NATIONAL CENTER Series 10

For HEALTH STATISTICS Numbe”r !59

VITAL and EfEALTl!I STATXSTXCSDATA FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY

ChangesinCigaretteSmoking HabitsBetween1955and1966

Comparative data on the distribution of the population

18 years of age and over, by cigarette smoking status

in 1955 and 1966. Based on information collected in

supplements to the Current Population Survey in Feb-ruary 1955 and June 1966.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Public Health Service

Health Services and Menta[ Health Administration

Rockville, Md. Apri I 1970

For sale k)y the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1). C,, 20402- Price 45 cents

NATIC)NAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, Director

PHILIP S. LAWR ENCE, SC D., /b’ SO CiC7f C i)i,~CtOT

OSWALD K. SAGEN, P~~.D.. , Assistant Pirector /or l{colfb ,Stulistics DcIIcl(Jp Ine

WALT R. SIMMONS, M. A., Assistant Director for Research and .Tcicnti/ic Dc[efopnten

\\ledicol C’onsu[tant

JAMES E. KELLY, D. D. S., Dental .4dtisor

EDWARD E. MINTY, Executive O//icer

MARGERY R. CUNNINGHAM, Information ()//icer

DIVISION OF HEALTH INTERVIEW STATISTICS

ELIJAH L. WHITE, Director

ROBERT R. FUCHS BERG, Deputy Director

GERALDINE A. GLEESQN, Special Assistant to Director

RONALD W. WILSON, Chief, Analysis and Reports Branch

ABIGAIL MOSS, Cbie/, Developmental Operations Section

CLINTON BURNHAM, Chic/, Survey Operations Section

COOPERATION OF THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

[Tn(lw the legislation establishing the National Health

Survey, the Pub]i~Ho:llth Servi[,e is authorized tQ use, insofar

as possible, the scrvi(.cs or facilities of other Federal, State,

or private agencies.

In accordance with specifications established by the

National Health Survey, the Bureau of the Census, under a

contractual arrangement, participates in most aspects of sur-VW+planning, s(~lccts the sample, collects the data, and carries

OU t (’ertain parts of the statistical processing.

Public Health Service Publication No. 1000-Series 1O-NO. 59

Library o/ Congress Cata log Card Number 70-603011

CONTENTSPage

Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------

Source and Qualifications ofData ----------------------------------------Questionnaire and Interview -----------------------------------------Self-Respondents ---------------------------------------------------Response Error ----------------------------------------------------

Smoking Habits -------------------------------------------------------Measures of Smoking Habits -----------------------------------------Current Smoking Habits ---------------------------------------------Cigarette Consumption Rates ----------------------------------------Current Status of Those WhoEver Smoked ----------------------------

History of Cigarette Smoking -------------- -----------------------------Age at Which Started Smoking ----------------------------------------Continuance of Maximum Rate ----------------------------------------

Detailed Tables -------------------------------------------------------

Appendix I. Source and Reliability of the Data --------------------------

Appendix II. Definitions and Concepts ----------------------------------Cigarette Smoking Concepts -----------------------------------------Never Smoked Cigarettes --------------------------------------------Regular Cigarette Smoker -------------------------------------------Occasional Cigarette Smoker ----------------------------------------Former Smoker of Cigarettes ---------------------------------------Current Smoker of Cigarettes ---------------------------------------Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day-------------------------------

Appendix HI. Facsimiles of Sections of CPS Questionnaires --------------1955 Survey -------------------------------------------------------1966 Survey -------------------------------------------------------

1

2334

44588

99

11

15

29

3131313131313131

323233

...Ill

IN THIS REPORT comparative data aye presented on the cigavettesmoking status of persons 18 years and oldev in ti~e civilian, noninsti-tutional population fov the years 1955 and 1966. Data basic to the esti -mates for both years were collected in supplements to the Curvent Popu-lation Su~vey conducted by the BuYeau of the Census.

Changes in smoking kabits that occurred during the intevwzl 1955 through1966 ave measured in te~ms of parsons who have eve-r smoked (cunentsrnoke-rs and former smokers) and those who have nevev smoked. Furthercomparisons ave made by maximum cigavette smoking rate attained,present consumption rates among current smokers, and age at whichpevsons started smoking vegu,?wly.

Estimates sko wn fov the 2 years indicate that during the internal thwewas a decrease among men in the pvopovtion of cuvvent ci~avettesmokevs with the decline primarily concentrated among t!zose undev 55years of age. The proportion of cuwent smokws among females in-cveased during the intemxl, with the percentage of change increasingappreciably with advancing age.

SYMBOLS

Data not available ------------------------ ---

Category not applicable ------------------- . . .

Quantity zero ---------------------------- -

Quantity more than O but less than 0.05---- 0.0

Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision ------------------ *

CHANGES IN CIGARETTE SMOKING

BETWEEN 1955 AND 1966

HABITS

Paul. I. Ahmed and Geraldine A. Gleeson, Division of Health Intwvietu Statistics

INTRODUCTION

Underthe sponsorship of the National CancerInstitute, the L1.S. Bureau of the Census collecteddata on smoking histories of the people in theUnited States as a supplement to the CurrentPopulation Survey (CPS) for February 1955. Thissurvey, which covered the civilian, noninstitu-tional population 18 years of age and over re-siding in the United States, provided estimates ofsmoking characteristics of persons by sex, age,and a number of other demographic characteris-tics. 1 In addition to information on current smok-ing status and consumption rates, data were alsoobtained on the approximate age at which personsstarted smoking.

Early in 1966, the Division of Health Inter-view Statistics contracted with the Bureau of the

Census to run a similar study as a supplementto the Current Population Survey for June 1966.Questions on smoking habits were phrased simi-larly to those employed in the 1955 study in orderto make the data as comparable as possible(appendix 111). The two questionnaires were notidentical because the primary purpose of the1955 study was to obtain data on lifetime smokinghistory, while that of the 1966 survey was to in-vestigate changes in current smoking habits.

lHaenszel, W.; Shimkin, M. B.; and Miller, H. P.: Tobacco

smoking patterns in the United States. PubZic Iledth VOnO-graph Number &5. PHS Pub. No. 463. Public Health Service.Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956.

While the 1966 study was undertaken pri-

marily as the initial phase of a planned series ofannual supplements which will p~-educe periodicdata on changes in smoking habits, it also pro-vided an opportunity to investigate the differencesin cigarette smoking habits in 1955 and 1966with the same method of data coll~ction used inthe two surve~’s.

Compara~ive data from the two surveys showthat the proportion of current cigarette smokerszamong males 18 years and over decreased from56.9 percent in 1955 to 50.7 percent in 1966, andincreased during this period among women atthis age level from 28.4 percent to 32.9 percent(table A). All of these estimates include anallocation of persons in the samples for whominformation on smoking habits was unknown.Totals for the group “unknown smoking status”are shown in tables 1 and 2, which also includedata on changes in smoking characteristics byage for the period 1955-66. It is apparent fromtable 2 that the decrease in the percentage ofcigarette smokers occurred among males under55 years of age. It should also k emphasizedthat the decrease in the proportion of malesmokers occurred for the most part among thosesmoking less than 10 cigarettes per day, whileincreases in the proportion of female smokerswere noted in each of the age groups shown, andamong those smoking 10 or more cigarettesper day.

2For definitions relating to smoking habits, see appendixII.

Table A. Percent dlseributi.on of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking sta-tus according to sex: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys

Male Female

Cigarette smoking status

1955 1966

r

195.5 1966

Percent distribution

All persons, 18 years and overl ---------------------

r

100.0

Current nmsmokers ---------------------------------------- 43.1Never smoked -------------------------------------------- 32.1Formerly smoked ----------------------------------------- 11.1

Current smokers ------------------------------------------- 56.9

100.0

49.331.118.2

50.7

100,)0

71.667.6

4.0

28.4

100.0

67.160.3

6.8

32.9

lPersons for whom, smoking status was unknown (shown in tables 1 and 2) have been al-located to categories in accordance with the distribution of persons of known smokingstatus.

SOURCE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF

DATA

The population from which the sample was

selected for the two studies was thatofthe United

States as of February 1955 and June 1966. Per-sons in the following categories were excludedfrom the sample: members of the Armed Forces,and inmates of penal and mental institutions and

homes for the aged, the infirm, and the needy.For the 1955 study, data were collectedfrom

approximately 21,000 households, which containedabout 45,000 persons 18 years of age or over atthe time of this survey, in 230 sample areas

comprising 453 counties and independent cities.

0fthe21,000 households, approximately 4.4 per-cent were “noninterview,” that is, households for

which no information was recorded because nointerview could be obtained. In order to account

for the experience of persons in noninterviewed

households, the weights assigned to other house-

holds of similar characteristics in the sampleareas were increased. In addition to the general

nonresponse, tobacco smoking information wasnot reported for about 4.5 percent of thepersons;

these persons were not allocated to the smoking

status categories in the original report issued onthis survey (footnote 1, p. 1j.

In 1966, data were collected from approxi-

mately 35,000 households, which contained about69,000 persons 18 years of age and cwer at the

time of the survey, in 357 sample areas com-prising 701 counties and independent cities. Inabout 4.5 percent of the sample households,interviews were not obtained because the occu-pants were not found at homeafterrepeated calls,

or were unavailableforotherreasons.Adjustmentof the data to include the experience c~fpersonsin noninterviewed ho~seholds was accomplishedas in 1955, by increasing the weights assignedto interviewed households with similar charac-

teristics.

The estimating procedure used in both the

1955 and 1966 surveys involved, asa final step,the inflation of the weighted sample results toagree with independent estimates of the civilian,

noninstitutional population of the United States

byage, sex, and race. For the 1955survey, these

independent estimates were based on statisticsfrom the 1950 census ofpopulation andon statis-

tics of births, deaths, and net immigration; forthe 1966 survey, the 1960 census of population

was substituted for the 1950 enumeration.

Questionnaire and Interview

h. 1955, a form, separate from the routineschedule of the Current Population Survey, wasused by the interviewer for recording. smokinghistories for all household members 18 yearsand over (appendix 111). The primary purpose ofthe study was to classify people according tosmoking habits rather than to make estimatesof the amount of tobacco consumed.

The instructions emphasized that, when pos-sible, information on smoking histories was to beobtained directly from the person himself. Whenthe individual was not at home, the plan called forleaving a form to be completed by the respondentwith followup by the interviewer to secure un-completed forms. In practice, these instructionscould not be adhered to strictly because someinformants volunteered the information for othermembers of the family, and in these situationsthere was a risk of receiving no data at all ifthe informant’s response was not accepted.

The instructions for the 1966 survey em-phasized that, where possible, information onsmoking habits was to be obtained directly fromthe person himself. No provision, however, wasmade for leaving a form to be completed by therespondent with a followup by the interviewer.As a result, the self-response rate for men de-clined from 58 percent in 1955 to 35 percent in1966. For women, fewer of whom were currentlyemployed and absent from home, the self-responserate declined only from 83 percent to 75 percent.

Self-Respondents

Because of the decline in the self-responserate in 1966, the smoking history data wereanalyzed by self-responses and proxy-responses.From estimates in table B it can be seen thatin both surveys the proportion of self-responsesincreased for men with advancing age, but re-mained rather stable atnong all women 25 yearsand older. Among men, the self-response ratewas consistently lower in all age groups in 1966than in comparable groups in 1955 (table B). Theself-response rate for males 65 and over wasmuch higher than in all other age groups. Forwomen. the self -res~onse rates were somewhat

Table B. Percent of persons who wereself-respondents, by sex and age at thetime of survey: United States, 1955 and1966 surveys

I I

Age at time of csurvey

I1955 1966

Female

1955 1966I I I

Percent

All ages,18+ years-

-18-24 years ------25-34 years ------35-44 years ------45-54 years ------55-64 years ------65+ years --------

43.353.556.458.064.073.6

26.231.828.931.540.256.8

71.486,885.885.484.879.2

58,582.179. L76.379.074.5

1 I I

lower in 1966 for each age group, but the generallevel of self-responses was much higher thanamong men in both surveys.

There is evidence that self- and proxy-re-sponse differences result in some reporting bias(table C). For example, both males and femalesare more likely to be classified as formersmokers (had smoked at least 100 cigarettesduring lifetime, but not smoking at the time ofthe survey) if they report for themselves thanif their status is reported by another familymember (proxy-respondent). On the other hand,.proxy-respondents may report other family mem-bers as having never smoked (had never smokedas many as 100 cigarettes) because they are notaware of a previous smoking history. Self-respondents who report average number of ciga-rettes smoked daily report slightly higher amountsthan do proxy-respondents. This bias will re-sult in some underreporting of smoking rates formales in particular since in the 1966 survey,data on almost two-thirds of all males who hadever smoked were obtained through proxy- re-sponses.

The estimates in table 5 indicate that in the1966 survey for males who “never smoked,” theabsolute pe”rcent differences between proxy- andself-respondents were greatest among persons

3

under 25 years and those 65 years and over. For

females, the differences between the percentages

who had never smoked as reported by self-respondents and proxy-respondents became in-

creasingly smaller with advancing age.

Response Error

There was no built-in scheme for validation

of responses in either the 1955 or 1966 survey

plan, and no direct measures, of the extent of theresponse errors can be made.

One source of bias associated with both

surveys was best described in the 1955 study

on smoking patterns (foomote 1, p. 1) as follows:“It should be stressed that the questions were

designed to classify people and not to estimate

the amount of tobacco consumed. For the latterpurpose the proper approach would have been to

include questions on recent purchases or on the

number of units consumed in a given day. Couch-

ing smoking questions in terms of ‘on the average’

probably exerts a downward bias. The respondent

may be encouraged to think of some smokingpattern which he rarely falls below and to neg-lect amounts in excess of this figure in his

response. Since the primary objective of thissurvey was to classify groups of people for

purposes of comparison, such biases would not

be important so long asselective in character. ”

SMOKING

they were not large nor

HABITS

Measures of Smoking Habits

The smoking characteristics of all personsaged 18 years and over have been examined in

terms of three basic measures: (1) currentsmoking habits, (2) number of cigarettes smoked

per day presently, and (3) number of cigarettessmoked per day when smoking the heaviest (maxi-mum amount). Thus, the population was divided

into groups of persons who had never smoked

cigarettes and those who have ever smoked. Thelatter group was subdivided into present and

former smokers. The present smokers were sub-divided into regular and occasional smokers. The

regular smokers were those who reported smok-ing one or more cigarettes a day, while oc-

casional smokers were those who did not reportsmoking regularly (not every day).

The smoking amounts were obtained in terms

of the estimated number of cigarettes smoked.These data were divided into four categories(l-9, 10-20, 20-40, and 41 and over). These cate-

gories were established in order to conform withnormal cigarette dispensing and packaging prac-

tices, and ranged from a half a pack or less to

more than two packs a day. This was also sug-

gested by a definite concentration on round num-

bers in reporting the number of cigarettes smoked

daily. For example, in the class 10-20 cigarettes

most persons reported 20 cigarettes, for 21-40cigarettes the modal units were 30 and 40, and

for 41 cigarettes and over, units of 50 and 60.These peaks undoubtedly arose from the practice

of selling cigarettes in packs of 20, partly from in-

dividual programming of daily consumption in

units of half packs, and partly due to ease of re-porting among respondents.

The proportion of persons of unknown smoking

status, shown in table 2, was appreciably higher

in the 1955 survey than in that of 1966. This dif-ference was due to the data collection practice

in 1955 of leaving a questionnaire which was to

be completed by any adult not home at the time

of interview. Failure to return the form increasedthe nonresponse rate and added to the proportion

of persons of unknown smoking status. It is pos-sible to consider persons of unknown smoking

status as persons who have never smoked or as

persons who are currently smoking, and thus

vary the amount of change that could have occurred

in smoking habits from 1955 to 1966. However, the

most reasonable method of distributing this un-

known group to the several smoking status cate-

gories is in accordance with the distribution of

those of known status. This procedure produces

the estimates shown in table A.

While the data give a measure of current and

heaviest cigarette smoking amounts, there is no

measure of how long a respondent was smoking

at a given rate, or how many cigarettes a day hewas smoking when he started smoking. For

example, a 25-year-old man who reported theheaviest amount as one pack a day could havesmoked at that rate from the time he was 18

years of age or for only 1 year.

4

-.

Current Smoking Habits

Of the 56,768,000 males and 64,310,000 fe-males 18 years of age and over in the civilian,noninstitutional population of the United States .asof June 1966, an estimated 27,998,000 males and20,670,000 females, or 49.3 and 32.1 percentrespectively, were current smokers (tables 1and 2). Without proration of persons of unknownsmoking status, these figures are comparable to53.8 percent of the males and 27.4 percent of thefemales who were current smokers at the timeof the 1955 survey. It should be pointed out,however, that despite the percentage decreaseamong male smokers, the number of men smokingcigarettes in 1966 exceeds the estimate for 1955by about l“i million. Among women the in-crease in the number of cigarette smokers duringthis time interval amounted to approximately5fi million (table 1). During the same interval themaIe population 18 years and older increased by7,187,000, while the female population increased9,214,000.

Among males the percentage of nonsmokersof cigarettes in the age group 18 years and overincr~ased from 40.8 percent in 1955 to 47.9 per-cent in 1966 (fig. 1). This absolute increase of7.1 percentage points among male nonsmokersbetween 1955 and 1966 is mainly attributable toa substantial increase in the percentage offormer smokers. This increase may, however,be an underestimate of the actual proportion ofmen who have k.ecome nonsmokers, because ofthe high proportion of proxy respondents for maleswho tend to erroneously report former smokersas persons who have never smoked. Included inthe 47.9 percent of male nonsmokers in 1966,17.7 percent previously smoked regularly oroccasionally in contrast to only 10.5 percent in1955 (table 2 ) when the proportion of male self-respondents was considerably greater.-..

A-mong women 18 years and older, the per-centage of current cigarette smokers (regularand occasional) increased from 27.4 percent in1955 to 32.1 percent in 1966 (fig. 1). With the per-centage of females who had never smoked gener-ally lower in 1966 than in 1955, it would seemthat the increase of 4.7 percentage points in theproportion of current cigarette smokers is duefor the most part to the increased proportion of

100

90 r80

[

1-Zw 40vau= 30

1

20

10

0 [1955 1966 1955 1966

MALE FEMALE

m Current smoker M Never sm.ked

~ Former smoker m Unknown

Figure 1. Percent distribut ion of the population 18

years and over, by cigarette smoking status accord-

i ng to sex.

women who had started smoking since the 1955survey (table 2).

The proportion of occasional smokers amongcurrent smokers decreased from 4.0 percent in1955 to 0.3 percent in 1966 among men, and from3.8 percent in 1955 to 0.3 percent in 1966 amongwomen (table 2). Differences in interviewingtechniques and interviewing instructions betweenthe 2 years may be partly responsible for thenoted decline. On the 1955 questionnaire therewas a check box labeled “smoke once in a while,not every day,” which was used by the interviewerto denote persons who smoked occasionally. Inthe administration of the 1966 questionnaire, theinterviewer was required to determine if theperson smoked on the average less than onecigarette per day before classifying him as anoccasional smoker. The greater latitude in clas-sification permissible in the 1955 survey probablyaccounts for the higher proportion of personsclassified as occasional smokers in that survey.The decline in occasional smokers between 1955and 1966” was apparently not biased by proxy-

response or self-response, since the decline was

quite similar in the two groups (table C).The estimates shown in table D and pre-

sented graphically in figure 2 indicate that the

decline among current male smokers between1955 and 1966 was primarily concentrated among

those under 55 years of age, while the percentincrease among the female smokers increasedappreciably with advancing age. If it were pos-sible to consider persons in the 10-year-age

intervals at the time of the 1955 survey as co-

horts representative of those who would have

advanced to the succeeding 10-year interval inthe 1966 survey, the decrease in the proportionof male smokers would be even more con-spicuous. Because the death rate among ciga-rette smokers is higher than that for the general

population, 3 an analysis of cohorts within two

3Hammond, E. C.: Smoking in relation to mortality and

morbidity. J. Nat. Cancer Inst.32(5):1161-1188,!day1964.

Table C. Percent distribut~on of persons 18 years and over,1 by cigarette sraoking sta-tus according to sex and type of respondent: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveYs

Male I Female

1955 1966 1955 1966

Self Proxy Self Proxy Self Proxy1=

Self Proxy

Cigarette smoking status

Percent distribution

All persons, 18+ years--

Nonsmokers

Total ----------------

Never smoked ---------------Previously smoked ----------

Occasionally -------------Regularly ----------------

Smokers

Total ----------------

Occasionally ---------------Never regularly ----------Previously regularly -----

Regularly ------------------Under10 cigarettes daily”10-20 cigarettes daily---21-40 cigarettes daily---41+ cigarettes daily -----

!00.0 100.0 300.0

49.1

2100.0 100.0 100.0 2100.0 2100.0

43.0 43.3

34.88.50.97.6

56.8

4.43.5

5H!

3::;11.1

0.9

48.7 70.3 78.0 65.7 70.2

65.64.6

:::

328.9

30.013.0

1;:2

57.0

27.621.5

2;::

350.4

32.516.1

1::2

350.3

65.84.50.93.5

29.7

76.2;.:

1:2

22.0

58.3

;:27.0

333.9

4.23.1

5;::

2!:213.2

1.2

0.4------

49.55.6

28.913.1

1.8

0.3------

46.6

3::!10.8

0.9

4.13.5

2%29.1

14.02.40.1

3.02.80.2

19.0

;:21.70.3

0.3 0.3------

26.7

1%;3.40.2

---33.1

2;:;5.00.3

lExcluding persons for whom type of respondent was unknown.2Includes persons of unknown smoking status..‘iIncludespersons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.

Table D. Percent of persons currently smoking cigarettes (regularly or occasionally),by sex and age at the time of survey: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys

Age at time of survey

All ages, 18 years and over-------------

18-24 years -----------------------------------25-34 years -----------------------------------3!5-44years -----------------------------------45-54 years -----------------------------------55-64 years -----------------------------------65 years and over-----------------------------

MaleI

Female

1955 I 1966 IChangel 1955 ] 1966 IChange

53.8 I49.3

53.063.662.158.045.825.8

48.358.957.053.146.224.6

Percent

-8.41 27.4

I-8.9 33.3-7.4 39.2-8.2 35.4-8.4 25.7+0.9 13.4-4.7 4.7

32.11 +17.2

34.7 +4.243.2 +10 .241.1 +16.137.3 +45 .123.0 +71.68.1 +72.3

80

r

MALE

TFEMALE

63662.1

56,0

258246

L

,.”...y..

,Y ,.

:.%.,.,

“j::

d,..

65+

_ 1955 survey

-1966 survey

41.1

35-44 45-54 55-64

8.i

a

4,7

65+

AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS

Figure 2. Percent of population currently smoking cigarettes regularly or occasionally, by age at time of survey

and sex.

7.

independent studies is not a valid procedure,since it is not possible to take into account thedecrease in the number of smokers during a 10-year interval that is attributable to mortality.

Cigarette Consumption Rates

There was no appreciable change in the pro-portion of men who currently smoked 21 or morecigarettes a day, 12.7 percent in 1955 and 12.5in 1966 (table E). There was an increase in thepercentage of women who smoked 21 or morecigarettes per day from 2.3 percent in 1955 to4.9 percent in 1966. This meant that the propor-tion of women who were smoking more than apack a day in 1966 was approximately double thatfor 1955. Among women the age group with thelargest increase was 25-44 years.

Among the male, current, regular smokersincluded in table 2, the proportion of those smokingfrom 1-9 cigarettes per day declined between1955 and 1966. The concentration of the declineamong those who smoked less than half a pack ofcigarettes a day indicates that the increase in theproportion of males who quit smoking (formersmokers) between 1955 and 1966 might be at-tributed to light and occasional smokers (table 2).Among women, however, there was an actual in-crease in the number of those who smoked, buta substantial decline among those who smokedless than half a pack a day. The increase in theamount smoked between 1955 and 1966 amongwomen was concentrated among those who smokedfrom 10 to 20 and 21 to 40 cigarettes per day.It is possible that some of the women who smokedless than 10 cigarettes per day in 1955 may haveincreased their cigarette consumption by 1966.However, there is no clear evidence in the datathat such increases in the percent of femalesmokers were related to the increased switchingto heavier smoking, since an increase in thenumber of current nonsmokers who previouslyhad been regular smokers also took place.

It would seem that some women are joiningthe ranks of former smokers, while an evenlarger number are joining the smoking group.The females who are starting to smoke heavilyare younger, while those no longer smokingcigarettes are older persons. This point is em-phasized by the data in table 2, which indicatethat in 1966 the proportion of female nonsmokerswho were previously regular smokers was higher

Table E . Percent of persons smoking 21 ormore cigarettes per day, by sex and ageat the time of survey: United States,1955 and 1966 surveys

Age at time ofsurvey

All ages,18-I- years-

18-24 years ------25-34 years ------35-44 years -7----4.5-54 years ------55-64 years ------65+ years --------

=EI-11955 1966 1955 1966

12.7

7.71!).017.715.710.1

3.4

Percent

12.5

6.615.418.015.812.5

3.2

2.31 4.9

J-1.9 3.5

7.4::;2,8 i:;1.1 2.8

fc 0.6

in each single age group than were similar pro-portions in 1955. And, in general, this differencebecame greater with advancing age.

Current Status of Those Who Ever Smoked

Another dimension of analysis which moreclearly identifies changes in the smoking popu-lation is added when data are analyzed in termsof those who ever smoked cigarettes vegzdavly.In this classification shown in tables 6 and 7,persons are classified as former regular smokersand current regular smokers. The-former groupis subdivided into “nonsmokers now” and “oc-casional smokers now.” The latter group is shownby current rate of smoking.

Estimates shown in table 7 indicate that thereis an increase of 10.2 percentage points in theproportion of male nonsmokers who were formerregular smokers, 15.5 percent in 1955 and 25.7percent in 1966. Among females the percentageof nonsmokers among those who have eversmoked regularly increased from 11.1 percentin 1955 to 16.4 percent in 1966. At the time ofthe 1955 survey, 82.9 percent of the men whohad ever smoked cigarettes regularly were smok-ing at the time of the survey; a Comparablefigure for 1966 was 74.0 percent, an absolutedecrease of 8.9 percentage points (tables 7 and

8

F). Among females the percent of current smokersamong those who had ever smoked regularly de-creased from 87.0 percent in the 1955 survey to83.1 percent in 1966. In general, the percentagedecrease for both men and women became greaterwith advancing age, reaching a maximum of 24.1percent for males 65 years and older (table F).

The consistent decrease in the percent ofregular smokers between 1955 and 1966 in eachof the current smoking categories, 1-9, 10-20,and 21-40 cigarettes per day, for males, with noappreciable change in the proportion smokingmore than two packs per day, accounts for themarked increase in the proportion of formerregular smokers (table 7). Among females whohave ever smoked, where the numkr of ciga-rettes smoked per day has increased between thetwo surveys, there is added evidence that thepopulation has moved in two directions, somehave quit smoking or have cut down, while othershave increased their average daily rate of ciga-rette consumption.

HISTORY OF CIGARETTE SMOKING

Age at Which Started Smoking

Since much of the information obtained in thetwo surveys is based on respondent recall, mostof the estimates shown are subject to bias intro-

duced by faulty memory of past events. Un-doubtedly, questions regarding the age at whic!lpersons started smoking placed severe demandson memory even when such questions were di-rected at persons providing information only forthemselves. When questions of this kind were di-rected to a proxy-respondent, the memory biaswas compounded by the lack of information onthe part of the proxy-respondent. Because of thecomparatively low percentage of self-respondentsamong males in the 1966 survey (table B), com-parative data from the two surveys regarding ageat the time smoking was started have not beenpresented for males.

Another shortcoming of the smoking data foryoung males in both surveys is the exclusion ofpersons in the military service. Because of thehigh proportion of males 18-24 years of age in theArmed Forces in 1966, in contrast to 1955, thecharacteristics of the remaining civilian popu-lation in this age group may be quite differentfrom those of youths of a comparable age in the1955 survey.

However, it is felt that the material collectedon age when smoking started for females, forwhom the proxy-response rate is quite low, isrepresentative of the female population in bothsurveys. Because of basic differences in thepatterns of smoking history among males andfemales it is not reasonable to assume that the

Table F. percent of current cigarette smokers among persons who have ever smokedcigarettes regularly, by sex and age at the time of survey: IJnited states, 1955 and1966 surveys

Age at time of survey

All ages, 18+ years -----------------

18-24 years -------------------------------25-34 years -------------------------------35-44 years -------------------------------45-54 years -------------------------------55-64 years -------------------------------65+ years ---------------------------------

Male Female

1955

82.9

93.687.584.782.474.063.8

1966 Decrease 1955 1966 Decreasein 1966 in 1966

Percent

74.0

90.881.875.972.366.848.4

-10.7

-3.0-6.5

-10.4-L2.3

-9.7-24.1

87.0

89.786.387.787.583.573.7

83.1

88.085.783.382.876.568.5

-4.5

-1.9-0.7-5.0-5.4-8.4-7.1

cumulative data for females shown in figure 3are characteristic of males. It is known that the

curves for male smokers were at a higher levelthan those for females, because the rate of thosewho have ever smoked is consistently higheramong males than among females.

In the comparison of females in the two sur-

veys by the age at which they started smoking, itis assumed that the mortality rates among ciga-rette smokers during the years prior to the sur-

veys were similar enough to produce comparable

survivor populations. Because the populationsunder consideration in this instance consist onlyof persons who have ever smoked, the compara-tive rates would not be influenced by the mor-tality differentials between smokers and non-

smokers.The cumulative percentage estimates of fe-

males becoming regular smokers prior to specificages shown in table 8 have been summarized

18-24 YEARS

{

40 –

20 –

1966 survey

. . . . . . . . . . . 1955 survey

o ! I I ! 1 1 l!l! 11,,,!10 15 20 25 30 35

AGE AT WHICH

60’ ~~

60

25-34 YEARSL

40 –

20 –

o 1 I 1 I 1 1

10 15 20 25 30 35

STARTEO SMOKING

1 45-54 YEARS1

40 –

20 –

o 111!, 11!!1

10 15 20 25 30 35

AGE AT WHICH STARTED SMOKING

60

[...> ~~~

60

55-64 YEARS 65 YEARS AND OVER

40 40

20 20

. . . . . . . . . .

o . . . . . ..,.< ..,.7 ..i-;..;.;..~.; .,..; --,-.J”i o . . ~ /110

. . . . . . . . . . . -.?., -. F-I.- . . .. . .. . .7. . . . . .

15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35

AGE AT WHICH STARTED SMOKING

Figu re 3. Cumulative percents e of females becoming regular cigarette smokers prior to age specified, by age atftime o survey. (Cumulative percentages are shown in table 8,)

10

for comparative purposes in figure 3. Age atwhich the person started smoking has beencarried only through 35 years since accretionsto the smoking population are rather small there-after. In the two youngest age groups, those under35 years, the cumulative curves have been ad-justed by the usual actuarial methods to take ac-count of the population not exposed to risk duringthe entire age span covered.

Between 1955 and 1966 there was a shift toan earlier age at which women start to smoke;this shift has accompanied the rising trend in theproportion of women smoking regularly (fig. 3).The marked change in the age at which womenstart to smoke cigarettes is apparent from acomparison of the data in the two surveys. Fromtable 8 it is apparent that the percent of women18-24 years of age in 1966 who had started smok-ing by age 15 (8.4 percent) was four times thatfor the comparable age-group in 1955 (2.1 per-cent). In 1966, 29.9 percent of the women whowere 18-24 years of age at the time of the in-terview, had started to smoke by the age of 18,in contrast to 15.9 percent of those who were18-24 years of age in 1955. This represents anincrease of 14.0 percentage points, with the per-cent in 1966 approximately twice that in 1955.

Among women 35 years and over, an age in-terval in which all of those included would havehad an opportunity to start smoking at age 35 oryounger, the percent increase for those who hadstarted smoking by age 35 between 1955 and 1966became greater with advancing age. For those65 years and older at the time of the surveys,1.7 percent had started smoking by age 35 in the1955 survey while a comparable percentage in the1966 survey was 6.5 percent, approximating afourfold increase (table 8 and fig. 3).

Continuance of Maximum Rate

In tables 9 and 10 the current cigarette smok-ing habits of persons who have ever smoked regu-larly are shown according to the maximum rate ofcigarette consumption attained. From table 11,in which this material has been summarized, it isapparent from both surveys that women who haveever smoked a maximum of 21-40 or 41 and overcigarettes per day have a greater tendency to“cut down” than do those whose maximum rate is

less than a pack per day. The greater opportunity,in terms of number of cigarettes, for the formergroup to “cut down” without giving up cigarettesaltogether may account for his tendency. In the1955 survey this same pattern was noted for men.However, the data collected in the 1966 surveyindicate that a high percentage of men who have

smoked a maximum of less than half of a pack ofcigarettes per day have quit smoking, since only“48.5 percent were continuing to smoke at theirmaximum rate at the time of the survey (table11). This increase in the proportion of men whohave quit smoking is in agreement with the in-crease between 1955 and 1966 of the nonsmokersamong former regular cigarette smokers shownin table 2. While this increase in nonsmokers ischaracteristic of each age group, it is particularlyevident among men 45 years and older.

The current cigarette smoking status at thetime of the 1966 survey of persons according totheir maximum rate is described more fully intable G. Of males whose maximum rate had beenless than 10 cigarettes per day, 48.5 percent con-tinued to smoke at this level; approximately 48.9percent did not smoke at the time of the interviewand the rest were occasional smokers (table G).Of those males who smoked 10-20 cigarettes at amaximum, 67.2 percent still smoked the sameamount, about 6.2 percent smoked less than 10cigarettes, 25.6 percent were nonsmokers at thetime of the interview, and the rest were occasionalsmokers. Of those males who smoked 21-40cigarettes at a maximum rate, about 51.9 per-cent smoked at the same level, while about 33.3percent of those with a maximum rate of 41 ormore cigarettes a day smoked that amount perday at the time of the 1966 survey.

Among women whose maximum level was20 or less cigarettes per day, the percentage whowere smoking at that level at the time of the sur-vey was markedly higher than that for males whohad a comparable maximum level. For womenwhose maximum rate was 21-40 cigarettes perday, the percentage currently smoking at thatlevel was only slightly higher than that for theirmale counterparts, and the proportion of womencontinuing to smoke at a maximum of 41 or morecigarettes was slightly lower than that for maleswho had reached this level. However, from esti-mates shown in table G it is apparent that a

11

Table G. Percent distribution of persons, by current cigarette smoking status accord-ing to maximum rate ever attained and sex: United States, 1966 survey

Maximum cigarettesmoking rate

ever attained

Male

1-9 cigarettes daily---10-20 cigarettes daily-21-40 cigarettes daily-41+ cigarettes daily---

Female

1-9 cigarettes daily---10-20 cigarettes daily-21-40 cigarettes daily-41+ cigarettes daily---

Cigarette smoking status

Total whoever Current

smoked non -

cigarettes smokers

100.0100.0100.0100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0

Current regular smokersCurrent

occasionalsmokers 1-9 10-20 21-40 41+

daily daily daily dailyc.,

Percent distribution

48.925.618.323.3

35.8 1.514.2 0.3

>kJ:: ;!<

comparatively high percentage, of men, regard-less of the maximum level attained, had quitsmoking cigarettes, while women showed moreof a tendency to reduce the number of cigarettessmoked per day.

Percentages complementary to those shown

by age group in table 11, i.e., the difference be-tween each percent shown and 100 percent,represent the proportion of persons who werecurrently smoking at a daily rate less than their

maximum. Differences in these complementarypercentages through successive age intervals,

also shown in the table, represent the cumulativeeffect of persons who drop back from their maxi-

mum rate. Thus, a rough estimate of the pro-portion of males 45-54 years (at thetime of the

1966 survey) reducing their daily cigarette con-sumption from a maximum of 21-40 cigarettes

within the preceding 10 years may be obtainedby subtracting from this percentage (100 percent

minus 53.3percent= 46.7percent) the correspond-ing value for persons 35-44 years (100 percent

minus 56.4 percent=43.6 percent) to obtain anestimate of +3.1 percent.

48.56.21.62.0

62.17.6

;::

. . .67.227.811.2

. . .77.235.515.7

. . .

. . .51.9251,7

. . .

. . .54.837.2

. . .

. . .

. . .33.3

. . .

. . .

..030.2

lIncludes persons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.

The direct method of obtaining informationabout changes in smoking patterns was not used

because of the time required to obtain acompletesmoking history and because informants mightnot have been willing (or able) to supply a de-

tailed chronology on shifts of smoking habits. .In this table it is assumed that the experiencefor persons in each age group reflects the cumu-

lative result of events occurring at any previousage.

With the exception of very heavy smokersamong males 18-24 years, the proportion of both

males and females who were smoking at their

maximum level was lower in 1966 thanin 1955,

regardless of age or of the level of the maximumrate (table H). Ingeneral, forbothmenand women,

the greatest percent decrease in those smokingat their maxi~um level occurred among those

smoking less than 10 cigarettes per dayandthose

smoking41 ormore per day.The most definitive estimates produced from

the 1966 survey are those pertaining ~o personswho had quit smoking cigarettes. Approximately

25.7 percentof the men in thepopulation 18 years

12

and older and 16.4 percent of the women who hadever smoked cigarettes regularly were non-smokers at the time of the 1966 survey (table J).The proportion who had quit smoking increaseddirectly with advancing age for both men andwomen.

The percentage of nonsmokers (among thosewho had ever smoked) was highest among personswho had reached a maximum of 1-9 cigarettesper day. Among those who had reached this level,48.9 percent of the men and 35.8 percent of thewomen had become nonsmokers. Among men the

rate of nonsmokers (at the time of the survey)among those who had reached a maximum of10-20 cigarettes (25.6 percent) was about thesame as that for men who had smoked a maximumof 41 or more cigarettes per day (23.3 percent).Both groups were heavily weighted with the highproportions of persons 45 years and older whohad become nonsmokers. For both men and women,the lowest percentage of nonsmokers was amongthose who had reached a maximum of 21-40 ciga-rettes per day (18.3 percent for men and 7.8 per-cent for women).

Table H. Percent change from 1955 to 1966 in proportion of persons who were smokingcigarettes at their maximum rate at the time of the survey, by sex and age:States,

United1955 and 1966 surveys

Maximum rate of cigarette smoking

Sex and ageUnder 10 10-20 21-40 41+daily daily daily daily

18-2425-34

Male

All ages, 18+ years -------------------------

years ---------------------------------------years ---------------------------------------

35-44 ~ears ---------------------------------------45-54 years ---------------------------------------55-64 years ---------------------------------------65+ years -----------------------------------------

Female

Percent change from 1955 to 1966

-36.4 I -14.6 I -24.0 I -30.2

-16.1 -5.6 I -31.6 I +19,6-35.8 -9.5 -20.6 -12.1-36; 5 -15;9-41.6 -16.1-40.3 -16.0-51.6 -25.9

I IAll ages, 18+ years ------------------------- -24.6 -6.8

18-24 years ------------------------ ---------------25-34 years ------------------------ ---------------35-44 years ---------------------------------------45-54 years ---------------------------------------55-64 years ---------------------------------------65+ years -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

-17.6-21.5-25.7-29.1-25.6-20.2

-4.2-4.0-8.8-7.4-4.6

-14.7

-20:0-24.4-21.7-39.7

-17.7

-17.4-16.1-17.2-18.5-18.5-26.2

-42:2-28.8-38.8-38.0

-38.1

-37.;-48.5-48.6-42.4

*

13

Table J. Percent of persons who had ever smoked regularly (during lifetime history)who were nonsmokers of cigarettes at the time of the survey, by sex, age, and maxi-mum daily rate: United States, 1,966survey

Sex and age

Male

All ages, 18+ years -------------------------

18-24 years ---------------------------------------25-34 years ----~--.------------------------ -------

35-44 years ---------------------------------------45-54 years ---------------------------------------55-64 years ---------------------------------------65+ years -----------------------------------------

18-24

Female

All ages, 18+ years -------------------------

vears ---------------------------------------25-34 $ears ---------------------------------------35-44 years ---------------------------------------45-54 years ---------------------------------------55-64 years -------..-------- -------- -------- -------

65+ years -----------------------------------------

Total

25.7

1%23.727.432.951.0

16.4

11.713.916.216.722.630.5

Maximum rate ofcigarette smoking

I I I1-9 10-20 21-40 41-!-

daily daily daily daily

Percent nonsmokersat time of stirvey

48.9

23.444.547.953.857.566.3

35.8

27.633.735.540.340.141.4

25.6

1;:+25.128.533.047.6

14.2

l;::14.614.619.725.5

18.3

M16,,519<,525,,743,,7

7.8

5,,46,,574,7

1;::24,,8

23.3

*

1::;28.0;;.;

.

1.2.6

*

17.;***

000

DETAILED TABLES

Table 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Number of persons 18 years and over, by sex, cigarette smoking status, and ageat the time of the survey: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys------------------

Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status atthe time of the survey,according to age at the time of the survey and sex: UnitedStates, 1955 and 1966 surveys ----------------------------------------------------

Number of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status, sex, type ofrespondent, and age: United States, 1955 survey----------------------------------

Number of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status, sex, type ofrespondent, and age: United States, 1966 survey----------------------------------

Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking statusaccording to sex, age at the time of the survey, and type of respondent: UnitedStates, 1955 and 1966 surveys----------------------------------------------------

Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, bysex, age, --------=----------~f-~~~-f~~-~~-~~-~~~~~;-~f~~~~-~~~~~~i-~~~~-~;~and smoking status1966 surveys

Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettesregularly, by smoking status at the time of the survey according to age at thetime of the survey and sex: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys-----------------

Cumulative percentages of females becoming regular cigarette smokers prior to theage specified, by age at the time of the survey: United States, 1955 and 1966surveys--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, bysex, age, maximum rate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey:United States, 1955 survey-------------------------------------------------------

Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly,by sex, age, maximum rate attained , and smoking status at the time of the survey:United States, 1966 survey-------------------------------------------------------

Percentage of regular cigarette smokers (lifetime history) continuing to smoke attheir maximum according to maximum rate attained, by sex and age at the time ofthe survey: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys---------------------------------

rage

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

26

28

15

‘fable1. Number of persons 18 yeazs and over, by sex, cigarette smoking sta’cus,and age at the time of the survey: United States,1955 and 1966 surveys

[D.marcb...d."h<,u..hold,nt.r>!$$.<,((h.<,\,l,zin,n<,z,..$,,.z.nalf,c,p.l,,t,c,n11,..r,)d.)gn,gcn<.mlq..l,f,ck~,o,., and mf.rmmon on th. reliability of the CWIOI.W- m> gw.n In

,, PDWICI,. 1 D,. f,n,l, on. oft,.,m. ,,mg, >m ,. opp.nd,,II]

Nnnsmaker of cigarettes Cigarette smoker

Previously

d

Regular

rotal smoked UnknownNever cigarettes if ever

Total smoked Totali Occasional smokedcigarettes

occa-Total’ 1-9 10-20 21-40 41+

Regu- daily dailysionally larly

daily daily

Year of survey,sex, and age

Number of persons in thousands

All ages,18+ years--- $9,5s1

5,405

L1,065

L0,755

9,100

6,934

6,322

20,219

2,202

3,404

3,437

3,325

3>392

4,459

38,048

15,030

2,019

2,L65

2,314

2,241

2,355

3,636

35.927

592 :6,672 2,005 14,667 ,216 5,798 515 2,690.—

336

629

634

497

365

229

1,976

322

465

402

305

237

245

1,582

14,138

1S-24 years-----

25-34 years-----

35-44 years-----

45-54 years-----

55-64 years-----

65+ years-------

39

88

loa

127

100

130

457

144

851

L,015

957

937

693

L,664

204

562

430

264

132

72

3,648

2,867

7,032

6,684

5,278

3,177

1,634

262

377

398

379

312

277

2,605

6,655

6,286

4,899

2,865

1,357

6L5

888

849

753

597

484

,640

901

,364

,206

709

330

130

,816

1,542

‘+! :

3,535

2,719

1,569

661

7,013

1,066

2,378

2,029

1,084

351

105

16,559

399

1,561

1,713

1,291

648

186

1,196

143

398

330

241

73

*

6,450

All ages,18+ years--- 55,096 5.072 2,086

369

589

466

353

212

97

.2,986

2,118

4,192

3,596

2,067

767

246

18-24 years-----

25-34 years-----

35-44 years-----

45-54 years-----

55-64 years-----

65+ years-------

7,460

L2,196

11,484

9,399

7,296

7,261

4,651

6,950

7,020

6,674

6,080

6,673

27,188

4,403

6>261

6,476

6,316

5,904

6,567

17>M8

44

127

114

94

44

34

392

2,487

4,781

4,062

2,420

979

343

All ages,18+ years--- 56,768 !7,998 197 17>801

18-24 years-----

25-34 years-----

35-44 years-----

45-54 years-----

55-64 years-----

65+ years-------

8,828

!0,231

11,306

L0,595

8,093

7,717

4,325

4,006

4,574

4,703

4,011

5,570

42,235

6,626

6,266

6,995

6,850

6,590

8,908

3,870

2,632

2,511

2,504

2,125

3,507

37,%3

6,123

5,434

5,967

5,940

5,950

8>529

30

68

65

83

58

88

256

425

L,306

1,998

2,116

L>828

1,975

!,036

478

786

973

849

596

354

4,262

6,031

6,444

5,623

3,737

1,902

.*

43

49

36

26

29

4,249

5,988

6,395

5,587

3,711

1,873

549

450

504

449

433

430

,610—

739

795

775

618

412

270

2,839

3,784

3,627

3,164

2,055

1,089

!3,245

2,378

3,153

3,216

2,760

1,300

438

521

1>450

1,818

1,506

929

227

2,946

350

788

856

668

227

57

58

125

213

170

82

.,?

174

.2

43

50

41

>?

*

241

194

288

269

345

245

1,405

204

158

245

279

258

263

Female

All ages,18+ years--- 54,310

L0,463

L1,302

L2,294

L1,372

8,899

9,980

0,670

3,633

4,878

5,054

4,243

2,051

809

209 :0,461

3,602

4,844

5,000

4,205

2,o16

793

18-24 years-----

25-34 years-----

35-44 years-----

45-54 years-----

55-64 years-----

63t years-------

25

46

55

61

44

25

31

34

54

38

35

;.,

lData for 1966 includes persons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.

16

Table 2. Percent distributionof persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status at the time of the survey, accordingto age at the time of the sur~~eyand sex: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys

[Dataam bawd.. h..schold intxnimw of tho civilian, .Oni.stil.tim.l popul.tm. Tho survey d.+q:n, gmrrol q..l, fimtmns, and ,nfcmn,tionon the rrk.b,i, ryof tho ..tm. k.. m.

tzi~..i..d,d[.[. D,- ft.iL, . . .. ft.c. xi,,, iappc. dlpll]l. ll]

Nonsmoker of cigarettes Cigarette smoker

ITotalTotal TotalL Occasional

Previouslysmoked

cigarettes

Year ofsurvey, sex,

and age Neversmoked

cigarettesocca- Regu-sionally larly

1955—

Male— Percent distribution

All ages,18+ years- 100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

40.8

40.7

30.8

32.0

36.5

48.9

70.5

69.1

62.3

57.0

6L.1

71.0

83.3

91.9

47.9

30.3

37.4

22.3

21.5

24.6

34.0

57.5

65.2

59.0

51.3

56.4

67.1

80.9

90.4

30.2

1.2

0.7

0.8

1.0

1.4

1.4

2.1

0.8

0.6

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.6

0.5

0.7

9.3

2.7

7.7

9.4

10.5

13.5

11.0

3.0

53.8

53.0

63.6

62.1

58.0

45.8

25.8

27.4

4.0

4.8

3.4

3.7

4.2

4.5

4.4

3.8

4.9

4.8

4.1

3.8

2.9

1.3

0.3

49.8

48.2

60.1

58.4

53.8

41.3

21.5

23.6

28.4

34.4

31.3

22.0

G’.5

3.4

49.0

8.5

11.9

8.0

7.9

8.3

8.6

7.7

8.4

28.5

28.5

37.2

32.9

29.9

22.6

10.5

12.7

14.3

19.5

17.7

11.5

4.8

1.4

29.2

11.7

7.4

14.1

15.9

14.2

9.3

2.9

2.2

1.9

3.3

2.9

2.6

1.0

>,,

11.G

1.0

0.4

0.8

1.8

1.5

0.7

0.4

0.1

5.4

6.2

5.7

5.9

5.5

5.3

3.6

3.6

4.3

3.8

3.5

3.2

3.2

3.4

2.8

18-24 yesrs---

25-34 years---

35-44 ytxms---

45-54 years---

55-64 years---

65+ years-----

Female

All ages,18+ years-

18-24 years---

25-34 years---

35-44 years---

45-54 years---

55-64 years---

65+ years-----

33.3

39.2

35.4

25.7

13.4

4.7

49.3

12.1

11.2

10.5

7.5

4.5

1.8

5.0

2.7

4.6

3.7

2.8

1.8

1.0

17.0

1966—

Male—

All ages,18+ years-

18-24 years---

25-34 years---

35-44 years---

45-54 years---

55-64 years---

65+ years-----

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

LOO.O

100.0

100.0

49.0

39.2

40.5

44.4

49.6

72.2

65.7

63.3

55.4

56.9

60.2

74.1

89.3

43.8

25.7

22.2

23.6

26.3

45.4

59.0

58.5

48.1

48.5

52.2

66.~

85.5

0.3

0.7

0.6

0.8

0.7

1.1

0.4

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.3

4.8

~~.g

17.7

20.0

22.6

25.6

6.3

4.6

7.0

7.9

7.5

6.7

3.5

48.3

5s.9

57.0

53.1

46.2

24.6

32.1

34.7

43.2

41.1

37.3

23.0

8.1

>,,

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.4

,?

48.L

S8.5

56.6

52.7

45.9

24.3

31.8

34.4

4~.q

40.7

37.0

~~.7

7.9

6.2

4.4

4.5

4.2

5.4

5.6

5.6

7.1

7.0

6.3

5.4

4.6

2.7

32.2

37.0

32.1

29.q

25.!4

14.1

20.6

22.7

27.q

zfi.~

24.3

14.5

4.4

5.5

14.?

16.1

12.2

11.5

2.Y

3.6

3.3

7.0

7.0

5.9

2.6

O.b

0.7

1.2

1.9

1.6

1.0

0.3

*

0.4

0.4

0.2

*

,,6

2.7

1.9

2.5

2.5

4.3

3.2

2.2

I.Y

1.4

2.0

2.5

2.9

?.b

Female

All ages,18+ years-

18-24 years---

25-34 years---

35-44 years---

45-54 years---

55-64 years---

65+ years-----

‘Data for 1966 includes persons whxse current daily smoking rates are unknown.

17

Table 3. Number of persons 18 years and cwer, by cigarette smoking status, sex, type of respc,ndent,and age: u~i~ed S~a~eS, 1955survey

[Dataare based on house hold ,nt”rv, cw. C)rlhec,,,l, nn, non, nwtwow.1 popul:,t,on The survey ‘Jo.wI, general quaiifzcatwm,., and !nformwon cm thereliabtlrty of theest!matos cag iwan ,.

app~nd,~ 1. De f,n, Lm* oflwm. ar!, given m nppend!x 11]

Nonsmoker of cigarettes Ci!zarettesmoker

rETotal NeverTotal smoked

cigarettes

Regular

+

Previouslysmoked

cigarettes

Occa- Regu- Total

sional.ly Larly

OccasionalSex, type ofrespondent,and age

Neversmoked

cigarettesregularly

Previouslysmoked

cigarettesregularly

—

MALE—

s&f -respondent

All ages,IX+ years-

Number of persons in thousands

26,844 11,539

796

1,734

1>S45

1,s40

2,115

3,209

8,434

8,o41 411 3,087

74

515

630

663

677

548

1,476

69

327

371

315

252

142

1,54s

1,135

88

213

214

212

187

221

S49

170

153

182

166

123

55

.,807

824 311 14.170 2,295

272

415

440

435

379

354

1,ss7

369

468

398

312

213

127

3,970

7,992

783

2,146

1,9s5

1,566

1,016

496

5,9s1

743

1,918

1,507

1,124

534

155

6,126

),550

209

937

.,035

809

436

124

!,169

184

612

660

456

201

56

.,041

113

344

306

211

59

>?

148

333

>t

62

124

83

28

,,<

172

18-24 years---

25-34 years---

2,163

5,507

5,643

4>945

4,161

4,425

19,492

2,829

4,796

4,370

3,577

2,336

1,584

53,730

5,054

10,096

9,464

7,700

5,928

5,488

S,947

2,024

1,539

1,565

1,313

1,066

1,441

694

1,157

1,148

1,119

1,371

2,552

6,785

28

62

67

78

67

109

173

70

160

140

165

137

152

689

155

115

141

127

103

48

1,54s

?<

53

74

47

50

69

160

1,279

3,560

3,584

2,893

1,859

995

.0,209

1,299

3,030

2,624

1,945

967

344

.1,193

1,673

3,662

3,206

1>786

667

200

1.697

35-44 years---

45-54 years---

55-64 years---

65+ years-----

r’g%%ntAll ages,18+ years-

18-24 years---

25-34 years---

1,360

1,613

1,564

1,466

1,246

1,185

30,730

3,097

5,891

5,870

5,605

5,067

5,199

6,981

1,280

1,263

1,151

1,104

964

1,023

28,778

>?.,:

42

47

30

*

404

*

32

59

53

>.<

*

56

35-44 years---

45-54 years---

55-64 years---

65+ years-----

FSNALE

Self-res~ent

All ages,18+ years-

18-24 years---

25-34 years---

2,S69

5,249

5,365

5,276

4,907

5,112

6,820

38

115

104

79

39

29

51

190

527

401

250

121

5s

110

284

543

388

309

194

89

269

253

442

322

283

173

75

249

31

101

66

26

.?/

>!,

$<

702

1,173

1,072

611

304

107

661

85S

2>122

1,814

950

299

84

S63

35-44 years---

45-54 years---

55-64 years---

65+ years-----

Bs!&Yrespondent

All ages,18+ years-

18-24 years---

25-34 years---

1,515

1,008

1,109

1,011

948

1,392

1,494

967

1,070

981

933

1,376

82

42

76

43

;,,

.;<

77

42

68

3s

,,<

,!<

427

489

3s0

259

99

42

200

179

133

9s

29

.*

199

249

213

128

55

*

**

***

.*

35-44 years---

45-54 years---

55-64 years---

65+ years-----

NOTE: Zxcluded are persons for whom type of respondentwas unknown.

18

Table 4. Number of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status, sex, type of respondent,and age: United States,1966 survey

[Dabm. Lw.d‘mh.”mh.ldintm,kwsOFtheci,dim,n.ninstiwtimudp.p.loti..,Tho..WCYd..ign,gen.mlqurdificatio.~,andi.fO,m*ti.O.fi@,,li.yllitYOfti@C.tlm.ms.mwc.i..wm~d;.[. D.f,.i~..~.fte~s.mg,$..aPPcnd,d11]l]

Ncm.smOkerof cigarettes Cigarette smoker

I!OtallTota1

Pr~ku-&y Regular

Never cigarettessmoked ‘lotal~ Occasional

cigarettesocca- Total 1-9 10-20 21-40 41+

Regu- daily daily daily dailysionally larly

Sex, type of

respondent,and age

MALE

Self-respondent

All ages,18+ years---

Number of persons in thousands

.9,324

2,264

3,209

3,199

3,267

3,130

4,25S

16.122

9,481

963

1,188

1,276

1,431

1,517

3,107

17,579

5,335

783

705

653

702

688

1,804

11,756

3,071

1,920

1,852

1,795

1,431

1,687

27,557

3,M5

4,341

4,645

4,474

4,650

6,301

10,299

188

*

34

-A

26

31

65

180

3,958

171

445

599

70?

798

!,238

9,740-

,5287

2,003

1,912

1,821

1,591

1,127

18,159

2,966

4,018

4,514

3,778

2,120

762

16,017

2,447

4>067

4,034

3,231

1,621

615

4,539

74

*

*

*

>?

,.,

:V

9,565

1,269

1,977

1,897

1,783

1,551

1,088

1,083 5,590

853

1,201

1,009

995

895

637

?,541

231

569

635

571

3s5

150

351

26

57

114

78

59

*

18-24 years-------- 159

150

139

139

212

283

25-34 years--------

35-44 years--------

45-54 years--------

55-64 years--------

65+ yeazs----------

Proxy respondent

All ages,18+ years--- ;,643

254

851

.,390

.,403

.,023

721

120 16,837

2,688

3,823

4,249

3,484

1,926

667

1,724 10,914

1,978

2,575

2,6o6

2,L54

1,149

451

!,884

288

880

.,179

930

536

73

315

18-24 years-------- 6,391

6,875

7,866

7,089

4,659

3,239

7,308

6,015

9,155

9,556

8,471

6,852

7,255

5,711

3,344

2,801

3,280

3,247

2,477

2,428

31,099

3,545

5,060

5,487

5,220

5,186

6,599

11,026

*

30

38

49

,.,

.A

214

~

41

46

46

41

>,,

34

390

300

365

310

217

141

32

68

99

90

*

*

25-34 years--------

35-44 years--------

45-54 years--------

55-64 years--------

65+ years----------

FSMALE

Self-respondent

All ,?ges,18+ years--- ),328

379

678

796

700

495

279

154

*

29

48

*

27

*

15,675

2,415

4,005

3,947

3,162

1,560

584

2,697

472

658

614

428

315

210

10,444

1,657

2,624

2,601

2,181

1,037

3h4

!,3S8

270

680

692

521

194

30

146

*

43

40

32

*

*

2.8-24years--------

25-34 years--------

35-44 years--------

45-54 years--------

55-64 y&l? S--------

65+ yW31?S ----------

Proxy respondent

All ages,18+ years--- 693 53 4,194 896 2,731 538 29

18-24 years-------- 4,266

1,998

2,518

2,625

1,824

2,483

3,067

1,184

1,496

1,609

1,394

2,278

2,968

1,072

1,315

1,456

1,291

2,197

.,!:

;.<

*

*

->

*

95

108

172

144

99

75

1,162

796

986

991

411

193

******

1,050

761

919

905

380

180

262

138

152

18S

96

60

710

517

600

565

249

91

74

106

157

143

31

27

******

25-34 years--------

35-44 years--------

45-54 years--------

55-64 years--------

65+ years----------

lIncludespersons of unknown smoking status.

‘Includespersons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.

NOTE: E+cluded are persons far whom type of respondentwas unknown.

19

Table 5. Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status according to sex, age at the time of thesurvey, and type of respondent: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys

[W .,.,,.., on hou.,,bol,i ,nter,,... ,,, ,,(, .,,,,,.., .On, n.tltul!on.l pop.lut, on. The .w, c.y d.., gn, @mm4 qu.l!fic.lmn., and Infornmtmn o. Lhe roli. hilq of the OSIMIM1.S am given m

.Pp..dl. I DM,n,U.. .oftwms c.mg!vm ,. app..di. 1~

Age, type ofrespondent, andyear of survey

Self-respondent:

1955 ------------1966 ------------

Proxy respondent:

1955 ------------

1966 ------------

18-24 years

Self-respondent:

1955 ------------

1966 ------------

Proxy respondent:

1955 ------------1966 ------------

25-44 years

Self-respondent:

1955 ------------

1966 ------------

Proxy respondent:

1955 ------------

1966 ------------

45-64 years

Self -respondent:

1955 ------------1966 ------------

Proxy ~espondent:

1955 ------------

1966 ------------

65+ years

Self-respondent:

1955 ------------

1966 ------------

Proxy respondent:

1955 ------------

1966 ------------

rOtall

100.0100.0

100.0100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Neversmoked

cigarettes

30. (27. f

34.:

32. !

32.1

34.6

45.2

4s.1

20.7

21.2

26.325.6

27.321.7

35.0

27.5

57.742.4

64.6

52.1

Male

Prg;~.ij ly

cigarettes

13.0

21.5

S.5

16.1

4.7

8.0

2.8

4.3

11.4

17.3

8.315.7

16.124.4

10.9

21.3

14.830.6

10.2

22.9

Currently smokescigarettes

, ,Under10

daily(in- 10-20 21+

: lud ing daily daily

Occa-sional)

12.8

6.0

14.0

5.1

16.6

7.3

19.1

6.2

11.5

4.8

13.1

5.0

13.3

5.9

13.8

4.8

13.07.2

11.5

4.-5

ToCal’

Percent distribution

29.8

28.9

30.7

30.2

36.2

37.7

26.3

30.9

37.0

34.5

37.435.1

28.4

29.5

28.0

28.1

11.215.0

9.8

13.9

14.515.0

12.011.6

10.4

11.3

6.6

5.0

19.421.5

14.9

15.1

14.9

17.1

12.3

13.4

3.33.9

3.97-:3

100. C

100. (

100. (

100. C

100. C

100.0

100.0100. C

100. c100.0

100.0100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0100.0

100.0

100.0

Neversmoked

cigarettes

65.8

58.3

76.2

65.6

56.8

52.3

73.8

69.6

54.3

48.0

65.6

52.9

74.759.5

80.5

61.7

93.1

S6.9

95.5

88.5

Female

Currently smokescigarettes

Previouslysmoked

cigarettes

4.5

7.5

1.:

4.6

4.5

6.7

1.02.3

5.98.3

2.6

6.5

3.68.4

1.9

5.8

1.64.1

1.1

3.3

Under10

daily(in- 10-20 21+

eluding daily daily

Occa-sional)

13.2

6.(

10.4

6.0

19.5

8.1

13.9

6.5

16.2

7.2

13.96.6

10.45.2

7.9

6.9

3.6

3.1

2.0

2.6

lL,. o22.1

9.6

17.4

17.027.5

9.8

16.6

20.1

27.9

14.924.7

9.221.0

7.7

18,3

1.5

4.-f

1.2

3.7

2.5

5.4

1.9

3.6

2.2

4.8

1.4

1.8

3.5

7.8

3.16.0 ‘

2.1

5.0

2,0

4.2

0.2

0.4

0.1

1.2

‘Data for 1966 includes persons of unknown smoking status and persons whose current smnking rates are unknown.

20

Table 6. Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettesregularly,by sex,age, and smoking status at the time of the survey: United States,1955 and 1966 surveys

@a are based on household interviews of the civilian, noninstitutional population. The survey design, general qualifications, and infonnaticmonthereliabllity of the estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms are given in appendix 1]

Former regular cigarettesmoker Current zegular cigarettesmoker

Nonsmoker Occasional

Totalof smoker of Totalf : 10-20 21-40 41+

cigarettes cigarettes diz?y daily daily dailynow now

Year of survey,sex, and age

Totall

1955

Male

All ages,18-I-years-

Number of persons in thousands

29,746 II 5,079 4,597 482 24,667 4,216 14,138

1,542;,;:;

2;7191,569661

7,013

5,798

3991,5611,7131,291648186

1,196

515

*

1%1365126

81

144851

1,015957937693

2,6056,6556,2864,8992,8651,357

12,986

2,118;>;;;

2;067767246

27,801

645888849753597484

4,640

9011,3641,206709330130

2,816

18-24 years-------25-34 years------35-44 years ------45-54 years------55-64 years------65+ years--------

2,782 1777,603 9487,418 1,1325,944 1,0453,871 1,0062,128 771

Female

All ages,18+ years- 1,664 283

2,361 2434,856 664;>;:; 506

294’919 152334 88

20456243026413272

39102

1,0662,3782,0291,084351105

16,559

14339833024173*

6,450

3;****

667

18-24 years------25-34 years------35-44 years-------45-54 years------55-64 years------65+ years--------

1966

Male

All ages,18+ years- --l37,583 93782 9,648 134

4,2495,9886,3955,5873,7111,873

20,461

2,8393,7843,6273,1642,0551,089

13,245

5211,4501,8181,506

929227

2,946

1X21317082*

174

18-24 years ------25-34 years------35-44 years------45-54 years------55-64 years ------65+ years--------

4,680 4317,322 1,3348,428 2,0337,725 2,1385,558 1,8473,873 2,000

4251,3061,9982,1161,8281,975

2:35*

2;

549450504449433430

3,610

Female

All ages,18+ years- 24,624 II 4,163 4,036 127

4,095 4935,653 8096,003 1,0035,078 8732>636 6201,158 365

18-24 years------25-34 years------35-44 years------45-54 years------55-64 years------65+ years --------

478786973849596354

*

3:-k**

3,6024,8445,0004,2052,016793

739795775618412270

2,3783,1533,2162,7601,300438

35078885666822757

lData for 1966 includes persons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.

NOTE : The estimates shown in this table differ from those in table 1 because uersons who hadalways been occasional smokers are excluded.

21

Table 7. Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettesregularly, by smoking status at the time of the survey according to age at the time of thesurvey and sex: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys

@ataWe based cm household interviews of the civilian, ncmhstitutionalpopulation.Thesurveydesign,generalqualifications,andinformationon the reliability of the estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms are given in appendix I]

Former regular cigarette smoker Current regular cigarette smoker

Nonsmoker Occasional

Total of smoker of Totall 1-9 10-20 21-40 41+cigarettes cigarettes daily daily daily daily

now now

Year of survey,sex, and age Totall

1955

Male

All ages,18+ years--

18-24 years-------25-34 years-------35-44 years-------45-54 years-------55-64 years-------65+ years---------

Female

All ages,18+ years--

18-24 years-------25-34 years-------35-44 years-------45-54 years-------55-64 years-------65-I-years---------

1966

Male

All ages,18+ years--

18-24 years-------25-34 years-------35-44 years-------45-54 years-------55-64 years-------65+ years ---------

Female

All ages,18+ years--

18-24 years-------25-34 years-------35-44 years-------45-54 years-------55-64 years-------65+ years---------

Percent distribution

100.0——

100,0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

100.0

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

10000

17.1 1.6 82.9 47.5 1.715.5 14.2 19.5

6.412.515.317.626.036.2

13.0

5.211.213.7

1.2 93.687.584.782.474.063.8

87.0

23.211.711.412.715.422.7

31.1

14.320.523.121.716.78.7

8.0

55.454.147.745.740.531.1

47.0

;,c

1.22.52.31.31.2

0.5

1.31.61.5

H

16.124.232.6

11.1 1.9

10.313.712.312.516.526.3

26.0

9.218.224.127.733.251.6

16.9

8.6 89.786.387.787.583.573.7

74.0

38.228.129.430.035.938.9

7.5

45.2:;.;

45:938.231.4

44.1

1.72,.11.91.3>’<

6.1

::;10.27.9-k

17.2

-k

0.7;,<>’<$<;,<

1.8

11.610.511.214.421.6

25.7 0.4

9.1 ?<0.40.4;k>’<

0.6

90.881.875.972.366.848.4

83.1

11.76.16.05.8

11:?

14.7

60.751.743.041.037.028.1

53.8

11.119.821.619.516.75.9

12.0

1.21.72.52.21.5;,<

0.7

17.823.727.432.951.0

16.4 0.5

100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

12.014.316.717.223.531.5

88.085.783.382.876.568.5

18.014.112.912.215.623.3

58.155.853.654.449.337,8

8.513.914.313.2

n

0.;0.80.8;,<.*

11.713.916.216.722.630.6

?r?’<

0.5;’C;!<>?

llncludes persons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.

22

Table 8. Cumulative percentages of females=becoming regular cigarette smokers prior to the agespecified, by age at the time of the survey: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys

@ataarebasedon household interview’. of the civilian, nonin~tit.tio”al population. The survey design, gewral qualifications, znd informationon thereliability oftbe estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms are given in appendix ID

Age at which startedsmoking

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

years------------------

yeara-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

yeara-----------------

years-----------------

yeara-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

years-----------------

Age at time of the survey

18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 yearsyearsl yearsl years years years and over

1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.9

2.1

4.8

9.8

15.9

24.3

28.9

32.6

34.7

35.8

36.2

1.4

2.2

2.7

3.7

5.4

8.4

14.5

21.2

29.9

35.3

39.6

42.6

44.0

44.7

44.9

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

1.5

3.2

7.0

11.9

20.2

23.9

28.9

31.9

34.0

35.3

36.2

37.6

38.0

38.7

39.3

39.8

40.3

40.7

40.9

41.2

42.0

1.2

2.2

2.8

3.5

5.0

7.4

13.3

19.0

27.9

32.9

38.1

41.2

43.0

44.4

45.2

46.3

47.0

47.5

48.0

48.4

48.9

49.3

49.7

50.1

50.3

Cumulative

>.<

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.6

1.7

4.2

7.0

12.3

14.5

19.6

22.0

23.4

24.8

25.6

28.0

28.9

29.6

30.5

30.8

32.6

32.7

33.2

33.4

33.8

1.6

2.2

2.7

3.0

3.9

5.5

8.8

12.6

20.4

24.3

29.8

33.6

36.0

37.3

38.4

40.7

41.3

$1.7

;2.3

$2.6

k3.6

43.8

44.0

$4.3

$4.5

$4.9

ercentage

.~.

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.6

1.3

2.0

4.1

4.7

7.5

8.7

9.7

10.3

10.9

13.4

13.7

14.1

I-4.7

14.9

17.0

17.3

17.8

18.2

18.5

1.6

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.9

5.2

7.7

10.3

15.7

18.1

22.9

25.6

27.2

28.6

29.6

32.7

33.2

33.9

34.3

34.6

36.4

36.5

36.8

37.0

37.2

38.2

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.6

0.7

0.8

1.2

1.4

2.1

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.4

3.6

3.7

4.0

4.1

5.5

5.6

5.9

5.9

6.1

0.9

1.2

1.4

1.5

1.9

2.2

3.2

4.1

6.1

7.2

10.1

11.3

12.4

13.0

13.7

16.7

17.1

17.5

18.1

18.3

20.7

20.9

21.1

21.2

21.3

22.3

7’<

::

?<

>!:

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.7

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.6

1.7

1.7

L.7

1.7

0.7

0.9

1.0

1..0

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.4

1.7

1.9

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.2

3.3

4.0

4.1

4.3

4.4

4.5

5.5

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.7

6.5

lFor ages under 35, data are adjuated by usual actuarial procedures to take account of popula-tion not exposed to risk for entire age span covered.

23

Table 9, Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, by sex, age, maximumrate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey: United States, 1955 survey

[Data are based on household ,nterviews of the mvilia., .onmstit.t.ional population. Tbe survey design, general qualifications, and information on the reliabilityof theestimeks aregiven in appendix I. Definitions ofterms aregiven in8ppendix IIl

Current regularcigarette smoker

II I

Former regular cigarette smoker

m

Sex, age, and meximum rate attained Total

29,746

Now NOW

Total smoking at smoking

maximum belowmaximum

MALE

All ages, 18+ years

Totall ------------------------

Number of persons in thousands

5,079 4,5971 &82 24,667 2,78721,880

Less than 10 cigarettes daily-------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

4,26315,9948,1241,055

2,782

6421,562

50254

7>603

8164,3862,125

222

7,418

1,0122,6021,053

247

177 L959

2,270 3:2983 70243 *

144 33

3,251[3>3927,071

808

2,605

5721,48048749

6,655

6753,8221,;::

6,286

3,24112,5905,546

503

80;1,525

305

226

6;11430

756

18-24 years

TotalL ------------------------ 2,379

5721,415

373*

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

851 97

25-34 years

Totall ------------------------ 5,899

675-3,6391,493

92

Less than 10 cigarettes daiLy-------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily---------

14156418636

1,132

123 -2500 641;: *

*

,,<18344694

663

35-44 years

Totall ------------------------ 1,015 I 117 5,623

6473,2932,073

242

4,899

6453,1271,665

186

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily---------

8493,8522,362

281

5,944

7563,1211,718

277

3,871

20255928939

1,045

19451523266

1,006

16;40856

563

45-54 years

Totall ------------------------ 957 I 88 4,336

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

186 >,C455 60217 :<66 *

937 69

5622,6061,486

211

2,865

5622,4321,211

131

17:27580

345

55-64 years

Total’ ------------------------ 2,520

4441,390

63452

20251919667

771

199 >k468 51187 >7<63 >$

4481,499

82869

1>357

34769225851

>k

109194*

234

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

6502,0181,024

136

2,128

65+ years

Totall ------------------------ 1,123

10;8828

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

5501,055

39385

20336313534

343587170>,c

lIncludes persons for whom maximum rate was unknown.

24

Table 9. Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, by sex, age, maximumrate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey: United States, 1955 survey—Con.

[Datinre bascdon ho.scbold intem,iensofthecivilia,n o"institutionsIp p.lation. Thesuwey design, general qualifications, andinfomation onthereIiaMUtyof the estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms amgivenin appendix If]

Former regular cigarette smokez Current regularcigarette smoker

-Lrotal

Total

Nonsmokerof

cigarettesnow INow Now

smoking at smokingbelowmaximum

maximum

Sex, age, and maximum rate attainedOccasionalsmoker ofcigarettes

now

Total

FEMALE

All ages, 18+ years Number of persons in thousands

Totall ------------------------

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

18-24 years

Totall ------------------------

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

25-34 years

L4,933 283 12,986 11,908 1,0221,947 1,664

4,9287,9911,731

166

2,361

85283115834

243

78465013729

68181

*,:

39

4,0767,1601,573

132

2,118

4,0556,6201,152

81

51:41151

211204 1,899

9141,164

246*

4,856

12288**

664

7921,076

231*

4,192

*10191*

369

2;**

102

790975134

*

Totall ------------------------

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

35-44 years

562 3,803

1,4302,756

57769

4,102

26032655*

506

23925748*

6;**

76

1,1702,430

52258

3,596

1,1602,239

37232

18:14826

205Totall ------------------------

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

45-54 years

430 3,379

1,2882,308

44331

2,361

774l,j;;

37

919

21122140*

294

1351;:

*

152

18818234*

3;**

30

1,0772,087

403*

2,067

6391,082

30430

767

1,0731,959

328*

Totall ------------------------

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

55-64 years

TotalL ------------------------

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

65+ years

264 1,913

6371,015

238*

1278926*

****

*

****

*

*

::*

76132 685

359429110*

334

163144**

7459**

88

5029**

2853;:

*

246

28232868*

4:28*

*Totall -------------------------

Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------

72 229

46***

****

113115**

113105

*

*****

lIncl~des persons for whm IUaXiMUM rate ‘as ‘nbmn.

25

Table 10. Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularlY, by SeX, age, ~Xi-rate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey: united States, 1966 survey

[Datiare based on bo.sehold intewiews oftbecivilim, no.instit.tional population. Thesurvey design, general qualifica~ions, mdinformation ontiereliabilit yofthcestimatss are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms aregivenm appendix H]

IIFormer regular cigarette smoker Current regularc ;arette smoker

rOta1 I____ Nowsmoking atmaximum

Sex, age, and maximum rateattained

NotreportedNonsmoker Occasional

of smoker ofcigarettes cigarettes Total

nnw now

Nowsmokingbelow

maximumxMALE

All ages, 18+ years Number of persons in thousands

Totall ------------------- 37,583 9,782 9,648 I 134 5.129 1,309

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

2,486L8,159LO,7721,934

4,680

1,2684,7021,975

450

431

1,2154,656 ::1,966 *450 *

1,205 1,205.3,333 12,2018,756 5,5881,473 644

12:41*

. . .1,1323,168

829

18-24 years

425

t

3,967 3,129

330 3302,454 2,291

833 452122 56

Totall ------------------- * 610——

...16338166

2821

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

4412,681

889133

7,322

10719154>k

1,334

19172124425

2,033

103 *191 *54 ** *

3:**

25-34 years

Totall ------------------- 1,306 28

T5,809 4,332

216 2162,870 2,7102,060 1,289

296 117

1,110 179

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

4073,6082,312

321

8,428

181 *712 *240 *25 *

1,998 35

****

. . .160771179

35-44 years

Totall ------------------- 1,188 233

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

4053,8192,;;;

7,725

3943,4962,430493

5,558

3602>5631,639

321

3,873

207967460104

2,138

2161,010477138

1>847

213858421110

2,000

194 *960 *458 *104 *

196 1962,825 2,6072,303 1,565443 211

2;**

. . .218738232

45-54 vears

T.otall------------------- 2,116 I * 5,289 II 3,921 1,007 298

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

212 *998 *475 *138 *

i

171 1712,466 2,2881,942 1,296

349 166

3,499 2,501

147 1471,690 1,4841,211 795

209 75

1,766 1,176

145 1451,028 821405 19056 *

****

. . .178646183

55-64 years

Totall ------------------- 756 212

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

65+ years

Total l-------------------

207 *847 *421 *110 *

. . .206416134

458 107

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

4801,992

727119

33595532063

*>k

*

*

. . .20721536

lIncludes persons for whom maximum rate was unkno~.

26

Table 10. Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, by sex, age, m=i~rnrate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey: United States, 1966 survey—Con.

[Dataarebasedonho.sehoIdintewiewsofhecivilian,noninstitutionalppulation.Thesuwey design,generalqualifications,andinformationonthereliabIityoftheestimatesmogh’eninappendixI.DefmkionsoftermsaregiveninappsndixIfl

Total

Current regularcigarette smoker IFormer regular cigarette smoker

-r’’tedSex, age, and maximum rateattained Nonsmoker Occasional

Total of smoker ofcigarettes cigarettes

now now

FENALE

All ages, 1S+ years

Total l-------------------

Number of persons in thousands

127 L9,975 3,201 48624,624 4,036 16,2074,163

2,29311,0652,676

173

10;**

115

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

3,69114,3294,879

572

4,095

1,3782,072

38976

493

1,3232,031

38372

2>293L2,1514,472

492

3,487.

4592,205

65868

4,779

. . .1,0861,796

319

624

18-24 years

Totall ------------------- 2.766478

6452,456

70073

5,653

18023540*

809

17822638*

****

*

4591,972

315

****

65

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

. . .23334348

896

*

25-34 years

Totall ------------------- 786 3>799

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

7383,3021,315

148

6,003

26341986>k

1,003

2494;:

*

****

30

4702,8641,226

135

4,897

4742,9891,188

128

4,087

4702,574

71243

****

103

. . .29051492

725

35-44 years

Total l------------------- 4.054973

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

7663,5391,290

158

5,078

?l?2,9181,011

122

2,636

2875279928

873

2725179928

****

*

4742,739

79150

****

118

. . .25039778

562

45-54 years

Total l------------------- 849 3,353

4192,454

927115

1,957

4192,306

58939

3:**

59

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

29843479*

620

28942779*

****

*

. . .14833876

272

...

1??*

124

...6650*

55-64 years

Total l------------------- 1.626596

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----

4911,520

42658

1,158

20230551*

365

19729947*

****

*

2871,204

37136

767

183436103*

2871,105

216*

****

26

65+ years

Total l------------------- 608354

Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily----

331595137

*

14615234*

13715234*

****

18337053*

****

Irncludes persons for whom I@XimUm rate was unhom.

27

Table 11. Percentage of regular cigarette smokers (lifetime history) continuing to smoke at theirmaximum according to maximum rate attained, by sex and age at the time of the survey: UnitedStates, 1955 and 1966 surveys

[Datawe based on household interviews of the civilian, noninstitutional population. The survsy design, general qualifications, and informationon thereliabllityof the estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms are given in appendix H]

Year of survey and age

@

All ages, 18 years and over-

18-24 years (l)-------------------

25-34 years (2)-------------------

35-44 years (3)-------------------

45-54 years (4)-------------------

55-64 years (5)-------------------

65 years and over (6)-------------

(3)-(2)---------------------------

(4)-(3)---------------------------

(5)-(4)---------------------------

(6)-(5)---------------------------

1966

All ages, 18 years and over-

18-24 years (l)-------------------

25-34 years (2)-------------------

35-44 years (3)-------------------

45-54 years (4)-------------------

55-64 years (5)-------------------

65 years and over (6)-------------

(3)-(2)---------------------------

(4)-(3)---------------------------

(5)-(4)---------------------------

(6)-(5)---------------------------

Maximum rate of cigarette smoking

Male Female

Less than 10-20 21-40 41+LO daily

Less than 10-20 21-40 41+daily daily daily 10 daily daily daily daily

Percent at maximum

76.0 78.7 68.3 47.7 82.3 82.8 66.6 48.8

89.1 90.6 74.3 35.2 86.4 83.8 54.5 *

82.7 83.0 70.3 41.4 81.1 81.2 64.5 46.4

76.2 81.2 70.5 66.2 83.3 84.9 74.0 61.3

74.3 77.9 70.5 47..3 82.3 85.3 71.5 62.2

68.3 68.9 61.9 38.2 78.6 76.2 62.2 53.8

62.4 55.6 43.3 27.1 69.3 72.9 52,4 *

First order differences of complementary percentages

+6.5

+1.9

+6.0

+5.9

-I-1.8

+3.3

+9.0

+13. 3

48.51 67.2

74.8

53.1

48.4

43.4

40.8

30.2

F5.5

75.1

68.3

65.4

57.9

41.2

-0.2 -24.8 -2.2 -3.7 -9.5

- +18.9 +1.0 -0.4 +2.5

+8.6 +9.1 +3.7 +9.1 +9.3

+18. 6 +11.1 -1-9.3 +3.3 +9.8

Percent at maximum

51.9 33.3 62.1 77.2 54.8

50.8 42.1 71.2 80.3 45.()

55.8 36.4 63.7 78.0 54.1

56.4 38.3 61.9 77.4 61.3

53.3 33.7 58.4 79.0 58.3

48.5 23.4 58.5 72.7 50.7

26.1 16.8 55.3 62.2 38.7

First order differences of complementary percentages

+4.7

+5.0

+2.6

+10.6

-14.9

-0.9

+8.4*

30.2—

27.4

29.1

31.6

32.0

31.0

16.7

+6.8 -0.6 -1.9 +1.8 -!-0.6 -7.2 -2.5

+2.9 +3.1 +4.6 +3.5 -1.6 +3.0 -0.4

+7.5 +4.8 +10. 3 -0.1 +6.3 i-7.6 +1.0

+16.7 +22.4 +6.6 +3.2 +10.5 +12.0 +14. 3I I I I I I

NOTE : The difference between each percent shown in this table and 100 percent represents theproportion of persons who were currently smoking at a daily rate less than their maximum. Dif-ferences of these percentages through successive age intervals, shown in the table, represent thecum,~lativeeffect of persons who drop back from their maximum rate. For example, a rough estimateof the proportion of males 45-54 years (1966 survey) reducing their consumption from a maximum of21-40 cigarettes within the preceding 10 years can be obtained by subtracting from this percent-age (100 percent minus 53.3 percent = 46.7 percent) the corresponding value for persons 35-44years (100 percent minus 56.4 percent = 43.6 percent) to obtain an estimate of +3.1 percent.

28

APPENDIX I

SOURCE AND RELIABILITY OF THE DATA

Information on the smoking habits of the civilian,noninstitutional population was collected duringFebruary 1955 and during June 1966 in supplementsto the Current Populaticm Survey conducted by theBureau of the Census. For the 1955 survey, the sampledesign was spread over 23o sample areas comprising453 counties and independent cities, with coverage ineach of the 48 States and the District of Columbia.Approximately 21,000 households, which contained about45,000 persoas 1S years ofageorover, weredesignatedforinclusion in the survey. Ufthese 21,000 households,about 4.4 percent were “noninterview,” that is, house-holds for which no information was recorded becauseno interview could be obtained. In order to account forthe experience of persoas in noninterview’ed households,the weights assigned to other households of similarcharacteristics residing in the sample areas wereincreased. hJ addition to the general nonr?sponse,tobacco smoking information was not reported forabout4.5 percent of the persons; these persons were notallocated to the smoking status categories.

For the 1966 survey, thesample designwasspreadover 357 areas comprising 701counties andindependentcities, with covera:e io each of the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia. Approximatel y35,000households,which contained about 69,000 persons IS years of ageor over, were desi.gmted for inclusion in the survey.Of these 35,000 households, about 1,500 were visited,but interviews were not obtained because the occupantswere not found at home after repeated calls or wereunavailable for some other reason. As in February1955, these “noninterviewed” households were takeninto account by use of noninterview adjustment factors.In addition to the general nonresponse, tobacco smokinginformation was not reported for about 2.1 percent ofthe persons; however, more than half of these personswere allocated to the smoking status categories.

Since the estimates in this report are based on asample, they may differ somewhat from the figures thatwould have been obtained from a complete census, usingthe same schedules, instructions, and enumerators.Particular care should be exercised in the interpre-tation of figures based on relatively small numbers o~cases as well as small differences between figures. AS

in any survey work, the results are subject to errors ofresponse and of reporting as well as being subject tosampling variability.

The standard error is primarily a measure ofsampling variability, that is, the variations that occurby chance because a sample rather than the entirepopulation is surveyed. As calculated for this report,the standard error also partially measures the effectof response and enumeration errors, but it does notmeasure, as such, any systematic biases in the data.The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an estimatefrom the sample would differ from a complete censust i;!, re by less than the standard error. The chances areanouc 95 out of 100 that the difference would be lessthan twice the standard error.

The figures presented in tables I, II, III, and IV areapproximations of the standard errors of various 1966and 1955 estimates shown in this report. They shouldbe interpreted as providing an indication of the orderof magnitude of the standard errors rather than theprecise standard error for any specific item.

For a difference between two sample figures (thatis, one from 1966 and the other from 1955, or bothfrom the same year), the standard error is approxi-mately the square root of the sum of the squares of thestandard error of each estimate considered separately,This formula will represent the actual standard errorquite accurately for the difference between estimatesof the same characteristics 10 years apart, or for thedifference between separate and uncorrelated charac-teristics in the same year.

As an example, assume that the tables showed the1966 total numl>er of persons smoking a specific num-ber of cigarettes was 750,000. Linear interpolationusing table I shows that the standard error of thisestimate is approximately 35,000. Also, if the tablesshowed the corresponding 1955 estimate to be 600,000,then linear interpolation using table 111shows that thestandard error of this estimate is approximately 41,000.Therefore, the standard error of the difference betweenthe two estimates is approximately 53,903. The chancesare 68 out of 100 that the estimated difference would beless than 53,900 if the actual difference is zero. Thechances are 95 out of 100 that the estimated differencewould be less than 107,800 if the actual difference iszero. In this illustration, therefore, we conclude theestimates of 750,000 and 600,000 are significantlydifferent.

29

Table I. Approximate standard errors for esti-mated numbers for 1966 shown in this report

Table III. Approximate standard errors for esti-mated numbers for 1955 shown in this report

Estimate I

25,000-------------------50,000-------------------100,000-------------------250,000-------------------500,000-------------------

1,000,000-------------------2,500,000-------------------5,000,000-------------------10,000,000-------------------25,000,000-------------------50,000,000-------------------100,000,000-------------------

Estimate

25,000-------------------50,000-------------------

100,000-------------------250,000-------------------500,000-------------------

1,000,000-------------------2,500,000-------------------5,000,000-------------------10,000,000-------------------25,000,000-------------------50,000,000-------------------100,000,000-------------------

Standard error Standard error

6,0009,00013,00020,00029,00041,00064,00091.000

8,00012,00017,00026,00038.00053;00083,000118,000169,000270,000394.000

130,000208,000303,000360,000 468;000

Table II. Approximate standard errors of esti-mated percentages for 1966.shown in this report

Table IV. Approximate standard errors of esti-mated percentages for 1955 shown in this report

Estimated percent Estimated percent

10or90

25or75——

4.63.22.31.4

M’

::;0.3

10or90

2.41.7

::;0.50.40.2

:::

Base of percentage Base of percentage2

or98

5or95

25or75

2or98

5or95

50 50

250---------------5oo---------------

1,000---------------2,500---------------5,000---------------

K#x&---------------------------

50;000---------------100,000---------------

2.31.6

H0.50.40.20.20.1

250---------------5oo---------------

1,000---------------2,500---------------5,000---------------

10,000---------------25,000---------------50,000---------------100,000---------------

;::0.6

::$0.20.10.10.1

1,71.3

1?::0.40.30.2

:::

3.52.51.8

;:;0.60.40.30.2

4.12.92.0

::;0.60.40.30.3

1.5

$;0.50.30.2

8:;0.1

3.22.21.61.00.70.50.30.20.2

5.33.72.61.7

;:;0.5

:::

—

30

APPENDIX II

DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS

Cigarette Smoking Concepts

The smoking habits questionnaires used in the 1955and 1966 surveys are reproduced in appendix III. Sincethe questions on the two forma were not identical, thedefinitions and concepts used in the surveys may differslightly. For this reason, the concepts relative to the1955 survey are, whenever possible, quoted directlyfrom the Public Health Service Monograph, Number 45,cited earlier. References to responses to specificquestions, cited below, relate to the questionnairesused in the surveys.

Never Smoked Cigarettes

1955: A person who never smoked cigarettes (’No’ inSection I, question A, of the ~955 questionnaire)or who smoked less [hail 10 packs of cigarettesin his lifetime (’Yes’ in Section 1, question A,and ‘No’ in question B-.2-a).

1966: A person who has never smoked more than 100cigarettes (five packs of cigarettes) during hisentire life is considered to have never smokedcigarettes (’‘No” to question 41 on the question-naire).

Regular Cigarette Smoker

1955:

1966:

“A regular cigarette smoker is defined as a per-son who smoked cigarettes every day (any ofboxes 2-5 checked in question B-l-a or B-2-a inSection I). ”

A regular cigarette smoker is defined as a per-son who amoked on the average at least one ciga-rette per day.

Occasional Cigarette Smoker

1955: “An occasional cigarette smoker is a personwho checked box 1, ‘smoke once in a while, notevery day,’ in Section 1, question B-l-a.”

1966: An occasional cigarette smoker is defined as aperson who smoked on the average less than onecigarette per day.

Former Smoker of Cigarettes

For the comparison of estimates shown in thisreport, former smokers in both the 1Q55 and 1966surveys have been defined as persons who once wereregular or occasional smokers, but were not regularor occasional cigarette smokers at the time of thesurvey. A classification in the 1955 survey, “discon-timsed smoker,” defined as “a person who once was aregular smoker as defined above, but who was a non-smoker or an occasional smoker at the time of thesurvey, ” was not used in the present report.—

Current Smoker of Cigarettes

In both surveys, a current cigarette smoker is de-fined as a person who was smoking regularly or oc-casionally (as defined in the particular survey) at thetime of the interview.

Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day

Responses to the number of cigarettes smoked(questions 42B and 47 in the 1966 questionnaire) weregrouped into intervals comparable to those shown onthe 1955 questionnaire. The intervals 1-9, 10-20, 21-40, and 41 or more cigarettes were used for the pres-entation of data on the present amount smoked and themaximum amount smoked.

31

SECTION I

CIGARETTES

kmwer zll)pl iclbl o,estions in,1s &ctiOw,.0 continuelb Eection 11)

WCTION II

C141ARS

hnu mIP1icel #lmtlons in,1s section:la continue.,tI, section 111)

.ECTION 111

IPE StlOKINfJ

Ar18ner dlDPlic8bl.uesticms inhis section)

,“ ebculd h.”m

\.t Mm me

box dmded in

L

sections 1, 11,

md 111.

APPENDIX Ill

FACSIMILES OF SECTIONS OF CPS QUESTIONNAIRES

1955 SURVEY

,. Nwe YW ever uoked sw cicamttes?

1. D NO (SKID to Eection II - Clgun)

2. •l Ye8 (.hswer cmestion below)

L 00 YUI de W CiZU’OttiS at tbM DI’.3-t t188?

f. D Ye- (&swer aestions kelow)

m.

b.

c.

d.

How w cigarettes do YIXJ *e a dw cm the aversge?

(1) ❑ &ke mce in ● while, mt every dw

(2) •1 Less thm 10Cigarette(2/2 DA)

(3) ❑ Oetweml 10 d m Cimrettm (2/2-1 D=k)

(4) ❑ Betw=n 21 d @ Cim%ktes (1.2 *)

(5) ❑ * 40 .Imtb?s (over 2 Mks)

Did you ever re larly rnoke more tlnn thismunt each day !“

How old were You when You started snakingcictrettes regularly?

How many years have You teen swkfngcigarettes?

S. n No (Answer questions below)

&

b.

c.

d.

e.

tnmin your entire life, have You smoked an many asf5 to O packs of cigarettes?

(1) Cl Yes (2) n No (Skip to Section II)

Now old were YOU when You started smokingcigarettes regularly? -

How many years dfd you smoke cigarettes?

~ow~g ago did you stop smoking ciga-

~at W= the usi=m number of ci m-ewes%You regularly smoked each day w en You

were a smoker?

(1) U ~oked once in a nhile, not every d~

(2) a Less than 10 oigsrettes (1/2 pack)

(3) n Between 10 and 20 .igwettes (1/2-1 Back)

(4) ❑ MtWeen 21 md 40 cigarettes (l-2 packs)

(S) n CTer 40 cigarettes (over 2 packs)

L. save you ever nmked w cicms?

1. ❑ NO (Skip to Section III - FWe smoking)

Z. m Yes (hswer Westica below)

1. 00 you *E my oi~ra atthep-t time?

1. n Yes (Annwer cuastions below) 2. a NO (Amnwer Westions below)

a

b.

c.

d.

mw mfqy cim do ym ecdw . * cm the averi@

(1) ❑ Moke once in a while, not every day

(2) ❑ 1 or 2 cigars a dt.y

(3) o 3 or 4 c!gars a day

(4) n 5 to 8 clzars a day

(5) m 9 or more cigars a day

Did YOU ever re M-ly smoke more than thisnaunt each day f“

(1) D No

Now old were You when You started smokingcigara regularly?

How many years have YOU keen smokingoigsrs?

a. IkMng our entire life have You smoked da muv as50 to 7% cigars?

(1) U Yes (2) O No (EkiP to =Otion III)

b. How old were YOU when You started smokingcigarz regularly?

c. How many years did YOU smoke ci sars ? _

d. ;~~ ago did YOU stop smokine

R. ~nt was tbe -xi- number of ci nrs%You regularly zmok8d each dw w en

Yzu were a smoker?

(1) a Eaoked once in a while, not evety dw

(2) O 1 or 2 cigars a dmy

(3) ❑ 3 or 4 cigars a day

(4) n 5 to 8 cigars a dw

(5) n 9 or mare cigars a dw

. 14WC YOU ever tied m DiDe?

1. 0 No (Cr.not answer any mm-e WestIons)

2. ❑ Yes (Answer ouestion below)

L no YOU mke ● DiDe.tthepresent time?

1. 0 Yes (Anmwer auestions below) 2. n NO (Answer westions below)

8.

b.

c.

d.

~ - Dk@IIIBdo m wake a da a the 8.VW%@?V a

(1) n Emke once in a while, not every day

(2) m Less U18JI 5 PiDefuls

(3) n Between 5 aud 9 pigefulsb,

(4) n Setween 10 and 19 pipe ftil. c.

(5) U 20 or more pipefuls d.

Did YOU ever re 1 ErlY sm’oke more thti, thisamunt each day Y e.

(1) n m

(2) ❑ Yes: What was the mukmm numbe: ofp~df;g~ You rewl arly smoked

Now old were YOU when You started smokinge pipe regularly?

F$;i;y years have You been .suaking

Ourln your entire life, have YOU smoked ea many es3 to ~ Dackages of pipe tobacco?

(1) n Yez (2) n NO (End of interview)

How old were You when You started smokinga DiDe regularly?

Sow man.Y years did You smoke a DiBe? ._

pipe~g ago did YOU stop smoking

Uhat was the -i-m number of iDefulsyo&r;gu~;;Tmraked each dw Y%en You

(1) m Wked once in a Wile, not every day

(2) a Less than 5 9iIIefuls

(3) n Between 5 and 9 pipef”ls

(4) D Setween 10 and 19 DiDefuls

(5) U 20 or more 9iDefuls

Form IX-1 (12.21-54,COmn-DC-44210 CC+ltrol No. Line No. of Ferson Line No. of respondent

1966 SURVEY

entire life?

IYes O

\No O

(Male: Skip m 48A

Fade: Skip to50)

DK07

,42A. Does . smoke cigarettes how?

I Yes G No O DK O

/

/ (skipto 4s) —+--- —-------- — — -—-------

42B. On the average, abouihow many cigarettes

‘a day does he smoke?

I ( Number Per Doy )

43A. Oid . . . smoke cigarettes 3Yeors ago?

] Yes O No O DK O

/’——————(Skip tO 44A)——--------- —-- —_ —-------

436. Ontheaverage, about how many cigarettesa day did he smoke 3 years ago?

I ( Number Per OoyJ

44A. During t&posi3years, has. . .witsmokin!

cigarettes f0r2 or more wseks at a time?

I Yes O No O DK O

(GO C044B) —(Skin to 46)

+ DK c! o 0 0,. .“ “,:“:o 48B~~~~~.~~I~Sgzz~h~e~ ~e;;;&,., “.. ,

---———-——-——-——————————.

14C.’ What was the longest period . . . stoyed offYes @cco. No OK

cigarettes during the past 3 years? ■ oooo----- . ----- —--------

(Number of months) 48C. (If “NO” or “DK” in either 48A or 4.sB,

skip to 49A) Compared to & years

Tens ~~ ; “ OK ago, is. . . now smoking more, less,—

Units:, i..’:: O or about the same number of cigars?

(Go to 46) Mue Less Same DK

45. (Ask o+ if “NO”or ‘DKW i. item 42.4). How long (0 I:, !:, [_-)

has it been since . . . smoked cigarettes

fairly rqulody?49A. Does . smoke a pipe now?

Mont hs O Yes Ccca. No DK

y’”” o ■ ~ ~ ‘~’ ‘=’

Tens .:} ! . . .:: ‘“ .1 DK 49B. ~~.-.~ zx.~e-o-p~p~ %~~ ~e;r; ;g;

Units : ~ ‘:’ .’, ;j :. U ~, :: 0 Yes OCCO. No DK

Never smoked cigarettes regularly O 1:, ~1 o !~

46. About how old was . . . when he first started ~~=. (]f .NO. O, .~K. in either 49A or 49B,------ _— _ ------ —----

smok]ng cigarettes fairly regularly? skip to 50) Compared to the yeors

Tens I “, ..,. OK qo,i s... n~w smoking a pipe mor(

Units .:’ j ‘; ‘ ,’ : ““ ‘:” “ O less, .X about the same?

v. –Am “~‘~‘~‘~Never smoked cigarettes regularly ICI

■ During the period whe”. . .W.S .smoki”g

DKEthe m&t, about how many cigarettes 0 50, Intewiewer check item: (RESpONDE~

day did he usua I Iy smoke?

Tern, l”,,;”:’

Units .’ 1 . “’ : ‘G

f7f male, KO to 48A, If fend., skip to SO)

* U. 8. QOVCRNMENT PRINTING OFFICE -1970- S9S-2S4 P. 0.24

33

. ——--

OUTLINE OF REpORT SERIES FOR VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS

Public Health Service Publication No. 1000

Se)’ies 1.

Se),ies 2.

Series 3.

Series 4.

SeVies 10.

Series 11.

SeVies 12.

Series 13.

Serzes 14.

SeTies 20.

Series 21.

Series 22.

Progvams and collection procedures.—Reports which describe the general programs of the NationalCenter for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, data collection methods used, definitions,and other material necessary for understanding the data.

Data evaluation and methods )-esea~ch. —Studies of new statistical methodology including: experi -

mental tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected data, contributions to statistical theory.

Analytical studies. —Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and health

statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.

Documents and committee veports. —Final reports of major committees concerned with vital and

health statistics. and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised birthand death certificates.

Data from the Health Intevview SuYvey. —Statistics on illness. accidental injuries, disability, use of

hospital, medical. dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, based on data collectedin a continuing national household interview survey.

Data from the Health Examination Suvvey. — Data from direct examination. testing, and measure-ment of national samples of the population provide the basis for two types of reports: (1) estimatesof the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United States and the distributions ofthe population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics; and (2)

.malysis of relationships among the various measurements without reference to an explicit finite

universe of persons.

Data from the Institutional Population SuvL’eys. —Statistics relating to ‘the health characteristics ofpersons in institutions, and on medical, nursing, and personal care received, based on nationalsamples of establishments providing these services and samples of the residents or patients.

Data from the Hospital DischavEe Suvvey. —Statistics relating to discharged patients in short-stayhospitals, based on a sample of patient records in a national sample of hospitals.

Dab on lzea/th vesources: manpower and facilities. —statistics on the num~rs, geographic distri-

bution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other health

manpower occupations, hospitals, nursimz homes, and outpatient and other inpatient facilities.

Data on movtality.-Various statistics on mortality other than as included in annual or monthlyreports—special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables, also geographicand time series analyses.

Data on nata~ity, marriage, anddiuoyce. —Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce otherthan as included in annual or monthly reports—special analvses by dem[)graphic variables, alsogeographic and time series analyses. studies of fertility.

Data from the National Natality and ,Wo)tality Suvce~s. — Statistics on characteristics of births and

deaths not available from the vital records, based on sample surveys stenlrning from these records,inducting such topics as mortality by socioeconomic class, medical experience in the last year oflife, characteristics of pregnancy. <t..

For a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: (?ffice Of In formation

Nationa 1 (’enter for Health StatisticsU S. Public Health Service

Ro(kville, kld Wh52

-.