changes in bacterial traits
DESCRIPTION
Changes in bacterial traits. Caused by: Changes in environmental conditions (only phenotypic changes) Changes in the genetic codes 1- Intermicrobial exchange 2- Mutations (point mutations, insertions, deletions). Intermicrobial exchange. Transformation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Changes in bacterial traitsCaused by:
• Changes in environmental conditions (only phenotypic changes)
• Changes in the genetic codes 1- Intermicrobial exchange 2- Mutations (point mutations, insertions, deletions)
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Intermicrobial exchange
• Transformation (Capturing DNA from solution)
• Transduction (Phage-mediated)
• Conjugation (Bacterial Sex)
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Orig
inal
Tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
Exp
.F.
Grif
fith
(192
8) u
sing
pne
umoc
occi
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DN
A-M
edia
ted
Tran
sfor
mat
ion
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DN
A-M
edia
ted
Tran
sfor
mat
ion
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Intermicrobial exchanges by Intermicrobial exchanges by vectorsvectors
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7
Characteristics of genetic vectors• must be capable of carrying a significant piece of
donor DNA• must be readily accepted by the host
• plasmids – small, well characterized, easy to manipulate & can be transferred into appropriate host cells through transformation
• bacteriophages – have the natural ability to inject their DNA into bacterial hosts through transduction
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Transduction(madiated by phage)
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Microbe Library, American Society for Microbiology
www.microbelibrary.org
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Lytic versus Lysogenic
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Gen
eral
ized
Tra
nsdu
ctio
n
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Gen
eral
ized
Tra
nsdu
ctio
n
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Transduction• Types of transduction
– Generalized - Transduction in which potentially any dornor bacterial gene can be transferred.– Specialized:
Transduction in which only certain donor genes can be transferred.
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Transduction(specialized)
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Specialized Transduction(Lysogenic Phage)
gal
bio
gal bio
gal bio
gal
bio
bio
gal
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Transduction• Definition• Types of transduction• Significance
– Common in Gram+ bacteria– Lysogenic (phage) conversion
• e.g. Corynebacterium diptheriae toxin– Toxin derived from lysogenic phage
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Conjugation
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Conjugation
• Definition: Gene transfer from a donor to a recipient by direct physical contact between cells
• Mating types in bacteria– Donor
• F factor (Fertility factor)– F (sex) pilus
Donor
Recipient
– Recipient• Lacks an F factor
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Conjugation
• Significance– Gram - bacteria
• Antibiotic resistance
– Gram + bacteria• Production of adhesive material by donor cells
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Con
juga
tion:
Sex
or F
Pilu
s
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Pla
smid
s
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Plasmids
• Definition: Extrachromosomal genetic elements that are
capable of autonomous replication (replicon)• Episome - a plasmid that can integrate into
the chromosome
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Classification of Plasmids• Transfer properties
– Conjugative– Nonconjugative
• Phenotypic effects– Fertility– Bacteriocinogenic plasmid (or encoding some other toxins)
– Resistance plasmid (R factors)
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Structure of R Factors
• RTF– Conjugative
plasmid– Transfer genes Tn 9
Tn 2
1
Tn 10
Tn 8
RTF
R determinant
• R determinant– Resistance genes
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Sel
f-Tra
nsm
issi
ble
R P
lasm
id
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Con
juga
tion:
F P
lasm
id T
rans
fer
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Conjugation
conjugaison.exe
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F+ and HFr cells
Integrated (Hfr)(High Frequency of Recombination)
F+ Hfr
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Hfr and F’ cells
Hfr F’
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Mechanism of Hfr x F- Crosses
Hfr F- Hfr F-
Hfr F-Hfr F-
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Mechanism of F’ x F- Crosses
F’ F’F’ F’
F’ F- F’ F-
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Transposable Genetic Elements
• Definition: Segments of DNA that are able to move from one location to another (across the genome or from one genome to another)
• Properties– “Random” movement
• Transposase– Transposition may be accompanied by duplication
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Types of Transposable Genetic Elements
• Transposons (Tn)/ Insertion elements (IS)– Definition: Elements that carry other genes in
addition to those involved in transposition– Nomenclature - Tn10, IS6110– Structure
• Composite Tns– Importance
• Antibiotic resistance
•Epidemiology and evolutionary studies
IS ISResistance Gene(s)
IS ISResistance Gene(s)