chap 2 competitiveness, strategy, and productivity
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2-1
McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Chapter 2
Competitiveness, Strategy, and
Productivity
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Competitiveness:
How effectively an organization meets the needs of customers relative to others that offer similar goods or services
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Competitiveness
Quality
Price
Time
Flexibility
Differentiation
Service
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Mission/Strategy/Tactics
How does mission, strategies and tactics relate todecision making and distinctive competencies?
Strategy TacticsMission
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Strategy
• Mission– The reason for existence for an organization
• Mission Statement– A clear statement of purpose
• Strategy– A plan for achieving organizational goals
• Tactics– The actions taken to accomplish strategies
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Strategy Example
Rita is a high school student. She would like to have a career in business, have a good job, and earn enough income to live comfortably
Mission: Live a good life•Goal: Successful career, good income
•Strategy: Obtain a college education
•Tactics: Select a college and a major
•Operations: Register, buy books, take courses, study, graduate, get job
Example 1
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Planning and Decision Making
Mission
Goals
Organizational strategy
Functional strategies
Finance Marketing Operations
Tactics Tactics Tactics
Finance operations
Marketingoperations
Operationsoperations
Figure 2-1
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Strategy Formulation
• Distinctive Competencies– The special attributes or abilities that give
an organization a competitive edge.
• Environmental Scanning– The considering of events and trends that
present threats or opportunities for a company.
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Banks, ATMsConvenienceLocation
DisneylandNordstroms
Superior customer service
Service
Burger KingSupermarkets
VarietyVolume
Flexibility
Express MailOne-hour photo
Rapid deliveryOn-time delivery
Time
Sony TVLexus, CadillacPepsi, Kodak, Motorola
High-performance design or high quality Consistent quality
Quality
U.S. first-class postageMotel-6, Red Roof Inns
Low CostPrice
Examples of Distinctive Competencies
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
• Economic conditions
• Political conditions
• Legal environment
• Technology
• Competition
• Markets
Key External Factors
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
• Human Resources
• Facilities and equipment
• Financial resources
• Customers
• Products and services
• Technology
• Suppliers
Key Internal Factors
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
New Strategies
• Quality-based strategies– Focuses on maintaining or
improving the quality of an organization’s products or services
– Quality at the source
• Time-based strategies– Focuses on reduction of time
needed to accomplish tasks
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Time-based Strategies
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
Planning
Processing
Changeover On time!
Designing
Delivery
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Productivity
• Partial measures– output/(single input)
• Multi-factor measures– output/(multiple inputs)
• Total measure– output/(total inputs)
Productivity = Outputs
Inputs
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Productivity Growth
Current Period Productivity – Previous Period ProductivityPrevious Period Productivity
Productivity Growth =
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Measures of Productivity
Table 2-4
Partial Output Output Output Outputmeasures Labor Machine Capital Energy
Multifactor Output Outputmeasures Labor + Machine Labor + Capital + Energy
Total Goods or Services Producedmeasure All inputs used to produce them
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Units of output per kilowatt-hourDollar value of output per kilowatt-hour
Energy Productivity
Units of output per dollar inputDollar value of output per dollar input
Capital Productivity
Units of output per machine hourmachine hour
Machine Productivity
Units of output per labor hourUnits of output per shiftValue-added per labor hour
Labor Productivity
Examples of Partial Productivity Measures
Table 2-5
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Example
10,000 Units Produced
Sold for $10/unit
500 labor hours
Labor rate: $9/hr
Cost of raw material: $5,000
Cost of purchased material: $25,000
What is the labor productivity?
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
•10,000 units/500hrs = 20 units/hour or we can arrive at a unitless figure
•(10,000 unit* $10/unit)/(500hrs* $9/hr) = 22.22
Can you think of any advantages or disadvantages of each approach?
Example--Labor Productivity
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Example--Multifactor Productivity
MFP = OutputLabor + Materials
MFP = (10,000 units)*($10)(500)*($9) + ($5000) + ($25000)
MFP = 2.90
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Annual Productivity Growth
-2
0
2
4
6
77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
Year
An
nu
al %
C
han
ge
Figure 2-2
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Factors Affecting Productivity
Capital Quality
Technology Management
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
• Standardization
• Use of Internet
• Computer viruses
• Searching for lost or misplaced items
• Scrap rates
• New workers
• Cuts in health benefits
Factors Affecting Productivity
2-24
McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
• Safety
• Shortage of IT workers
• Layoffs
• Labor turnover
• Design of the workspace
• Incentive plans that reward productivity
Factors Affecting Productivity
2-25
McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Improving Productivity
• Develop productivity measures
• Determine critical (bottleneck) operations
• Develop methods for productivity improvements
• Establish reasonable goals
• Get management support
• Measure and publicize improvements
• Don’t confuse productivity with efficiency
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McGraw-Hill/IrwinOperations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. StevensonCopyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Bottleneck Operation
OperationOperation
BottleneckOperation
BottleneckOperation
OperationOperation
OperationOperation
OperationOperation
Figure 2-3