CHANNELING projects at LNF: From Crystal Undulators to Capillary Waveguides

Sultan Dabagov

CC-2005, CERN, 8 March 2005

Channeling: Orientational Effects of Transmission & Radiation

Rev. Mod. Phys. 1974: 1 MeV e- @ Cu crystal

• 1962-63:Robinson & Oen: Prediction of anomalous penetrationPiercy & Lutz: Experimental discovery

• 1965:Lindhard: Theoretical description…..AndersenUggerhoj Classical theoryKagan Quantum theoryKononezFirsovTsyganov GibsonKumakhovBeloshitskyGemmelAppleton…..

more than 1000 articles + a number of monographs

Prediction of channeling radiation (ChR)

Experimental confirmation: positron channeling in diamond crystalUSSR-USA collaboration, SLAC 1978JETP Lett. 1979 (Miroshnichenko, Avakyan, Figut, et al.)

@ Channeling:

e+

Atomic crystal plane

)~(1 EU

L - the Lindhard angle is the critical angle for the channeling

Channeling of Charged Particles

Atomic crystal row (axis)

e-

e-

planar channeling

axial channeling

@ Amorphous:

Lindhard:

Continuum model –

continuum atomic plane/axis potential

Channeling: Continuum model

arr

eZZrV 2

21screening function of Thomas-Fermi type

3/22/12

2/1108853.

ZZaa

screening length

:ar Molier’s potential ariii

exp3

1

311 22/1

2

CrCa

Lindhard potential

…… Firsov, Doyle-Turner, etc.

dxxVd

VRS221

Channeling: X-Rays and Neutrons

X-ray and neutron capillary optics

@ Basic idea of polycapillary optics is very close to the phenomenon of charged particle channeling

X-ray Channeling: samples of capillary optics

2d generation:[cm]

3d & 4th generations:[mm]

?n-capillaries?

http://www.unisantis.comhttp://www.iroptic.com

5th generation:[m]

1st generation: [m]

Quantum base

kk

11stst order: order: 0 r - no roughness- no roughness

kk

1Wave equation:Wave equation:

0222 rEkrk

00 ceffVTotal external reflectionTotal external reflection

effV

12

02

122

22

,,

rrkrrk

rk

plane(flat)surface

2k

Quantum base (2) - curvature

approximationapproximation

simplificationsimplification

additional term toadditional term to

effVcurvr

rk 2

2““potential energy”:potential energy”:angular momentum of photonangular momentum of photon

curvkr

curveff r

rrkV 222

Surface channeling - “whispering X gallery”

continuumcontinuum

discretediscrete

SS

* Whispering:* Whispering: wall

Modes of channeling along curved surfacesModes of channeling along curved surfaces

Effective guide channel

J.Synchrotron. Rad. 1995Phys. Lett. A 1995

Down to bulk photon and neutron Down to bulk photon and neutron channelingchanneling

mm

00

3

:101~

)10~(1

dmmd

c

: grazing incidence optics: grazing incidence optics: from nm to : from nm to mm: : surface channelingsurface channeling

nmnm

1~~

0

0

dd cd

: diffraction angle approaches Fresnel angle: diffraction angle approaches Fresnel angle: : bulk channelingbulk channeling

Ne

Usp. Fiz. Nauk – Physics Uspekhi 2003

Nanotubes: continuum potential exampleNanotubes: continuum potential example

Base: fullerene molecule C60

sphere of d ~ 0.7 nm

Nanosheet CC

Roled graphite sheets:nested nanotubes

Potentials: Doyle-Turner approximation

dR

r – distance from the tubeI0(x) – mod. Bessel function

continuum potential as sum of row potentials

Phys. Lett. A250 (1998) 360NIM B143 (1998) 584

- form-factor for the separate fullerene

X-Ray channeling in nanotubesX-Ray channeling in nanotubes

Channeling: Electrons and Positrons

Channeling Radiation & Coherent Bremsstrahlung

MAMBOMAMBO

+ ChannellingChannelling

FEL project at FrascatiFEL project at FrascatiSSourceourcePPulsedulsed

SelfSelf AAmplifiedmplified RRadiationadiation

CCoherentoherent Self-Amplified PulsedSelf-Amplified Pulsed Coherent Radiation Coherent Radiation SourceSource

Channeling Radiation…

@ Channeling Radiation:

cos1

)(||

fi

- optical frequency Doppler effect 2/30 2

0-

Powerful radiation source of X-rays and -rays: •polarized

•tunable•narrow forwarded

fi

1

Bremsstrahlung & Coherent Bremsstrahlung vs Channeling Radiation

@ amorphous - electron:•Radiation as sum of independent impacts with atoms•Effective radius of interaction – aTF

•Coherent radiation length lcoh>>aTF

•Deviations in trajectory less than effective radiation angles:

paTF /

Quantum energy

Nph

Bremsstrahlung & Coherent Bremsstrahlung vs Channeling Radiation

@ interference of consequent radiation events:

phase of radiation wave

Radiation field as interference of radiated waves:

Coherent radiation length can be rather large even for short wavelength

@ crystal:

d

Quantum energy

Nph

Bremsstrahlung & Coherent Bremsstrahlung vs Channeling Radiation

@ crystal:

d

0

channeling

3/22/1 ZB

ChR at definite conditions channeling radiation can be significantly powerful than bremsstrahlung

B: CB: ChR:

2NZ

NZe

2NZ

effcoh NlN /2

2ZNeff

ChRChRlab 022

2

12

2/1

ChR

ph

dtdN

2P

- radiation frequency -

- number of photons per unit of time -

- radiation power -

Channeling Radiation vs Thomson Scattering

Constdt

dN

TS

ph

2P

2/3 2

@ comparison factor:Laser beam size & mutual orientation

@ strength parameters – crystal & field:

By Carrigan R. et al.

For X-ray frequencies: 100 MeV electrons channeled in 105 m Si (110) emit ~ 10-3 ph/e-

corresponding to a Photon Flux ~ 108 ph/sec

Channeling Radiation vs Thomson Scattering

ChR – effective source of photons in very wide frequency range:

• in x-ray range – higher than B, CB, and TS

• however, TS provides a higher degree of monochromatization and TS is not undergone incoherent background, which always takes place at ChR

Electron Beam Parameter list

Electron Beam Energy (MeV) 155Bunch charge (nC) 1.1Repetition rate (Hz) 1-10Cathode peak field (MV/m) 120Peak solenoid field @ 0.19 m (T) 0.273Photocathode spot size (mm, hard edge radius) 1.13Central RF launch phase (RF deg) 33Laser pulse duration, flat top (ps) 10Laser pulse rise time (ps) 10%90% 1Bunch energy @ gun exit (MeV) 5.6Bunch peak current @ linac exit (A) (50% beam fraction)

100

Rms normalized transverse emittance @ linac exit (mm-mrad); includes thermal comp. (0.3)

< 2

Rms slice norm. emittance (300 m slice) < 1Rms longitudinal emittance (deg.keV) 1000Rms total correlated energy spread (%) 0.2Rms incorrelated energy spread (%) 0.06Rms beam spot size @ linac exit (mm) 0.4Rms bunch length @ linac exit (mm) 1

MAMBOMAMBO

ChannellingChannelling

Experimental scheme

“Channeling” line layoutby Kharkov group

SPARCSPARC R&D program towards high brightness eR&D program towards high brightness e--beam & SASE-FEL beam & SASE-FEL

experiment experiment 150 MeV e- : 150 MeV e- : ~ 500 nm~ 500 nm

SPARX Phase I - SPARXINOSPARX Phase I - SPARXINO R&D towards an X-ray FEL-SASE source ( 1.25 GeV : R&D towards an X-ray FEL-SASE source ( 1.25 GeV : < 10 nm )< 10 nm )

SPARC & SPARX & SPARXINO

S S ourceourceP P ulsedulsed

SelfSelf A A mplifiedmplified R R adiationadiation

XX

Self-Amplified Pulsed X Radiation Self-Amplified Pulsed X Radiation Source Source

SPARXSPARX (2.5 GeV e- : = 13.5 – 1.5 nm)

SPARC Injector + DAFNE LinacSPARX-ino

a 5-10 nm SASE FEL source at LNF

SPARX-ino proposal

• upgrade the DAFNE Linac to drive a 5-10 nm SASE-FEL (available budget 15 M€)

• Beam energy : 1.2 - 1.5 GeV

• upgrade the injector to a RF photo-injector (SPARC-like)

• Study group will preparea proposal within 2005

SPARX-ino proposal

- The SPARC project engineering has been completed

- The LINAC is entering, on schedule, the installation phase

- First beam delivery in 2006

- The SPARX project has been funded

- With an up-grade of Dafne Linac the region of a few nm would be achievable.

SPARC & SPARX & SPARXINO

Channeling 2004 – Channeling 2006@ “Channeling 2004” Workshop on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena(Frascati 2-6 November 2004) http://www.lnf.infn.it/conference/channeling

• Radiation of relativistic charged particles in periodic structures • Coherent scattering of electrons and positrons in crystals • Channeling radiation of electrons and positrons in crystals• Channeling of X-rays and neutrons in capillary systems (micro- and nano-channeling)• Novel types of sources for electromagnetic radiation (FEL, powerful X-ray sources)• Applications of channeling phenomena (novel radiation sources, X-ray waveguides, capillary/polycapillary optics)

@ “Channeling 2006”International Conference on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena (LNF INFN, May - June 2006)

…with extended subjects for topics…

We have started collaboration with groups from:

Italy, Russia, USA, France, Germany, Switzerland, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia

…list will be extended…

Collaboration & Acknowledgements

Appendix

Additional material

The Scientific Case in the 10 nm 1 nm range:High Peak Brightness ( > 1030 ) Ultra-short (< 100 fs) radiation pulses are of

great interest in various areas

• molecular physics (vibrational modes, bond breaking and formation at =10-1 nm)

• physics of the clusters (phase transitions at =10-1 nm,)

• surface and interfaces (real time dynamics and phase transitions, =10-1 nm)

• time resolved chemical reactions (metastable and transition states, magnetic scattering, confined systems, =10-1 nm)

Free Electron LaserFree Electron LaserSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-EmissionSelf-Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission(No Mirrors - Tunability - Harmonics)(No Mirrors - Tunability - Harmonics)

Collaborations

R. Saldin et al. in Conceptual Design of a 500 GeV e+e- Linear Collider with Integrated X-ray Laser Facility, DESY-1997-048

SASE FEL Electron Beam Requirements:SASE FEL Electron Beam Requirements:High Brightness BHigh Brightness B => High Peak Current & Low => High Peak Current & Low

EmittanceEmittance

Bn 2In

2B

rMIN

1K 2 2 BnK

2 B

Lg 3 2

K Bnn 1K 2 2 B

energy energy

spreadspread

undulator undulator

parameterparameter

minimum radiation minimum radiation wavelengthwavelength

gain lengthgain length

The SPARX-ino The SPARX-ino opportunityopportunity

Energy [GeV]

cr [nm]

I = 1 kAI = 1 kAK = 3K = 3e e = 0.1 %= 0.1 %

nn=4=4

nn=1=1

Energy [GeV]

I = 2.5 kAI = 2.5 kAK = 3K = 3e e = 0.03 %= 0.03 %

cr [nm]

nn=1=1

nn=4=4

Potentials: Doyle-Turner approximation

Phys. Lett. A250 (1998) 360NIM B143 (1998) 584

Potential for neutral particles: Moliere approximation

“Continuous filtration”Ne

lengthscreeningZa

ZCar

raZrN

i

iiie

3/1

3

1

22

05.0

6:

exp4

)(

2/122

00

22

cos2

)(

curvcurv

i

iii

acurve

rrrr

aKd

aZnrrN

Phys. Lett. A250 (1998) 360NIM B143 (1998) 584

Nanocapillary: Bending efficiency

frequencyphoton

frequencyplasmam

eN

n

ep

pc

2

2

22

4

11

d

rcurv

Effective bending:

12

2

d

r ccurv

-capillary: 100-300 through 10-20cm

n-capillary:the reduce of the dimensions by several orders with much higher efficiency

Nuovo Cimento B116 (2001) 361

Channeling Radiation

eV100

keVforward 200max2 20

EEx x 2222laslas (1-cos (1-cos))

• Produzioni di impulsi X : 101099 fotoni/s fotoni/s, durata 3 ps, monocromaticimonocromatici tunabili nel range 20 keV - 1 MeV20 keV - 1 MeV. Raggiungimento di 10101111 fotoni/s fotoni/s con spot focali

all’interazione di 5 5 mm.• Studi di tecniche di mammografia (e angiografia

coronarica) con X monocromatici.

• Studi di single molecule protein cristallography.

NX T fN

e Nh

coll2 2109 / 11

La realizzazione di una immagine (su superficie 18x24 cmLa realizzazione di una immagine (su superficie 18x24 cm22) ) in tempi di in tempi di 2600 s2600 s scende a scende a 2.6 s2.6 s con l’upgrade previsto su con l’upgrade previsto su SPARC che porta il num. di fotoni a 2.5 10SPARC che porta il num. di fotoni a 2.5 101111 /s /s

The constrast (sensitivity to tissue density variations) goes from 8% to 0.1%, while thespatial resolution goes from 0,15 -0,3 mm to 0.01-0.015 mm. This means the capability todetect a tumor 30 times smaller in volume, i.e. a 2 year earlier detection of the tumor.

MaMBO Experiment: MaMBO Experiment: Mammography Monochromatic Beam OutlookMammography Monochromatic Beam Outlook

Accelerazione a plasmaAccelerazione a plasma di pacchetti di elettroni di pacchetti di elettroni ((25 pC25 pC) da ) da 100 MeV a 130 MeV100 MeV a 130 MeV con spread con spread energetico < 5%, emitt. < 1 energetico < 5%, emitt. < 1 m, con laser non m, con laser non guidato (5 mm acc. length). Accelerazione con guidato (5 mm acc. length). Accelerazione con laser guidato (laser guidato (5 cm5 cm) fino a 400 MeV, ) fino a 400 MeV, gradienti > 5 gradienti > 5 GV/mGV/m..

p 50 mp 30 100 m

n npnp

p2