Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

The Diathesis-Stress Model

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

Low High

High

Low

Alc

oho

l Abu

se

Level of Stress

Predisposition to impulsivity present (low to high levels)

Predisposition to impulsivity absent

High

Medium

Low

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

25

Rates0 5 10 15 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Any Anxiety Disorder

Any Mood Disorder

Any Substance Use Disorder

Any DSM-IV Disorder

Two Disorders

22.833.7

43.5

22.333.7

40.4

9.631.2

59.2

25.546.4

28.2

Three or more Disorders

One Disorder

37.133.4

29.6

40.015.0

45.0

Serious

Moderate

Mild

43.17.0

49.9

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

Age The highest rates of mental disorders are found in the 18-29 and 30-44 age groups.

Risk Factor Findings

Education Individuals who do not complete high school are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder than those who complete or go beyond high school, especially substance use disorders.

Employment Individuals who are unemployed are more likely to develop psychological problems than those who are employed.

Gender Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with substance abuse disorders and antisocial personality disorder.

Women are at greater risk for developing mood/depressive disorders and anxiety disorders.

Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with more than one mental disorder at any point in time.

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

Age The highest rates of mental disorders are found in the 18-29 and 30-44 age groups.

Risk Factor Findings

Education Individuals who do not complete high school are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder than those who complete or go beyond high school, especially substance use disorders.

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

Age The highest rates of mental disorders are found in the 18-29 and 30-44 age groups.

Risk Factor Findings

Education Individuals who do not complete high school are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder than those who complete or go beyond high school, especially substance use disorders.

Employment Individuals who are unemployed are more likely to develop psychological problems than those who are employed.

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

Age The highest rates of mental disorders are found in the 18-29 and 30-44 age groups.

Risk Factor Findings

Education Individuals who do not complete high school are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder than those who complete or go beyond high school, especially substance use disorders.

Employment Individuals who are unemployed are more likely to develop psychological problems than those who are employed.

Gender Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with substance abuse disorders and antisocial personality disorder.

Women are at greater risk for developing mood/depressive disorders and anxiety disorders.

Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with more than one mental disorder at any point in time.

Marital Status Marital disruption (divorce or separation) is associated with mental disorders in general and with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in particular.

Race and Ethnicity Mixed results in general, with some specific differences.

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

Individual Family Community or Social

Positive Temperament

Above-Average Intelligence

Social Competence

Spirituality or Religion

Commitment to Schools

Availability of Health and Social Services

Social Cohesion

Smaller Family Structure

Supportive Relationships with Parents

Good Sibling Relationships

Adequate Monitoring and Rule-Setting by Parents

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

Traumatic Event Two Years Later

Sev

ere

Mild

Dis

rupt

ions

in n

orm

al f

unct

ioni

ng

Mod

erat

e

One Year Later

Resilience

Recovery

Delayed

Chronic

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

Basic problem-solving training

Positive parenting: enjoying the child

Parenting skills

Extending parenting

Anger management

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention

The Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology: How Common are Mental Disorders?

Risk, Protective Factors, and Resilience

Prevention