chap 5 and 6 the star means info. you need to know the marine microbial world and multicellular...
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CHAP 5 AND 6
THE STAR MEANS INFO. YOU NEED TO KNOW
The Marine Microbial World and Multicellular Primary
Producers
Classification: The Three Domains
Domain Archaea– Includes newly discovered cell types – Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria– Includes other members of old kingdom Monera – Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya– Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells
– Protista (debated/changing) – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae
Prokaryotes:-No Nucleus
Eukaryotes:DNA in nucleus
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera Genus contain closely related species
Species is unique
Categories within Kingdoms
Marine Microbes and Primary Producers
Prokaryotes Bacteria Archae
Unicellular Algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates
Protozoans Formaniferans Radiolarians Ciliates
Fungi
Multicellular Algae Red-Rhodophyta Green-Chlorophyta Brown-Phaeophyta
Flowering Plants True Plants
Seagrass Salt Tolerant
Mangroves Salt marsh grass
Prokaryotes = “before nucleus”
2 Domains, 1 Kingdom each: Bacteria and Archaea (more closely related to
Eukaryotes)Simplest and oldest life formsCell wall, cell membranesNo membrane bound organellesDNA not in a nucleusGreat metabolic diversity
Prokaryotes: Life Processes
Various ways to obtain energy Autotrophs –
“Self feeders” Use light or chemicals to create own energy
Photosynthesis (light) or Chemosynthesis (chemicals) Light, Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium, Nitrate, Iron, etc.
Heterotrophs – Cannot make their own food/energy must eat/ingest to get their food/energy
Prokaryotes: Life Processes
Various ways to break down and release this energy =Respiration
Aerobic Organic matter broken down using oxygen to release
energyAnaerobic
Organic matter broken down in the absence of oxygen
Bacteria
Most abundant form of life on earth!
Ensure the recycling of nutrients in detritis (VERY important!)
Live in open water and sea floor, everywhere
Accumulate on the ocean floor Large masses=marine
snow
Bacteria reproduction
Bacteria reproduces by a process called binary fission.
Binary Fission is where the bacterial cell divides into 2 cells that look the same as the original cell. Can reproduce
every 20 minutes.
Ecosystem Significance Human Impact
Break down organic material into nutrients for other organisms to use
Cause diseases in marine animals
Phytoplankton blooms
Disease in humansFood spoilageRespiratory issues,
rash. Toxins stored in
shellfish, then humans eat it.
Significance of Bacteria
Other Significance of Bacteria
Symbiotic Bacteria = associates with other organisms closely. Parasites-harmful Beneficial, Live in a host organism
Examples of Beneficial Wood-Digesting Bacteria in wood eating organisms Bioluminescence: attract mates, lure prey,
communicateExamples of Parasitic
Some toxic
Ex: Cyanobacteria
PhotosyntheticMost abundant
photosythetic org. in ocean Prob. 1st on planet Accumulated oxygen for
Earth’s early atmosphere
Many pigments to help capture light Chlorophyll-green Phycocyanin-blue Phycoerythrin-red
Form stromatolites• mainly
cyanobacteria• 2.8 bya in fossil
record
Cyanobacteria & Red Tide
Unpredictable, unsure of cause.
Massive blooms of phytoplankton Caused by cyanobacteria,
dinoflagelletes, diatomsHarms marine life:
-cuts fish gills, deplete oxygen levels, some poisonous/toxic
Harms humans-toxic fumes cause sore
throats, respiratory issues, eating marine life that stores these toxins-harmful/deadly
Red Tide Fig 2. A series of phytoplankton blooms. A cyanobacterial
(blue-green algae) in the Baltic Sea (upper left). Red tide bloom (dinoflagellate) in the Sea of Japan (upper right). Cyanobacterial bloom in the St John’s River Estuary, Florida (lower left). Cyanobacteria-chlorophyte bloom in New Zealand (lower right)
Archaea
Ancient organisms – fossils found that date back 3.8 billion years
Extremophiles – Found in extreme environments like hydrothermal vents and salt flats (two very extreme environments)
Variety of metabolic types
Widely distributed in the marine community
They can tolerate wide ranges in temperature, salinity and even desiccation (drying out)
Unicellular Algae (Alga, sing.)
Eukaryotes-Protists (some animal-like/some plant-like) Membrane bound organelles = “little organs” Have a nucleus containing DNA
UnicellularCell Wall
silicon in diatoms; cellulose in dinoflagellatesMost photosynthetic, some heterotrophicOften animal-like
Flagella Some heterotrophs
Diatoms
Photosynthetic Around half of the 12,000 known species are marine Yellow-brown from photosynthetic pigments Shell of silica Most important primary producer on Earth
Oxygen & Bottom of the food chain Mostly solitary and unicellular, but some colonial
Diatoms
Used as filtration aidMild abrasive in
products including toothpaste
Mechanical insecticide Diatomaceous Earth
absorbent for liquidsCat litter
Dinoflagellates
Most 1,200 species live in marine environment Mostly photosynthetic, some can ingest particles Each species has unique shape reinforced by
plates of cellulose Two flagella in grooves on body for motion Some are bioluminescent, produce light
Zooxanthellae
The corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship.
The coral provides Zooxan. with a protected environment and compounds they need for photosynthesis.
The Zooxan. produce oxygen and help the coral to remove wastes.
Most importantly, zooxanthellae supply the coral with glucose, product of photosynthesis.
The coral uses these products to make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and produce calcium carbonate
Zooxanthellae provide corals with pigmentation. Left :healthy stony coral. Right: stony coral that has lost its zooxanthellae and has taken on a bleached appearance=“coral bleaching”. •If a coral polyp is without zooxanthellae cells for a long period of time, it will most likely die
Dinoflagellates
Symbiodinium sp. live in a symbiotic relationship with corals, sea
anemones and other organisms (many of these host organisms have little or no growth without their symbiotic partner)
Give products of photosynthesis to the host and in turn receive inorganic nutrients
Auburn.ceduNoaa.gov
Dinoflagellates
A few species lack chloroplasts and live as parasites in marine organisms
Pfiesteria produces very serious toxins that can cause massive fish kills, harm shellfish and impair the nervous system in humans.
Whoi.edu
Red tide
Karenia brevis
This toxic dinoflagellate is linked to dangerous “red tide” outbreaks in the Gulf of Mexico.
Thalassionema
Hundreds of diatoms can fit on the head of a pin, but these tiny organisms exist in countless numbers—enough to change seawater color during periodic population “blooms.”
Protozoans= “first animals”
Animal-likeUnicellularHeterotrophs, ingest food BUT some
photosynthetic!Found everywhere in oceans
3 main types: Foramaniferans Radiolarians Ciliates
Protozoa: Foraminiferans
Foraminiferans (forams) Exclusively found in marine community Found on sandy or rocky bottoms Shells of calcium carbonate Pseudopods (false feet) extend through pores in
the shell where they are used to capture minute food particles such as phytoplankton
Skeletons form sediment
Foraminifera skeletons
Can be important contributors of calcareous material on coral reefs or sandy beaches
Pink sand in Bermuda
Protozoa: Radiolarians
Radiolarians Planktonic, mostly
microscopic Shell of silica (glass) Like forams, they use
pseudopods that extend through pores in the shell where they are used to capture minute food particles such as phytoplankton
Ernst Haeckel: Challenger Expedition 1873-76
2775 species recorded
Ciliates
Cilia present for locomotion Hair-like projections
Most live as solitary cells
Some build shells made of organic debris
May live on hard substrate
Some are planktonic
Fungi
Eukaryotic Mostly multicellularHeterotrophic
Mostly decomposersMost of the 1,500
species of marine fungi are microscopic
On mangroves, seagrass, sponges, shellfish, fish parasites.
Biotec.or.th
Fungi, lichen
Like bacteria, many fungus break down dead organic matter into detritus
Some fungus live in symbiosis with green algae, or cyanobacteria, these are known as lichens.
Marine lichens often live in wave-splashed areas of rocky shorelines and other hard substrate
Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds
EukaryoticPrimary producersNot weeds, but algae. Most biologists agree that macrophyte is a
much better name, macroalgae too. Lack true leaves, stems, and roots
Thallus
Physical Characteristics
Thallus = the complete body
Blade = leaf like, flattened portions
Pneumatocysts = gas filled bladders, keep upright so towards sunlight
Stipe = stem-likeHoldfast = attaches
seaweed to a substrate
Macrocystis a. holdfast b. stipec. blade - main organ
of photosynthesis d. bladder - keeps
blades near the surface
Blade
Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast
Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium edule
Largest (size) and most complex of the algae
Nearly all are marine (~1500 spp.)
Brown color comes from accessory pigments (fucoxanthin)
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Sea palm (Postelsia palmaeformis) contains internal support structures that help them withstand wave action!
Sargassum polyphyllum Sargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus
Kelps!
Kelps are the largest seaweed we encounter in the ocean. They are also the most complex.
Due to this large size, many of the kelps are harvested for food!
Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera
-The largest of the kelps.
-anchors itself to the sea floor by use a massive holdfast.
-extensive pneumatocysts used for buoyancy.
-Pneumatocystskeep the seaweedclose to the surface to maximize photosyhthesis
Macrocystis pyrifera
Macrocystis pyrifera
These kelp obtain huge proportions growing as much as 0.5m/day!
Kelp forest are great for sheltering all sorts of marine life, fish, invertebrates seals and sharks. And for food!
Harvest of the upper sections of the blades for food.
• Members of the species Rhodophyta red algae, are more numerous than the green and brown algae combined (if we include aquatics).
• Many red algae are in fact red.
due to the presence of red pigments known as phycobilins, which mask chlorophyll.
Porphya, a “red” algae
Corallina, a coralline algae, deposits CaCO3 within its cell walls which provides structural support and often encrusting many surrounding
surfaces.
Hypnea chordaceaAsparagopsis taxiformis
Galaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae
Products from Seaweed:
Phycocolloids—form gels and increase viscosity of liquids
Algin—stabilizer in ice cream (Macrocystis)
Carageenan—emulsifier (Irish Moss, Chondrus)
Agar—jellies (and of course all your plates in microbiology, Gelidium, Pterocladiella)
Thickener and help smooth: • Many foods and milk-products
• Toothpaste• Beauty creams• Paints• Medical products- like bacterial culture plates, time-release
pills, and dental impression gels
Certain alga can be used to make agar or as stabilizer in gelatin and ice cream
Flowering Plants
Flower, reproductive organPhotosyntheticEukaryotesTrue stems, roots, leavesDominant on Land, few Marine species
True Flowering Plants: Seagrasses Salt Tolerant Plants:
Salt Marsh grasses Mangroves
--Seagrasses have rhizomes, or horizontal stems which grow beneath the sediment.
--Provides habitat for juveniles and larvae of many marine species--Anchors sediments--Helps stabilize soft bottoms--Protects coast from turbulence and erosion
Value of Seagrasses in FL (2006)
Total value Florida for 6 seagrass dependent species ---$71.4 million.
More than 70% of Florida's recreational and commercial fish, crustaceans, and shellfish spend part of their lives in shallow water estuaries.
Shrimp industry --$28.2 million.Stone crab fishery--$13 million.Spiny lobster fishery--$18 million. Yellowtail and gray snapper--$3.1 million Over 30 species of tropical invertebrates dependent on
seagrass habitats are collected in the Florida Keys for the marine collection industry yearly.
Over $200 million spent yearly in Monroe County in the viewing of nature and wildlife.
Salt Marsh plants
Salt water tolerant species = halophytes
Do not tolerate total submergence
Act as water purification system
Habitat and breeding grounds for many fishery species
Protect against erosion
Mangroves
Mangroves thrive in salty environments
Able to obtain freshwater from saltwater.
Some spp. secrete excess salt through their leaves while other block absorption of salt at their roots.
Mangrove Impacts
-Trap and cycle organics, chemical elements, sediment and minerals.
-Leaf litter important for decomposition, recycling nutrients.
-Provide shelter/habitat for marine organisms—often economically important ones.
-Nearly all commercially/recreationally important fisheries spend a portion of life in mangroves and/or seagrass
-Stabilize the coastline, reducing erosion from storm surges, currents, waves, and tides.