Challenges to the New Challenges to the New GovernmentGovernment

Launching a New RepublicLaunching a New Republic

9.29.2

Securing the NW Territory Securing the NW Territory

Trouble was occurring in the Trans-Appalachian West Trouble was occurring in the Trans-Appalachian West (the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the (the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the MI River)MI River)

Spain, Great Britain, the U.S. and the Native Americans Spain, Great Britain, the U.S. and the Native Americans competed over these landscompeted over these lands

The 1783 Treaty of Paris was to settle these disputes, The 1783 Treaty of Paris was to settle these disputes, but failed to do sobut failed to do so

The Natives hoped to join together to form an The Natives hoped to join together to form an independent Native American Nationindependent Native American Nation

America was not going for this and Britain supported the America was not going for this and Britain supported the Natives in order to maintain their access to the fur in Natives in order to maintain their access to the fur in these territories these territories

Battle of Fallen Timbers Battle of Fallen Timbers Although George Washington wanted to avoid Although George Washington wanted to avoid

military action, he decided to send troops to the military action, he decided to send troops to the area because he believed securing the NW area because he believed securing the NW Territory was crucial to the growth of the U.S. Territory was crucial to the growth of the U.S.

The American Army took a beating from Native The American Army took a beating from Native American warriors led by Little Turtle in 1790American warriors led by Little Turtle in 1790

After a second defeat in 1791, Washington After a second defeat in 1791, Washington ordered another army west, led by Anthony ordered another army west, led by Anthony Wayne Wayne

At this point, Little Turtle wanted to negotiate, At this point, Little Turtle wanted to negotiate, but his allies ignored his advice and replaced but his allies ignored his advice and replaced Little Turtle with a less able leader Little Turtle with a less able leader

Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers

Expecting British help, Native American warriors Expecting British help, Native American warriors gathered at British-held Fort Miamigathered at British-held Fort Miami

On August 20, 1794, approximately 2,000 On August 20, 1794, approximately 2,000 Natives clashed with Wayne’s troops Natives clashed with Wayne’s troops

The fighting site was covered with trees that had The fighting site was covered with trees that had been struck down by a storm-The Native been struck down by a storm-The Native Americans were defeated in what became Americans were defeated in what became known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers

The Natives retreated to Fort Miami The Natives retreated to Fort Miami

Treaty of Greenville Treaty of Greenville

The British, not wanting war with the U.S., The British, not wanting war with the U.S., refused to help the Nativesrefused to help the Natives

This battle crushed the Natives hope of This battle crushed the Natives hope of keeping their land in the NW Territory keeping their land in the NW Territory

12 tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in 12 tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in 17951795 Natives agreed to surrender much of present-Natives agreed to surrender much of present-

day Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government day Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government

The Whiskey Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion

Not long after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Not long after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, George Washington had to send out George Washington had to send out another army to deal with the grumbles another army to deal with the grumbles over the government’s tax on whiskey over the government’s tax on whiskey

This tax was part of Alexander Hamilton’s This tax was part of Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan to repay the national debt financial plan to repay the national debt

Farmers were angered from PA to GA Farmers were angered from PA to GA

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion

Because of poor roads, backcountry Because of poor roads, backcountry farmers had trouble transporting their grain farmers had trouble transporting their grain to the marketto the market

Crops such as wheat and rye were easily Crops such as wheat and rye were easily carried to the market in liquid form carried to the market in liquid form (whiskey)(whiskey)

Customers actually paid more for whiskey Customers actually paid more for whiskey and farmers used whiskey as a form of $ and farmers used whiskey as a form of $ as well as well

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in

western PA staged the Whiskey Rebellion western PA staged the Whiskey Rebellion against the tax against the tax

Out of fear of not acting, Washington sent Out of fear of not acting, Washington sent General Henry Lee, along with 13,000 soldiers General Henry Lee, along with 13,000 soldiers into western PA to put down the uprising into western PA to put down the uprising

As news of the American army approached, the As news of the American army approached, the rebels fled, but not before American troops took rebels fled, but not before American troops took 20 prisoners 20 prisoners

Ultimately, Washington proved that the U.S. Ultimately, Washington proved that the U.S. government had the power and will to enforce its government had the power and will to enforce its laws laws

The French Revolution The French Revolution

This was a European challenge for George This was a European challenge for George Washington Washington

In 1789, a financial crisis led the French people In 1789, a financial crisis led the French people to rebel against their government to rebel against their government

Inspired by the American Revolution, the French Inspired by the American Revolution, the French revolutionaries demanded liberty and equality revolutionaries demanded liberty and equality

At first Americans supported the French At first Americans supported the French Revolution, but by 1792, the Revolution had Revolution, but by 1792, the Revolution had become very violent (1,000s were being become very violent (1,000s were being executed, along with King Louis XVI)executed, along with King Louis XVI)

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

Other European monarchs felt threatened Other European monarchs felt threatened and France soon declared war on Britain, and France soon declared war on Britain, Holland and Spain Holland and Spain

The war between France and Britain put The war between France and Britain put the U.S. in an awkward position since the U.S. in an awkward position since France was America’s ally during the France was America’s ally during the American Revolution American Revolution

The 1778 Treaty of Alliance still bound The 1778 Treaty of Alliance still bound France and the U.S. together France and the U.S. together

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

Thomas Jefferson argued to help France Thomas Jefferson argued to help France because the French Revolution was an because the French Revolution was an attack on liberty everywhereattack on liberty everywhere

-Versus--Versus- Alexander Hamilton who pointed out that Alexander Hamilton who pointed out that

Britain was the U.S.’s most important Britain was the U.S.’s most important trading partner and British trade was too trading partner and British trade was too important to risk important to risk

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

In 1793, George Washington decided that In 1793, George Washington decided that the U.S. would remain neutralthe U.S. would remain neutral Congress then passed a law (the Neutrality Congress then passed a law (the Neutrality

Proclamation) forbidding the U.S. from helping Proclamation) forbidding the U.S. from helping either side either side

Remaining Neutral Remaining Neutral

Britain made it hard for the U.S. to remain Britain made it hard for the U.S. to remain neutral neutral

Late in 1792, the British began seizing the Late in 1792, the British began seizing the cargoes of American ships carrying goods cargoes of American ships carrying goods from the French West Indies from the French West Indies

George Washington sent Chief Justice George Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to England to discuss the above John Jay to England to discuss the above

Jay also hoped to persuade the British to Jay also hoped to persuade the British to give up their forts on the NW frontier give up their forts on the NW frontier

Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty

During these talks in 1794, news came of the During these talks in 1794, news came of the U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen TimbersU.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Fearing another predicament, the British agreed Fearing another predicament, the British agreed to leave the Ohio Valley by 1796to leave the Ohio Valley by 1796

In Jay’s Treaty, the British also agreed to pay In Jay’s Treaty, the British also agreed to pay damages for U.S. vessels they had seized damages for U.S. vessels they had seized

Jay failed, however, to open up the profitable Jay failed, however, to open up the profitable British West Indies trade to AmericansBritish West Indies trade to Americans

Because of this, Jay’s Treaty was unpopular Because of this, Jay’s Treaty was unpopular

Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty

Jay’s Treaty was narrowly approved by Jay’s Treaty was narrowly approved by Senate due to the fact that Britain refused Senate due to the fact that Britain refused to agree to free trade in the British West to agree to free trade in the British West Indies, but also the British rejected Jay’s Indies, but also the British rejected Jay’s proposal that the British compensate proposal that the British compensate Americans for slaves abducted during the Americans for slaves abducted during the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Still the Treaty led to peaceful relations Still the Treaty led to peaceful relations with Britain (until 18 years later)with Britain (until 18 years later)

Pinckney’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty

Like Jay, Thomas Pinckney helped the U.S. Like Jay, Thomas Pinckney helped the U.S. reduce tension in the frontierreduce tension in the frontier

In 1795, Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain gave In 1795, Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain gave Americans the right to travel freely on the MI Americans the right to travel freely on the MI RiverRiver

The Treaty also gave Americans the right to The Treaty also gave Americans the right to store goods at the port of New Orleans without store goods at the port of New Orleans without paying custom duties and Spain accepted the paying custom duties and Spain accepted the 3131stst parallel as the northern boundary of Florida parallel as the northern boundary of Florida and the southern boundary of the U.S. and the southern boundary of the U.S.

Using Graphics Using Graphics

Challenge Challenge From SpainFrom Spain From BritainFrom Britain From FranceFrom France

Response Response Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty Policy of neutrality Policy of neutrality

Main Ideas Main Ideas

What military and other actions secured the What military and other actions secured the West for the U.S.?West for the U.S.? Battle of Fallen Timbers; Treaty of GreenvilleBattle of Fallen Timbers; Treaty of Greenville

Why did Washington consider it important to put Why did Washington consider it important to put down the Whiskey Rebellion?down the Whiskey Rebellion? To uphold the authority of the federal governmentTo uphold the authority of the federal government

How did the French Revolution create problems How did the French Revolution create problems for the U.S.?for the U.S.? The U.S. became caught in the middle between The U.S. became caught in the middle between

France and Great Britain France and Great Britain

Critical Thinking Critical Thinking

Why was neutrality a difficult policy for the Why was neutrality a difficult policy for the U.S. to maintain?U.S. to maintain? Think aboutThink about

• Ties with FranceTies with France• Ties with BritainTies with Britain• Restrictions on trade Restrictions on trade