Changing Societies in the Western powers.

p. 420.

The US, Britain, France,

• The most developed nations in the world.

• The big winners of World War I.

• Democracy and huge events caused new thinking and lifestyles to develop.

• Through mass media, their ways became models for many peoples around the world.

Changes

• EC: The developed nations experienced great changes in (3)– social morals, – beliefs, – interests.

Nightclubs blossomed in European and American cities.

• Flapper:• Small, trendy group of women who rebelled

against the morals of their parents. – “scantily” clad, – sexually active, – drug-abusing, – adventurous, – heavily made-up – Fashionable

• Began in the U.S., but soon spread to Europe and even Japan.

EC: Changes for women: (4)

• Most lost jobs gained in WW I• Gained suffrage in Western powers

– Some elected to public office• Miriam Ferguson, Texas governor• Lady Nancy Astor, British parliament

The temperance movement met with success in the United States in 1919:

• Prohibition: • The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution

– banning the production, sale, and drinking of alcoholic beverages.

– Activists believed that it would end the abuse and moral destruction caused by alcohol abuse.

• It actually created more problems:– The growth of organized crime smuggling alcohol in and sell it– Growth of illegal home distilleries in the American

countryside.

Speakeasy:

• Illegal bar and nightclub, run by organized criminals.

• Prohibition would be repealed in 1933 to ease the pain of the Great Depression.

Religion

• EC: Christian _______ became very popular, again. (revival)

• fundamentalism– Especially in rural areas– Belief that all events described in the Bible are completely true

• Preachers used cars and trains to cover great distances and reach large crowds

• EC: ____________ became a popular evangelist tool– Radio

Lost Generation

EC: Writers, and their works: (8)– TS Eliot: UK,

• “The Wasteland”

– Ernest Hemingway: US, • The Sun Also Rises

– F. Scott Fitzgerald: US, • The Great Gatsby

– Gertrude Stein: US, • Three Lives;• Called her younger artist friends, “The Lost Generation”

Harlem Renaissance:• Period of great cultural discussion and expression in the

African-American district of New York City. • They wrote of pride and achievement in their unique

African-American society. • Spread to other cities. • EC: Led by writers and artists like: (6)

– Langston Hughes– James Weldon Johnson– Jean Toomer– Zora Neale Hurston– Claude McKay– Countee Cullen

Psychoanalysis:• Freud’s method of studying how the mind

works and treating mental disorders. – EC: The analyst listens to a patient’s thoughts,

dreams. Why?» analyzes the feelings behind them.

– EC: The patient is then taught how to (3)» see the feelings» understand their power, » deal with them to regain his/her mental

health.

Abstract (art):

• Composed only of lines, colors, and shapes, – often with no recognizable subject matter at

all.• Vasily Kandinsky: Russia, • Paul Klee: Switzerland,

Dada:

• Artists believed there was no sense or truth to the world.

• Presented shocking, annoying, disturbing works. – Used collages, photomontages, or selected or

random ordinary or mundane objects.• Jean Arp: France,• Max Ernst: Germany,

Surrealism:

• Art movement attempting to show the workings or fascinations of the unconscious mind.– Favored irrational, dreamlike imagery over

rational, planned works.• Salvador Dali: Spain,

Jazz

• a combination of African-American and Jewish musical styles – frightened many, but stimulated those “living for today”.

• Louis Armstrong, (Savoy Blues)• Duke Ellington

– Lindy Hop– I Must Have That Man– Mood Indigo– Black and Tan Fantasy (1929 film)

• Paul Whiteman, – “China Boy”

• George Gershwin, Orchestral suites – Rhapsody in Blu – Jazz is the influence for most modern Western musical traditions.

• African-American soldiers took jazz to France during WW I, spreading jazz to Europe.

– Some stayed and others, including women, became famed artists in France and England.

Scientific Discoveries

• How have these scientific discoveries changed the lives of people?

• Did they have immediate effects?• Did we realize their importance later?

– Marie Curie– Albert Einstein– Enrico Fermi – Alexander Fleming– Sigmund Freud

Standards Check, p. 421

• Describe the Jazz Age and some of the reactions to it.

• Some people were rebellious and experimental, turning to jazz, etc.

• Others supported social strictness, like Prohibition.

• Others turned to religious fundamentalism and traditional Christian ideals.

• EC: Many labor-saving consumer products available: (3)– Washing machines– Vacuum cleaners– Canned foods

• Gave more time for other household chores (9)– Outside work– Volunteer work– Athletics

• Golf• Tennis• Swimming

– Aviation– Arts– Journalism– Novels– Photography– Painting

Changes for women:

image ,421

• What does the clothing the couple is wearing tell you about who could afford to go to speakeasies?

• They were higher class people (or people spending credit to live like higher class people).– Could buy expensive clothes– Could afford to go to expensive, illegal clubs

Revivalism

• Many US “Bible Belt” states passed laws requiring the teaching of religion in schools – The also forbid the teaching of ideas contrary to the

Bible. – In 1925, _________ deliberately broke a Tennessee

law, – John T. Scopes

• taught Darwin in his biology class, • challenging the biblical “creation theory” law.• He was found guilty in a trial broadcast by radio and

newspapers across the nation. • Though he lost, many in America supported freedom of

learning and criticized fundamentalist laws.

Literature:

• EC: Many writers had been through bad experiences in the Great War. Describe their feelings (6)– They no longer believed the thinking of the generations that

caused it.– They hated total war for its mass destruction.– They criticized religion for

• allowing war• supporting war.

– They believed the old moralities and traditions were lies and hypocrisies

• Used by the rich and organized religion to control ordinary people.

Standards Check, p 423

• How did postwar authors show disillusionment with prewar institutions?

• By writing about horrors of modern warfare and moral emptiness

• By experimenting with new styles of writing.

Science

• Science raised more questions about traditional beliefs:

• Radioactivity and the atomic theory become reality with research by:

• EC: _________ (Polish born) France, radiologists

• Pierre and Marie Curie:– discover that energy is spontaneously released by

certain elements like radium and uranium. – They discovered that radioactivity can change atoms

and atomic structures. (mutation)

EC: _____ Germany, physicist

• Albert Einstein:– Theorized measurement of time and space are

relative to the observer, • not absolute, as proposed by Isaac Newton • His is idea is called the • Theory of Relativity

– Also theorized that energy can be created from certain materials,

– EC: what is the formula for that?• E = MC2.

– He escaped Hitler’s Fascist Germany in the 1930s to live and research in the US.

Thinking Critically, 422-3• Questions• 1 Why do you think the flapper is considered the symbol of the Jazz

Age?• She embodies

– Rejection by the young of the ways of the older generation.– A new way of doing things

• experimental• 2 How did technology affect daily life in the United States during the

Jazz age?• More people had access to

– Electricity– Telephones– Radios– Movies– They were also able to travel more because of faster, affordable cars

EC: Italy, physicist ____

–Enrico Fermi:• EC: used Curies’ and Einstein’s

theories to discover how to split the atom (____),

• (fission)–proved that it creates great energy.

• He escaped Mussolini’s Fascist Italy to live and do research in the US.

EC: _____ US, physicist,

–J. Robert Oppenheimer:• leader of the scientific team that

develops the US atomic bomb in the 1940s.

Medicine:

• EC: ________, Scotland) UK, • Alexander Fleming:• discovered penicillin,

– a mold that kills bacteria.

• EC: Opened the research field of ______ (drugs that kill bacteria),

• antibiotics– Solutions used to fight living bacteria that cause

diseases and infections.

Psychology:

• EC: _________, Austria, physician • Sigmund Freud:• suggested that people’s decisions are mostly controlled

by subconscious thought, – not conscious decision making.

• He theorized that morality, reason, and rules repress the strong “primitive” urges all people have.– Sex– Self-gratification.

• He believed that some individuals developed mental illness from the conflict between social rules and individual desires.

biography, 424

• Why do you tink Marie Curie’s achievements were unique for her time?

• She did what women were not expected to do– Pursued a career in science– Winning the Nobel Peace Prize

Standards Check, p. 424

• How did scientific discoveries in the 1920’s change people’s view of the world?

• Atomic research changed ideas of Newtonian science; nuclear energy and weapons.

• Penicillin opened the science of antibiotics.

• Freud’s ideas revolutionized psychology.

Modern Art

• EC: ________ portrays three-dimensional objects in complex patterns or angles and planes,

• Cubism– often fragmented.

• EC: __________, Spain, • Pablo Picasso:• EC: __________, France, • Georges Braque:

Image, p. 425

• How does Swinging show the abstract style of art that Kandinsky pioneered?

• It uses lines, shapes, and colors to portray a feeling of movement/life.

Standards check, p. 425

• What effects did World War I have on art movements in the 1920s?

• World War I shocked and disillusioned many people, especially intellectuals and artists:

• Art movements like the Abstract artists, Dadaists, and Surrealists explored the inner, darker thinking that causes horrible events such as World War I.

• They believed there was no morality, no innocence, no security in life.

• They felt that life could end at any moment, so living it to the fullest, good and bad, was the most rewarding goal to living

12, Thinking Critically, 426• Questions• 1 Describe the differences between Mother and Child and Still Life

With Violin.• Mother and Child

– Realistic representation• Still Life with a Violin

– Cubist representation: • Abstract angles and shapes

– Almost unrecognizable.

• 2 Describe how Picasso’s style changed over time, based on the artworks show here.

• Picasso’s style ranged from realistic to abstract and cubist.– He also ventured into different media

• Photography• sculpture