ch24
TRANSCRIPT
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The New Science of Life
Chapter 24
Great Idea:Our new understanding of genetic mechanisms is leading to enormous
technological advances in medicine and other aspects of our lives.
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Chapter Outline
• The Technology of Genes• Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine
• The New Face of Medicine• Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA
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The Technology of Genes
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Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering– Foreign genes inserted– Existing genes altered
• Technique– Restriction enzymes cut DNA– Another DNA strand binds– New gene is expressed
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Genetic Engineering – cont.
• Examples– Insulin– Agriculture
• GMO– DOA– FDA– EPA
• Bioterrorism
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Restriction Enzymes
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The Process of Genetic Engineering
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Genetically Modified Organisms
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Technology
• Bioterrorism– Anthrax
•Spores
– Smallpox– Spanish influenza – 1918– Department of Homeland Security
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Technology
• The PCR process
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Science by the Numbers
• PCR multiplication– Each cycle doubles the number of DNA molecules
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DNA Fingerprinting
• DNA fingerprinting– Analysis of DNA in human tissue– Uses
•Identify criminals •Identify victims
• Process– Analyze DNA sections for repeats– Compare to individual of interest
• VNTR• STR
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CSI
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STR Method of DNA Fingerprinting
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Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine
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Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine
• Gene Control– Genes on or off– Produce only copies
• Early development– Pluripotent
•Develop into any cell in body
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Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine – cont.
• Development– Blastocyst
•Outer cells: placenta•Inner cells: embryonic stem cells
– Gastrula •Not pluripotent•Differentiation
– Adulthood•Somatic or adult stem cells
• Stem cell line – Reproduce without differentiation
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Early Stages of Embryonic Development
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Science in the Making
• Cloning Dolly the sheep– 1997; Ian Wilmut– Reproductive cloning
•Procedure
– Other mammals cloned
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The First Cloned Mammal
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Ian Wilmut
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Foreign DNA Introduced into an Animal Cell
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The New Face of Medicine
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Computer-Assisted Drug Design
• Medicine– One or more molecules– Bond to specific molecules– Change cellular chemistry
• Research– Previous
•Search in nature
– Current•Use molecular techniques•Design drugs from scratch
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Computer-Assisted Drug Design – cont.
• CADD– Example
•Protease inhibitors
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Computer-Aided Drug Design
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Cancer-A Different Kind of Genetic Disease
• Normal Cell– Guardianship
• Cancer– Cells reproduce without restraint
•Due to genetic defect•Usually 5–6 damaged genes
– Collection of diseases
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Cancer-A Different Kind of Genetic Disease – cont.
• Genetic defects– Increase cancer probability– Lifetime risk >80%
• Cure– Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy– Gene therapy
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Normal and Cancer Cells
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Science by the Numbers
• Double-blind clinical trials– Judges drug’s effectiveness
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Gene Therapy
• Gene therapy– Replace defective gene with healthy– In vivo or in vitro
• Example– SCID
• Problems– Genes inserted randomly– No proteins made
• Therapeutic viruses
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Gene Therapy Process for SCID
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DNA Repair in the Cell
• Damage– Outside cell
•Human developed•Nature
– Inside cell
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DNA Repair in the Cell – cont.
• Repair mechanisms– Point defect
•Enzymes remove section
– Mismatch •Remove length of DNA•Reconstruct section
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DNA Repair in a Cell
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Plants and Pesticides
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Unraveling the Past:Mitochondrial DNA
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Unraveling the Past:Mitochondrial DNA
• Mitochondria– Independent DNA (mtDNA)– Single loop– 37 genes– Non-coding section
•1000 base pairs•Use to study human evolution
– All mitochondria from mother
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DNA in Mitochondria
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Thinking More about Embryonic Stem Cells
• Issue debated• No simple answers