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Location, Pattern, and Structure of Cities
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Urban Geography
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• Site refers to the physical characteristics of a location--local relief, landforms.
• The site for Paris was an island in the middle of the Seine (and with a flat area surrounding.)
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• Its island site made it easier for Chinese-dominated Singapore to secede from Malay-dominated Malaysia.
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• Situation refers to the relative location of a place in terms of the larger regional or spatial system of which it is a part.
• Suggests spatial interconnection and interdependence.
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• Situation can change with circumstances.
• Changing political or economic circumstances can make a location more attractive. Agglomeration leads to growth.
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• As Paris grew, agglomeration led to an improved situation.
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Shenzhen has benefitted from its location relative to Hong Kong.
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Walter Christaller Location Theory
The nested hexagons show urban areas with their surrounding market area (hinterland).
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Range—how far will consumers generally travel to obtain a product or service.
Threshold—how many potential customers are needed to support a business.
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“High order” goods and services are relatively costly and generally are required less frequently. They have a longer range.
“Low order” goods and services are perishable or required in relatively large amounts at frequent intervals. They have a muchshorter range.
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• Central Place Theory seeks to explain the size and distribution of settlements by measuring their economic reach.
• Complementary regions can’t overlap, hence the hexagonal shape.
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Walter Christaller’s Central Place Model
• Conclusion One
• Ranks of urban places show an orderly hierarchy of central places in a spatial balance.
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Walter Christaller’s Central Place Model
• Conclusion Two
• Places of the same size with the same number of functions would be spaced the same distance apart.
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Walter Christaller’s Central Place Model
• Conclusion Three
• Larger cities would be spaced farther from each other than smaller towns and cities.
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Walter Christaller Location Theory
A hamlet provides some basic services to the people living there and those nearby.
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Walter Christaller Location TheoryA village is likely to
offer several dozen services. There will be some specialization.
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Walter Christaller Location TheoryA town is larger
than a village and has a higher level of specialization.
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Walter Christaller Location TheoryA city has more
specialization and a larger hinterland than a town..
A ciy has suburbs while a town has outskirts
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Walter Christaller Location Theory
An urban hierarchy is a ranking of settlements according to their size and functions.
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Walter Christaller Location Theory
The rank-size rule states that there is an inverse relationship between the size of a city and its rank in the urban hierarchy.
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Walter Christaller Location Theory
Under the rank-size rule: If the city has 1 million people
-the town will have 500,000 (1/2 the size),
-the village will have 333,333 (1/3 the size),
-and the hamlet will have 250,000 people.
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Walter Christaller Location Theory
• Christaller’s central place theory tends not hold in countries that have unitary systems of government or those that have gone through extended periods as colonies.
• They have primate cities.
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Christaller’s assumptions:
• A broad, flat plain
• No physical barriers
• Even soil fertility
• A uniform transportatin network
• A constant “range” in all directions for the sale of any good.
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How are cities organized?
Traditional models of urban structure:
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How are cities organized?
The Concentric Zone Model reflects the walking-horsecar era--early 20th century.
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How are cities organized?
The Sector Model reflects the influence of transportation corridors.
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How are cities organized?
The Multiple Nuclei Model reflects the influence of the automobile on suburbanization.
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Present-day United States metropolitan area.
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The Galactic City
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Social Geography of American and Canadian Cities
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Edge Cities are urban areas that have developed on the fringes of established metropolitan areas.
• Edge cities have their own shopping and employment bases.
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Redlining occurs when lenders refuse to approve of loans within
risky neighborhoods.
• Contributed to “ghettoization” when funds were not available for upkeep.
• Eventually, property values would decline and developers could convert land usage for their profit.
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Blockbusting occurred when property in a white neighborhood
was offered to an African American at a low price.
• White flight led to properties changing hands--profitable for real estate agents.
• Property values declined and land use was converted to more profitable tenements.
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Basic and Non-basic sectors
• Basic sector products or services of an urban economy are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community.
• Nonbasic sector jobs supply an urban area’s resident population with goods and services that have no “export” implication.
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Multiplier Effect
• In urban geography, this refers to the expected addition of nonbasic workers to a city’s employment base that accompanies new basic sector employment.
• For cities over 1 million, each job in the basic sector will add two jobs in the nonbasic sector.
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• These maps reflect a time when cities had more functional specialization.
• As agglomeration occurs and urban economies become more diversified, they lose their functinal specialization.