decisions%oordinates m#sc#lar mo"ements

Re+#lates "isceral acti"ities-etermines 'ersonality

Maor 'arts of t!e brain%erebr#m

rontal lobes

Parietal lobescci'ital lobesem'oral lobes9ns#la

-ience'!alon%erebell#mBrainstem

MidbrainPonsMed#lla oblon+ata


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$he BrainCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord

Cerebellum

Fornix

(b)

S!ull

Meninges

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Brainstem

(a)

Sulcus

Gyrus

Fornix

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

oblongata

Corpus

callosum

Corpuscallosum

"rans%erse issure

!" Martin M. #ot$er%Photo #esearchers, Inc.


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Brain *e)elopment

Ne#ral t#be!ree 'rimary "esicles

orebrain

$Prosence'!alon&

Midbrain

$Mesence'!alon&Hindbrain

$R!ombence'!alon&

i"e secondary "esicleselence'!alon-ience'!alonMesence'!alonMetence'!alonMyelence'!alon


Prosencephalon (orebrain)

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

+hombencephalon (hindbrain)

,eural tube

(a)

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Myelencephalon

Metencephalon

,eural tube

(b)

"elencephalon

(c)

Diencephalon

Midbrain

Pons and Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Cerebral

hemispheres

Medulla

oblongata


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Brain *e)elopment


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Stru,ture o the Cererum%or'#s callos#m

%onnects cerebral

!emis'!eres $a commiss#re&Cyri

B#m's or con"ol#tionsS#lci

Croo"es in +ray matter%entral s#lc#s of

Rolando

iss#res7on+it#dinal se'arates t!e

cerebral !emis'!eresrans"erse se'arates

cerebr#m from cerebell#m

7ateral fiss#re of Syl"i#s


Central sulcus

Gyrus

Sulcus

Frontal lobe

'ateral sulcus

Parietal lobe

6ccipital lobe

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

6ccipital lobe

(a)

(b) (c)

Parietal lobe

Central sulcus

6ccipital lobeFrontal lobe

nsula

"emporal lobe

'ongitudinal

issure

"rans%erse

issureCerebellar

hemisphere

+etracted

temporal lobe


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Loes o the Cererum

i"e $5& lobes bilaterallyrontal lobeParietal lobeem'oral lobecci'ital lobe9ns#la a4aD9sland of

Reil


(c)

Parietal lobe

Central sulcus

6ccipital lobe

Frontal lobe

nsula

+etracted

temporal lobe


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3=

un,tions o the Cererum

9nter'retin+ im'#lses9nitiatin+ "ol#ntary mo"ementsStorin+ information as memory

Retrie"in+ stored informationReasonin+Seat of intelli+ence and 'ersonality


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un,tional egions o the

Cereral Corte3%erebral corte

!in layer of +ray matter t!at constit#tes t!e o#termost

'ortion of cerebr#m

%ontains ;5F of all ne#rons in t!e ner"o#s systemCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Frontal eye ield

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

6ccipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem

nterpretation o auditory patterns

'ateral sulcus

$uditory area

Sensory areas in%ol%ed 2ith

cutaneous and other senses

Sensory speech area( Wernic!e7s area)

Combining

%isual images8

%isual recognition

o ob9ects

#isual area

"emporal lobe

Motor speech area

(Broca7s area)

Motor areas in%ol%ed 2ith the control

o %oluntary muscles

Concentration8 planning8

problem sol%ing

Front lobe


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un,tions o the Cereral Loes


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Sensory Areas

8post9,entral sul,us%#taneo#s sensory areaParietal lobe9nter'rets sensations on

s4in

0is#al areacci'ital lobe9nter'rets "ision

A#ditory areaem'oral lobe9nter'rets !earin+

Sensory area for tasteNear base of t!e central s#lc#s

Sensory area for smellArises from centers dee' )it!in

t!e cerebr#mCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Frontal eye ield

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

6ccipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem


'ateral sulcus

$uditory area



Sensory speech area( Wernic!e7s area)

Combining%isual images8%isual recognition

o ob9ects

#isual area

"emporal lobe

Motor speech area

(Broca7s area)

Motor areas in%ol%ed 2ith the controlo %oluntary muscles


problem sol%ing

Front lobe


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3*

Sensory AreasCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Parietal lobe

Sensory area

Central sulcus

Motor area

Frontal lobe

S2allo2ing

Forearm

$rmPel%is

"high

'eg

'ips

Forearm $rm,ec! Pel%is

"high

'eg

Genitals

(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area

'ongitudinalissure

Sali%ation#ocali:ation

Mastication

Facial

expression

"humb8

ingers8

and hand

"run!

Foot and

toes

"ongue andpharynx

"eeth andgums

;pper

ace


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35

Asso,iation Areas

Re+ions t!at are not 'rimary motor or 'rimary sensory areasGides'read t!ro#+!o#t t!e cerebral corteAnalye and inter'ret sensory e'eriencesPro"ide memory, reasonin+, "erbaliation, #d+ment, emotions


Frontal eye ield

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

6ccipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem


'ateral sulcus

$uditory area



Sensory speech area

( Wernic!e7s area)

Combining

%isual images8

%isual recognition

o ob9ects

#isual area

"emporal lobe

Motor speech area

(Broca7s area)


o %oluntary muscles


problem sol%ing

Front lobe


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Asso,iation Areas

rontal lobe association areas%oncentratin+Plannin+%om'le 'roblem sol"in+

Parietal lobe association areasInderstandin+ s'eec!%!oosin+ )ords to e'ress

t!o#+!t

em'oral lobe association areas9nter'ret com'le sensory

e'eriencesStore memories of "is#al scenes,

m#sic, and com'le 'atterns

cci'ital lobe association areasAnalye and combine "is#al

ima+es )it! ot!er sensory

e'eriences


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3;

-otor Areas

8pre9,entral sul,usPrimary motor areas

rontal lobes%ontrol "ol#ntary m#scles

Brocas areaAnterior to 'rimary motor

corteIs#ally in left !emis'!ere%ontrols m#scles needed for

s'eec!

rontal eye fieldAbo"e Brocas area%ontrols "ol#ntary mo"ements

of eyes and eyelids


Frontal eye ield

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

6ccipital lobe

Cerebellum

Brainstem


'ateral sulcus

$uditory area



Sensory speech area

( Wernic!e7s area)

Combining

%isual images8

%isual recognition

o ob9ects

#isual area

"emporal lobe

Motor speech area

(Broca7s area)


o %oluntary muscles


problem sol%ing

Front lobe


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-otor AreasCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Parietal lobe

Sensory area

Central sulcus

Motor area

Frontal lobe

S2allo2ing

Forearm

$rmPel%is

"high

'eg

'ips

Forearm $rm,ec! Pel%is

"high

'eg

Genitals

(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area

'ongitudinalissure

Sali%ation#ocali:ation

Mastication

Facial

expression

"humb8

ingers8

and hand

"run!

Foot and

toes

"ongue andpharynx

"eeth andgums

;pper

ace


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!emisphere *ominan,e

!e left !emis'!ere is dominant in most indi"id#als

-ominant !emis'!ere controls

S'eec!Gritin+Readin+0erbal s4illsAnalytical s4ills%om'#tational s4ills

Nondominant !emis'!ere controls

Non"erbal tas4sMotor tas4sInderstandin+ and inter'retin+

m#sical and "is#al 'atternsPro"ides emotional and int#iti"e

t!o#+!t 'rocesses


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*=

-emory

S!ort term memoryGor4in+ memory%losed ne#ronal circ#it

%irc#it is stim#lated o"er ando"erG!en im'#lse flo) ceases,

memory does also #nless it

enters lon+term memory "ia

memory consolidation

7on+ term memory%!an+es str#ct#re or

f#nction of ne#rons

En!ances syna'tictransmission


41/95

*1


$raumati, Brain Inury


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*2

Basal (u,lei

Masses of +ray matter-ee' )it!in cerebral

!emis'!eres

%a#date n#cle#s,'#tamen, and +lob#s

'allid#sProd#ce do'amine%ontrol certain m#sc#lar

acti"itiesPrimarily by

in!ibitin+ motor

f#nctions


"halamus


43/95

*3

*ien,ephalon

Bet)een cerebral !emis'!eres and abo"e t!e brainstemS#rro#nds t!e t!ird "entricle

!alam#s

E'it!alam#sHy'ot!alam#s'tic tracts'tic c!iasm

9nf#ndib#l#mPosterior 'it#itaryMammillary bodiesPineal +land


Pyramidal tract

Pons

6ptic ner%e6ptic chiasma

"halamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

6ptic tract

Mammillary body

(a) (b)

6li%e

Corpora uadrigemina

Cerebral

peduncles

Superior

colliculus

neriorcolliculus

"hird

%entricle

Fourth%entricle

Cerebellarpeduncles

Medulla

oblongata


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**

*ien,ephalon

!alam#sCate)ay for sensory im'#lses !eadin+ to cerebral corteRecei"es all sensory im'#lses $ece't smell&

%!annels im'#lses to a''ro'riate 'art of cerebral corte forinter'retation

Hy'ot!alam#sMaintains !omeostasis by re+#latin+ "isceral acti"ities7in4s ner"o#s and endocrine systems $!ence some say t!e

ne#roendocrine system


45/95

*5

*ien,ephalon

%onsists of

Portions of frontal lobePortions of tem'oral lobeHy'ot!alam#s!alam#sBasal n#cleit!er dee' n#clei

#nctions

%ontrols emotionsProd#ces feelin+s9nter'rets sensory im'#lses

$he Limi, System


46/95

*6


Parinson *isease


47/95

*;

Brainstem

!ree 'arts

1( Midbrain

2( Pons

3( Med#lla blon+ata


Spinal cord

"halamus


48/95

*>

-i#rain


Pyramidal tract

Pons


"halamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

6ptic tract

Mammillary body

(a) (b)

6li%e

Corpora uadrigemina

Cerebral

peduncles

Superiorcolliculus

nerior

colliculus

"hird%entricle

Fourth

%entricle

Cerebellarpeduncles

Medulla

oblongata

Bet)een dience'!alon and 'ons%ontains b#ndles of fibers t!at

oin lo)er 'arts of brainstem and

s'inal cord )it! !i+!er 'art of

brain

%erebral a:#ed#ct%erebral 'ed#ncles $b#ndles of

ner"e fibers&%or'ora :#adri+emina $centers

for "is#al and a#ditory reflees&


49/95

*?

Pons


Pyramidal tract

Pons


"halamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

6ptic tract

Mammillary body

(a) (b)

6li%e

Corpora uadrigemina

Cerebralpeduncles

Superior

colliculus

neriorcolliculus

"hird

%entricle

Fourth%entricle

Cerebellar

peduncles

Medullaoblongata

Ro#nded b#l+e on #nderside of

brainstemBet)een med#lla oblon+ata and

midbrainHel's re+#late rate and

de't! of breat!in+Relays ner"e im'#lses to and from

med#lla oblon+ata and cerebell#m


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5=

-e#ulla Olongata

Enlar+ed contin#ation of

s'inal cord%ond#cts ascendin+ and

descendin+ im'#lses bet)een

brain and s'inal cord%ontains cardiac,

"asomotor, and res'iratory

control centers%ontains "ario#s non"ital

refle control centers

$co#+!in+, sneein+,

s)allo)in+, and "omitin+&


Pyramidal tract

Pons


"halamus

Spinal cord

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

6ptic tract

Mammillary body

(a) (b)

6li%e

Corpora uadrigemina

Cerebralpeduncles

Superior

colliculus

neriorcolliculus

"hird

%entricle

Fourth%entricle

Cerebellar

peduncles

Medullaoblongata


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51

eti,ular ormation

%om'le net)or4 of ner"e

fibers scattered t!ro#+!o#t t!e

brain stemEtends into t!e dience'!alon

%onnects to centers of!y'ot!alam#s, basal n#clei,

cerebell#m, and cerebr#milters incomin+ sensory

informationAro#ses cerebral corte intostate of )a4ef#lness


Spinal cord

"halamus


52/95

52

$ypes o Sleep

Slo) )a"eNonREM slee'Person is tired

-ecreasin+ acti"ity ofretic#lar systemRestf#l-reamlessRed#ced blood 'ress#re and

res'iratory rateRan+es from li+!t to !ea"yAlternates )it! REM slee'

Ra'id Eye Mo"ement $REM&Paradoical slee'Some areas of brain acti"e

Heart and res'iratory ratesirre+#lar-reamin+ occ#rs


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53

Cereellum

9nferior to occi'ital lobesPosterior to 'ons and med#lla

oblon+ata)o !emis'!eres0ermis connects !emis'!eres

%erebellar corte $+ray matter&Arbor "itae $)!ite matter&%erebellar 'ed#ncles $ner"e fiber

tracts&-entate n#cle#s $lar+est n#cle#s in

cerebell#m&9nte+rates sensory information

concernin+ 'osition of body 'arts%oordinates s4eletal m#scle acti"ityMaintains 'ost#re


"halamus

Superior peduncle

Middle peduncle

nerior peduncle

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Corpus callosum

'ongitudinal

issure


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5*

-aor Parts o the Brain


55/95


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56

11+6: Peripheral (er)ous System

%ranial ner"esarisin+ from t!e brainSomatic fibers connectin+ to t!e s4in and s4eletal m#sclesA#tonomic fibers connectin+ to "iscera

S'inal ner"esarisin+ from t!e s'inal cordSomatic fibers connectin+ to t!e s4in and s4eletal m#sclesA#tonomic fibers connectin+ to "iscera


57/95

5;

(er)ous System Su#i)isions


58/95

5>

Stru,ture o a Peripheral (er)eCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

Peripheral ner%e

&pineurium

$xon

,eurilemma

Myelin sheath

Sch2ann cell

,ode o +an%ier

&ndoneurium

Perineurium

Fascicle

Sensory receptor

Motor neuron

ending

( # ( i


59/95

5?

(er)e an# (er)e ier

Classii,ation

Sensory ner"es%ond#ct im'#lses into brain or s'inal cord

Motor ner"es%ond#ct im'#lses to m#scles or +lands

Mied $bot! sensory and motor& ner"es%ontain bot! sensory ner"e fibers and motor ner"e fibers

Most ner"es are mied ner"esA77 s'inal ner"es are mied ner"es $ece't t!e first 'air&


60/95

6=

(er)e ier Classii,ation

Ceneral somatic efferent $CSE& fibers%arry motor im'#lses from %NS to

s4eletal m#scles

Ceneral "isceral efferent $C0E& fibers%arry motor im'#lses a)ay from

%NS to smoot! m#scles and +lands

Ceneral somatic afferent $CSA& fibers%arry sensory im'#lses to %NS from

s4in and s4eletal m#scles

Ceneral "isceral afferent $C0A& fibers%arry sensory im'#lses to %NS from

blood "essels and internal or+ans


61/95


62/95

62

Cranial (er)esCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.

6lactory bulb


63/95

63

Cranial (er)es

Remember

%ranial ner"es are desi+nated D% N

%ranial ner"es are desi+nated )it! Roman n#merals$9 @ J99&


64/95

6*

Cranial (er)es I an# II

lfactory ner"e $%N 9&Sensory ner"eibers transmit im'#lses

associated )it! smell

'tic ner"e $%N 99&Sensory ner"eibers transmit im'#lses

associated )it! "ision


65/95

65

Cranial (er)es III an# I/

roc!lear ner"e $%N 90&Primarily motor ner"eMotor im'#lses to m#scles

t!at mo"e t!e eyesSome sensory

Pro'rioce'tors

c#lomotor ner"e $%N 999&Primarily motor ner"eMotor im'#lses to m#scles

t!atRaise eyelidsMo"e t!e eyesoc#s lensAd#st li+!t enterin+ eye

Some sensoryPro'rioce'tors


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66

Cranial (er)e /

ri+eminal ner"e $%N 0&Mied ner"e.!ree $3& sisters$1& '!t!almic di"ision

Sensory from s#rface of eyes,

tear +lands, scal', fore!ead,and #''er eyelids

$2& Maillary di"isionSensory from #''er teet!,

#''er +#m, #''er li', 'alate,

and s4in of face

$3& Mandib#lar di"isionSensory from scal', s4in of

a), lo)er teet!, lo)er +#m,

and lo)er li'

Motor to m#scles of

mastication and m#scles infloor of mo#t!


'acrimal ner%e

&ye

Maxilla

Mandible

'acrimal

gland

nraorbital

ner%e

"ongue

Mental

ner%e

6phthalmic

di%ision

Maxillary

di%ision

Mandibular

di%ision

'ingual

ner%e

nerior

al%eolar

ner%e


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6;

Cranial (er)es /I an# /II

Abd#cens ner"e $%N 09&Primarily motor ner"eMotor im'#lses to m#scles

t!at mo"e t!e eyesSome sensory

Pro'rioce'tors

acial ner"e $%N 099&Mied ner"eSensory from taste rece'torsMotor to m#scles of facial

e'ression, tear +lands, andsali"ary +lands


>ygomatic ner%e

Buccal ner%e

Facial ner%e

Mandibular ner%e

Cer%ical ner%e

"emporal ner%e

Posterior auricular

ner%e

Parotid sali%ary

gland

6>


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6>

Cranial (er)es /III an# I cer"ical ner"es

$%1 to %>&12 t!oracic ner"es

$1 to 12&5 l#mbar ner"es

$71 to 75&5 sacral ner"es$S1 to S5&

1 coccy+eal ner"e$%o or %c&


Cauda euina

C1C0C/C-C.C@CAC"1

"0

"/

"-

".

"@

"A

"

"

"1

"11

"10

'1

'0

'/

'-

'.

S0S/

S-

S1

S.Co

Posterior%ie2

Cer%ical

ner%es

"horacic

ner%es

'umbar

ner%es

Sacral

ner%es

Coccygeal

ner%e


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;3

Spinal (er)es

-orsal root $a4a'osteriorroot&

Sensory rootAons of sensory

ne#rons are in t!e dorsal

root +an+lion-orsal root +an+lion

A4a -RC%ell bodies of sensory

ne#rons )!ose aons

cond#ct im'#lses in)ardfrom 'eri'!eral body 'arts


'ateral horn

#entral root(a)

(b)

Dorsal root

Dorsal root

Spinal ner%e

Dorsal root

ganglion

Posteriormedian sulcus

Posterior

horn

$nterior

horn

Central

canal

$nteriormedian

issure

Dorsal branch

o spinal ner%e

#entral branch

o spinal ner%e

#isceral brancho spinal ner%e

Para%ertebral

ganglion

#entral branch

o spinal ner%e (%entral ramus)

Dorsal branch

o spinal ner%e (dorsal ramus)

Para%ertebral

ganglion#isceral branch

o spinal ner%e

#entral root


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;*

*ermatome

An area of s4in t!at t!e sensory ner"e fibers of a 'artic#lars'inal ner"e inner"ate

C0C/

C-

C.

C@

"1

C@

CA

S0

S/

C

'1

'0

'/

'-

'.

"10

"1

S1

(a) (b)

S.C

S-S/

S0

S1

'.

'-

'/

'0

'1

'.

'1

C"1

"10

CAC@

C.C-

C/

C0

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction o r display.


75/95

;5

Spinal (er)es

0entral root $a4aanterior root&Motor rootAons of motor ne#rons

)!ose cell bodies are in t!e

s'inal cord

S'inal ner"eInion of "entral root

and dorsal rootsHence )e no) !a"e a

.mied ner"e


'ateral horn

#entral root(a)

(b)

Dorsal root

Dorsal root

Spinal ner%e

Dorsal root

ganglion

Posteriormedian sulcus

Posterior

horn

$nterior

horn

Central

canal

$nteriormedian

issure

Dorsal branch

o spinal ner%e

#entral branch

o spinal ner%e

#isceral brancho spinal ner%e

Para%ertebral

ganglion

#entral branch

o spinal ner%e (%entral ramus)

Dorsal branch

o spinal ner%e (dorsal ramus)

Para%ertebral

ganglion#isceral branch

o spinal ner%e

#entral root


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;6

(er)e Ple3uses

Ner"e 'le#s%om'le net)or4s formed by anterior branc!es of s'inal ner"es!e fibers of "ario#s s'inal ner"es are sorted and recombined!ere are t!ree $3& ner"e 'le#ses

$1& %er"ical 'le#sormed by anterior branc!es of %1%* s'inal ner"es7ies dee' in t!e nec4S#''ly to m#scles and s4in of t!e nec4%3%*%5 ner"e roots contrib#te to '!renic ner"es bilaterally


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;;

Bra,hial Ple3us

$2& Brac!ial 'le#sormed by anterior branc!es %5

17ies dee' )it!in s!o#lders!ere are fi"e $5& branc!es1( M#sc#loc#taneo#s ner"e

S#''ly m#scles of anterior arms

and s4in of forearms

2( Ilnar and 3( Median ner"esS#''ly m#scles of forearms and

!ands

S#''ly s4in of !ands*( Radial ner"eS#''ly 'osterior m#scles of arms

and s4in of forearms and !ands

5( Aillary ner"eS#''ly m#scles and s4in of

anterior, lateral, and 'osterior arms


Musculocutaneous nE

Musculocutaneous nE


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;>

Lumosa,ral Ple3us

$3& 7#mbosacral 'le#sormed by t!e anterior branc!es

of 71S5 roots%an be a l#mbar $7175& 'le#s

and a sacral $S1S5& 'le#s

Etends from l#mbar re+ion into'el"ic ca"itybt#rator ner"e

S#''ly motor im'#lses to

add#ctors of t!i+!s

emoral ner"e

S#''ly motor im'#lses tom#scles of anterior t!i+! and

sensory im'#lses from s4in of

t!i+!s and le+s

Sciatic ner"eS#''ly m#scles and s4in of

t!i+!s, le+s and feet


Sciatic nE

Saphenous nE

Femoral nE

6bturator nE

"ibial nE

Pudendal nE

(b) (c)(a)

Femoral nE

6bturator nE

Pudendal nE

Sciatic nE

'1

'0

'/

'-

'.

S1

S0

S/

S-

S.

#entralrami

$nterior

di%isions

Posteriordi%isions

'ateralemoral

cutaneous nE

Superior

gluteal nE

nerior

gluteal nE

Superior

gluteal nE

nerior

gluteal nE

Sacralplexus

Commonibular

(peroneal) nE

Posterior

cutaneous nE

Common

ibular

(peroneal) nE"ibial nE

Pl


79/95

;?

Ple3uses

C1C0C/C-

C.C@CAC"1

"0

"/

"-

".

"@

"

"

"1

"11

"10

'1

'0

'/

'-

'.

S0S/S-S.

Co

Posterior %ie2

Cer%ical plexus(C15C-)

'umbosacral plexus("105S.)

Sciatic ner%e

Brachial plexus(C.5"1)

6bturator ner%e

Phrenic ner%e

;lnar ner%e

Median ner%e

+adial ner%e

$xillary ner%e

"A

S1

Cauda euina

Musculocutaneousner%e

Femoralner%e

ntercostalner%es



80/95

>=

11+= Clini,al Appli,ation

Spinal (er)e Inuries


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>1

11+=: Autonomi, (er)ous System

#nctions )it!o#t conscio#s effort%ontrols "isceral acti"itiesRe+#lates smoot! m#scle, cardiac m#scle, and +lands

Efferent fibers ty'ically lead to +an+lia o#tside of t!e %NS

)o a#tonomic di"isions re+#lateSym'at!etic di"ision $s'eeds #'&

Pre'ares body for Dfi+!t or fli+!t sit#ations

Parasym'at!etic di"ision $slo)s do)n&Pre'ares body for Drestin+ and di+estin+ acti"ities


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>2

Autonomi, (er)e iers

All of t!e ne#rons are

motor $efferent&

Pre+an+lionicfibersAons of 're+an+lionic

ne#ronsNe#ron cell bodies in

%NS

Post+an+lionicfibersAons of 'ost+an+lionic

ne#ronsNe#ron cell bodies in

+an+lia

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.nterneurons

Spinal cord

Dorsal root ganglion

#iscera

(b) Somatic path2ay

S!in

Somatic motor neuron

Dorsal rootganglion

Sensory

neuron

$utonomic

ganglion

Preganglioniciber

Postganglioniciber

S!eletal

muscle

Sensory

neuron

(a) $utonomic path2ay


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>3

Sympatheti, *i)ision

!oracol#mbardi"ision @

location of 're+an+lionic

ne#rons

Pre+an+lionic fibers lea"es'inal ner"es t!ro#+! )!ite

ramiand enter'ara"ertebral

+an+lia

Para"erterbral +an+lia andfibers t!at connect t!em

ma4e #' t!e sym'at!etic

tr#n4


#entral root

Spinal ner%es

Spinal cord

Dorsal root

Pia mater

Sympathetic

trun!

Para%ertebralsympathetic

ganglion

"rans%erse

process

#ertebral notch

(orms part o

inter%ertebral

oramen)

Body o

%ertebra

Dura

mater

$rachnoid

mater

Dorsal root

ganglion

S th ti *i i i


84/95

>*

Sympatheti, *i)ision

Post+an+lionic fibersetend from sym'at!etic

+an+lia to "isceral or+ans

Post+an+lionic fibers#s#ally 'ass t!ro#+! +ray

ramiand ret#rn to a s'inal

ner"e before 'roceedin+ to an

effector

Ece'tion're+an+lionic fibers

to adrenal med#lla do not

syna'se )it! 'ost+an+lionic

ne#rons


Spinal cord

#entral root

Dorsal root

Sympathetic trun!Posterior horn

'ateral horn

$nterior horn

Preganglionic

neuron

Postganglionic

neuron Dorsal root

ganglion

Spinal

ner%e

#isceral eector

(intestine)

Collateral

ganglion

"o %isceral eectors

(smooth muscle

o blood %essels8arrector pili

muscles8 and

s2eat glands)

Gray

ramus

White

ramus

Dorsal branch o

spinal ner%e

#entral branch o

spinal ner%e

Para%ertebral

sympathetic

ganglion


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i i i i


86/95

>6

Parasympatheti, *i)ision

%raniosacraldi"ision @

location of 're+an+lionic

ne#rons

Can+lia are near or)it!in "ario#s or+ans

erminal +an+lia

S!ort 'ost+an+lionicfibers

%ontin#e to

s'ecific m#scles or

+lands

Pre+an+lionic fibers of t!e

!ead are incl#ded in ner"es

999, 099, and 9J

Pre+an+lionic fibers of

t!ora and abdomen are

'arts of ner"e J


87/95

>;

Parasympatheti, *i)isionCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.


88/95

>>

Autonomi, (eurotransmitters

%!oliner+icfibersRelease acetylc!olinePre+an+lionic

sym'at!etic and

'arasym'at!etic fibers

Post+an+lionic'arasym'at!etic fibers

Adrener+icfibersRelease

nore'ine'!rineMost

'ost+an+lionic

sym'at!etic

fibers


Brain

Postganglionic iber (axon)

Preganglionic iber (axon)

Ganglion

Sympathetic neurons

$Ch 3 acetylcholine (cholinergic)

,& 3 norepinephrine (adrenergic)

$Ch

$Ch

$Ch

$Ch

$Ch $Ch

,&

,&

Cranial

parasympathetic

neurons

Sacral

parasympathetic

neurons

Collateral

ganglion

Para%ertebral

ganglion

#isceral

eectors

A,tions o Autonomi,


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>?

A,tions o Autonomi,

(eurotransmitters

Res#lt from bindin+ to 'rotein rece'tors in t!e membrane

of effector cells

%!oliner+ic rece'tors

Bind to acetylc!oline $Ac!&M#scarinic

EcitatorySlo)

NicotinicEcitatoryRa'id

Adrener+ic rece'tors

Bind to e'ine'!rine

and nore'ine'!rineAl'!a and beta

Bot! elicit different

res'onses on "ario#seffectors


90/95

?=

$erminating Autonomi,

(eurotransmitter A,tions

!e enyme acetylc!olinesterase ra'idly decom'oses t!e

acetylc!oline t!at c!oliner+ic fibers release(

Nore'ine'!rine from adrener+ic fibers is remo"ed by

acti"e trans'ort(


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?1

Control o Autonomi,

A,ti)ity%ontrolled lar+ely by %NS

Med#lla oblon+ata re+#lates cardiac, "asomotor andres'iratory acti"ities

Hy'ot!alam#s re+#lates "isceral f#nctions, s#c! as body

tem'erat#re, !#n+er, t!irst, and )ater and electrolyte balance

7imbic system and cerebral corte control emotional

res'onses


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?2

11+>: Liespan Changes

Brain cells be+in to die before birt!"er a"era+e lifetime, brain s!rin4s 1=FMost cell deat! occ#rs in tem'oral lobes

By a+e ?=, frontal corte !as lost !alf its ne#ronsN#mber of dendritic branc!es decreases-ecreased le"els of ne#rotransmittersadin+ memory

Slo)ed res'onses and reflees9ncreased ris4 of fallin+%!an+es in slee' 'atterns t!at res#lt in fe)er slee'in+ !o#rs


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?3

Important Points in Chapter 11:

Out,omes to e Assesse#11+1: Intro#u,tion-escribe t!e +eneral str#ct#re of t!e brain(-escribe t!e relations!i' amon+ t!e brain, brainstem, and s'inal cord(

11+2: -eninges

-escribe t!e co"erin+s of t!e brain and s'inal cord(

11+.: /entri,les an# Cererospinal lui#-escribe t!e formation and f#nction of cerebros'inal fl#id(

11+4: Spinal Cor#-escribe t!e str#ct#re of t!e s'inal cord and its maor f#nctions(

-escribe a refle arc(-escribe refle be!a"ior(

11+7: BrainName t!e maor 'arts of t!e brain and describe t!e f#nctions of eac!(-istin+#is! amon+ motor, sensory, association areas of t!e cerebral

corte(

I t t P i t i Ch t 11


94/95

?*

Important Points in Chapter 11:

Out,omes to e Assesse#

E'lain !emis'!ere dominance(E'lain sta+es in memory stora+e(E'lain t!e f#nctions of t!e limbic system and retic#lar formation(

11+6: Peripheral (er)ous System

7ist t!e maor 'arts of t!e 'eri'!eral ner"o#s system(-escribe t!e str#ct#re of a 'eri'!eral ner"e and !o) its fibers are

classified(Name t!e cranial ner"es and list t!eir maor f#nctions(E'lain !o) s'inal ner"es are named and t!eir f#nctions

11+=: Autonomi, (er)ous System

-escribe t!e +eneral c!aracteristics of t!e a#tonomic ner"o#s system(-istin+#is! bet)een t!e sym'at!etic and t!e 'arasym'at!etic

di"isions of t!e a#tonomic ner"o#s system(-escribe a sym'at!etic and a 'arasym'at!etic ner"e 'at!)ay(E'lain !o) t!e a#tonomic ne#rotransmitters differently affect

"isceral effectors


95/95

K#i 11

%om'lete K#i 11 no)L

Read %!a'ter 12(

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