Changes in Society

• The Counterculture• “Rights Revolution”

2003 The Stage

Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

The Counterculture• Was caused by the social

and political events of the ‘50s and early 60’s

• Civil rights movements introduced the idea of protest and aided in the rise of the antiwar movements

• People now questioned boundaries and cultural norms such as dress and hairstyles

• Heightened distrust in authority

• Generation Gap

Early ‘60’s• The Beatles• The Beach Boys• Elvis• Mop-top haircut• Bikini (1965)• Beehive

2003 The Stage 2003 The Stage

2003 The Stage

2003 The Stage

Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

Late ‘60s

• Jimi Hendrix• Woodstock• The Band• Long-hair• Sideburns• Bell bottoms• Tie-dye

2003 The Stage

2003 The Stage

Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

Expressions

• “Make Love, Not War” – anti-war, pacifist motto

• The Age of Aquarius – practice of spiritualism, Eastern religion, and alternative medicine, and astrology

2002 Myers Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

Hippies• 1960S subculture that was

originally a youth movement • The word 'hippie' came from

hipster, which was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district.

• Hippies created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and some used drugs such as cannabis, LSD, and magic mushrooms to explore altered states of consciousness.

• Rebelled against the longstanding customs and values bestowed upon them by their parents and the country

1999 Premature

The History

Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

• Baby Boom Generation – huge population in the ‘60s from post WWII baby boom

• Sex, Drugs, and Rock & Roll

• Sexual Revolution – erased traditional restrictions on sexual behavior (communes) led to “free love” and more open discussion in mainstream media

• Mind-altering drug use

• Musical and Art influences such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, Andy Warhol etc…..

• Haight Ashbury District in San Francisco – center of The Counterculture

2002 High Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

Woodstock

• The Woodstock Music & Art Fair – “3 Days of Peace & Music".

• In the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969, southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York.

• 32 acts performed outdoors in front of 500,000 concert-goers.

• Richie Havens • Swami Satchidananda • Sweetwater • Bert Sommer • Tim Hardin • Ravi Shankar • Melanie • Arlo Guthrie • Joan Baez • Quill • Country Joe McDonald • Santana • John Sebastian • Keef Hartley Band• Sha Na Na • Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows• Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young

2002 The PsychedelicExamine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)

• The Incredible String Band• Canned Heat • Mountain • Grateful Dead • Creedence Clearwater Revival• Janis Joplin with The Kozmic

Blues Band• Sly & the Family Stone • The Who • Jefferson Airplane • Joe Cocker and The Grease Band • Country Joe and the Fish • Country Joe McDonald's second

performance.• Ten Years After • The Band • Johnny Winter • Blood, Sweat & Tears• Paul Butterfield Blues Band

The Generation Gap

The Boomer Generation

•Teens during the 60s & 70s•Grew up in time of prosperity•Peace & Flowers•Rock music shaped their world views•New distrust toward tradition and authority

The Silent Generation

•Parents of Boomers•Grew up in different world from their children•Learned to live frugally because of rationing during the depression and wars•Big Band music•Valued loyalty, authority, and had respect for military and veterans

Haight-Ashbury District

• San Francisco• Center of

Counterculture• Hippie “Mecca”• Heavy drug use• Attracted great

deal of negative media attention

• High crime rate

Timothy Leary

• Former Harvard researcher

• Preached that drugs could free the mind

• Encouraged American youths to “Tune in, Turn on, Drop out”

Spirituality Routes

• Counterculture members sought spirituality outside of traditional Christian beliefs

• Buddhism/Other Eastern religions

• Native American traditions of living off the land

• Had a lasting impact leading to the environmental movements of the ‘70s

The Counterculture Ends• New freedoms and ways of living

had unfortunate effects• Drug addictions and deaths from

overdoses were on the rise• 2 beloved musicians died from

overdoses at age of 27 – Jimi Hendrix & Janis Joplin

• At a Rolling Stones concert, Hells Angels stabbed an African-American man to death while supposedly providing security

• Ugly underbelly contradicted the values of “Peace & Love” that the hippies embraced

• Many abandoned their experiments and moved right back into the mainstream

• However, influenced the “rights revolution”

Women’s Rights Movement

• After WWII, women gave up their careers to returning servicemen and moved back into the homes to take care of the family

• Movement to attain sexual equality had risen in the 1960’s

• This movement changed American life – from family, education, careers, and political issues

2nd Wave of Feminism

• First wave in 1920s

• Seeking to redefine roles and how they were viewed

• The civil rights movement prompted women to look at ways in which society caste, judged, and discriminated against them

• Casey Hayden & Mary King were civil rights veterans who thought that there were parallels which could be drawn between the treatments of blacks and women

The Feminine Mystique• Written by Betty Friedan, helped

launch the women’s movement by inspiring women to join the struggle for equal rights

• "The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning [that is, a longing] that women suffered in the middle of the 20th century in the United States. Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries … she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question — 'Is this all?"

Job Opportunities• The number of women in the

workforce grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s

• Yet they held dead end jobs

• Even with advanced training and education, they faced discriminatory employers

• Betty Friedan was fired from her job when she became pregnant with her second child

• Sandra Day O’Connor (first female Supreme Court Justice) graduated at the top of her class and had no employment opportunities

National Organization for Women (NOW)• The organization dedicated to winning

“true equality for all women” and to attaining a “full and equal partnership of the sexes”

• Set to break down barriers of discrimination in the workplace and in education

• Attacked stereotypes of women and called for more balanced roles in marriage

• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – passage would guarantee gender equality under the law

• Wanted Reproductive Rights – the right to an abortion

• NOW worked within the existing politics for reform on existing legislation

Raising Awareness• Not all women took the political

approach to the movement

• Some found NOW too tame and set out to show how society trapped women into restrictive roles

• Public protests and consciousness raising efforts by radical feminists

• Gloria Steinem raised awareness through the mass media

• Steinem worked as a writer worked undercover with Playboy magazine to show the humiliation the Bunnies faced just to earn a living

• Co-founded Ms., a feminist magazine

• Became the most famous feminist leader of the 1970s

Opposing the Movement

• Some Americans, both men and women, were openly against the feminist movement

• Phyllis Schlafly – a conservative political activist who denounced women’s liberation as “an assault on family, marriage, and on children.”

• Worked hard to defeat ERA, saying that the act would compel women to fight in the military, end separate public restrooms, and hurt the family

• High conservative opposition to the movement, and the ERA fell 3 states short of passing due to this

Lasting Effects• Women’s roles and

opportunities expanded

• Women gained legal rights

• Feminists sparked a debate that continues today

• In the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a clause called Title VII – this outlawed discrimination based on sex

• Women used Title VII to challenge discrimination

• The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was established to enforce prohibition on job discrimination

• Commission on the Status of Women (1961) examined workplace discrimination

• Title IX of the Higher Education Act (19720 banned discrimination in education

• Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974) made it illegal to deny credit based on gender

Roe v. Wade (1973)

• Considered the most important legal victory

• Assured women the right to legal abortions

• As highly controversial then as it is today

Changes in the Workplace• The percentage of women in the workplace has grown

from 30% in 1960 to 60% in 2000

• Number of married female workers has increased

• Fields once closed or considered off limits to women (law, medicine, accounting, etc.) have opened up

• However, the average woman still earns less than the average man

• This could be due to the type of field or service, and most women shoulder additional family responsibilities that men traditionally do not

• Now, the majority of the nation’s people living in poverty are single women with children

LatinosNative AmericansAsian Americans

Consumer RightsPeople with Disabilities

Fight to influence laws and government and expand rights for these groups of Americans

THE RIGHTS REVOLUTION EXPANDS

During and after WWII, the country faced a growing demand for cheap labor

Populations of Latin American countries grew

Job opportunities declined in Latino countries

This sent a steady stream of immigrants to the U.S.

Beginning in 1942, Mexican immigrants came to American under the bracero or farmhand program

Temporary worker status

Over a 25 year period, 4 million entered the U.S.

Played a crucial role in sustaining the agriculture during WWII

GROWTH OF LATINO POPULATION

Many Mexicans migrated to the U.S. illegally

Those who outstayed their braceros permits and the illegal immigrants were deported in the 1950s

DEPORTATION

These amendments eliminated the national-origin quotas for immigrants

In the following decades, about 2.8 million Mexican and Asian immigrants entered the country

IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACTS

Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans came legally or as political refugees

The tended to settle in urban areas

New York City & Miami

LATINO COMMUNITIES

Like other minorities, they also faced discrimination

Hector Garcia, a WWII veteran, formed the American G.I. Forum to battle discrimination

Others groups demanded better working conditions, salaries, and educational opportunities

Wanted their right to voteWanted to be able to elect

politicians who would represent their interests

FACING DISCRIMINATION

Most influential Latino activist

Fought for rights for farm laborers

Migrant Farmworkers – migrated from farm to farm and often from state to state

Organized farmworkers union

Which later merged with another union to create the United Farm Workers (UFW)

CESAR CHAVEZ

Committed to nonviolent tactics

Implemented a workers strike and buyer boycott of grapes grown in California

California later passed a law requiring a partnership between growers and union reps

Now had a legal basis for better working conditions

UNITED FARM WORKERS (UFW)

Growth of the Mexican American social and political effort

States with high Latino populations had demand for educators to teach their heritage and history

National Council of La Raza focused on reducing poverty and discrimination amongst Latinos

CHICANO MOVEMENT GROWS

Attaining political strength for Latinos

Jose Angel Gutierrez organized a political party in TX called La Raza Unida

Party supported Latino political candidates

Called for better housing and jobs

By 1980, 6 Hispanics sat in Congress representing districts in NY & CA

“BROWN POWER”

Long history of poverty, unemployment, and suicides

National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) formed to preserve native fishing rights in the NW

Later included all aspects of civil rights for Native Americans

NATIVE AMERICANS

Founded by Chippewa activists Dennis Banks and George Mitchell

At first, focused on helping Indians living in urban ghettos

Later, was addressing all civil rights issues

Securing land, legal rights, self-government

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)

1969, A group of American Indians occupied Alcatraz

Members of the Sioux tribe claimed it belonged to them under a treaty granting them federal land

Coast Guard and federal authorities tried to evict them

About 100 American Indians representing 50 tribes occupied the land until mid 1971

CONFRONTATION

AIM arranged a “long march” from San Francisco to D.C.

Led by Dennis Banks & Russell Means

In D.C., they took control over the Bureau of Indian Affairs Building and temporarily renamed it the Native American Embassy

CONFRONTATION (CONT.)

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee written by Dee Brown raised public awareness about the historic mistreatment of Native Americans

AIM planned a confrontation at Wounded Knee, SD

1973, village was taken over and they refused until the government agreed to investigate the condition of reservation Indians

Federal authorities put Wounded Knee under siege, and 2 AIM members died as a result of the gunfire

Standoff ended when government agreed to examine native treaty rights

SIEGE AT WOUNDED KNEE

Indian Self-Determination Act granted tribes greater control over resources and education on reservations

Legal battles were also won to regain land, water, and mineral rights

Other groups provoked a political backlash saying that the federal government gave special treatment to American Indian

Native Americans still suffered from high rates of unemployment and poverty

LEGAL CHANGES

Several laws passed in the 1970s

Had long faced prejudice and discrimination in America

Japanese American Citizens Lodge (1929) protected civil rights

Worked to receive government compensation for property lost to American during WWII

Many other groups formed during the “rights revolution” to combat discrimination and protect rights of all Asian Americans

Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments (1965) passed also aided Asian immigrants

ASIAN AMERICANS

Led by Ralph NaderA lawyer who began

investigating car designs and the flaws

His book, Unsafe at Any Speed attacked auto makers stating they were creating vehicles that endangered the people

Prompted the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966)

CONSUMER RIGHTS

Consumer advocacy groups formed:

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandated workplace safety regulations

CONSUMER RIGHTS (CONT.)

Historically, people with disabilities had been treated as defective

FDR hid his disabilityHigh number of

disabled veterans from Korean and Vietnam wars

RIGHTS FOR THE DISABLED

The Panel on Mental Retardation (1961) explored ways to help people with mental disabilities

Eunice Shriver (Kennedy’s sister) began what later became the Special Olympics

Later, several other laws also passed guaranteeing access to education for people with disabilities

RIGHTS FOR THE DISABLED (CONT.)

Environmental Movement People’s rights to a clean and safe

environment Rachel Carson was an American

marine biologist and conservationist wrote Silent Spring

The book pointed out that human actions were harming the environment and all living creatures in it

Prompted a debate about the importance of governmental involvement in environmental regulations

Silent Spring sparks a movement

Carson described the deadly impacts of chemicals and toxic waste on animals and the environment

Human activity altered it and it was our responsibility to take care of it

Public was convinced of her argument

Congress restricted the use of the pesticide DDT

Spurred widespread environmental activism among Americans

Cuyahoga River Fire Activists immediately

responded to incident A spark ignited the

byproducts and wastes caused by industrialization in the area

The river’s surface was coated with oil and was said to “ooze, rather than flow”

Magazine stated that a person “does not drown but decays”

Earth Day

Nationwide protest that started in response to growing environmental concerns

Was done “to shake up the political establishment and force the issue onto the national agenda”

April 22, 1970 – 20 million Americans took part throughout the nation

Became a yearly event attracting civil and women’s rights activists, and the Sierra Club and Wilderness Society

Nixon Turns Environmentalist

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – mission to protect the “entire ecological chain”

Clean Air Act (1970) eliminated air pollutants and emissions

Clean Water Act (1973) limited pollutants of water by agriculture and industry

Endangered Species Act (1973) promoted protection of endangered plants and animals

President Ford continued with policies and created the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to make sure nuclear materials would be handled safely with no harmful impacts on humans or the environment

Environmental Setbacks Love Canal – near

Niagara Falls, NY; high rates of birth defects and cancer

EPA Investigators found that these were caused by thousands of tons of toxic chemicals that had been dumped in the ground by industries for decades

Heavy rains would send toxic chemicals percolating up through the ground

Three Mile Island

(1979) The core of a nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island outside Harrisburg, PA began to melt

Threat of releasing radioactive gas State of Emergency was declared

by the governor and plant was shut down

Incident was contained and no proven health risks

Had profound effects on America’s energy policy

Many opposed nuclear power fearing possible disaster

Temporary Ban – No nuclear power plants were built for 25 years

Lifted in the 2000’s because of energy shortages

Superfund

These situations prompted Congress to establish the Superfund

Goal is to restore sites in ways that provide economic or environmental benefits to communities

Questioning Environmental Regulation

Conservatives suggested that the government had imposed too many regulations

Stripped property owners of their rights on what they could do with their land

Industry leaders worried that too much regulation would cut funding and jobs to industry by diverting it to environmental protection

By the end of the 1970s, the country was divided about what the governments role should be in protecting the environment