ch10 forces winds

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289 Copyright © 2013 by Roland Stull. Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science. 10 ATMOSPHERIC FORCES & WINDS Winds powe r our wind turbines, push our sail- boats, cool our houses, and dry our laundry . But winds can also be destructive — in hurricanes, thunderstorms, or mountain downslope wind- storms. We design our bridges and skyscrapers to withstand wind gusts. Airplane ﬂights are planned to compensate for headwinds and crosswinds. Winds are driven by forces acting on air. But these forces can be altered by heat and moisture ca r- ried by the air, resulting in a complex interplay we call weather. Newton’ s laws o f motion describe how forces cause winds — a topic called dynamics. Many forces such as pressure-gradient, advection, and frictional drag can act in all directions. Gravi ty acts in the v ertical. Due to our frame o f reference on a rotating earth, some effects of inertia express themselves as an apparent force called Coriolis force. Inertia also creates an app arent cen trifugal force, caused when centripetal force (an imbalance of other forces ) makes wind c hange direct ion. These different forces are present in different amounts at different places and t imes, causing large variabi lity in th e winds. For example, Fig . 10.1 shows changing wind speed and direction around a low- pressure center . In this chapter we expl ore forces , winds, and the dynamics that link them. Contents Winds and Weather Maps 290 Heights on Constant-Pressure Surfaces 290 Plotting Winds 291 Newton’s 2 nd Law 292 Lagrangian 292 Eulerian 293 Horizontal Forces 294 Adv ection of Horizontal Momentum 294 Horizontal Pressure -Gradient Force 29 5 Centrifuga l Force 296 Coriolis Force 297 T urbulent-Drag Force 300 Summar y of Forces 301 Equations of Horizontal Motion 301 Horizontal Winds 302 Geostrophic Wind 302 Gradient Wind 304 Atmospheric-Boundary-Layer Wind 307 ABL Gradie nt (ABLG) Wind 309 Cyclostrophic Wind 31 1 Inertial Wind 312 Antitriptic Wind 312 Summar y of Horizontal Winds 313 Horizontal Motion 31 4 Equations of Motion — Again 31 4 Scales of Horizontal Motion 315 Vertical Forces and Motion 315 Conservation of Air Mass 317 Continuity Equation 317 Incompressible Idealization 318 Boundary-Layer Pumping 318 Kinematics 320 Measuri ng Winds 321 Review 322 Homewor k Exercises 322 Broaden Knowledge & Comprehension 322 Apply 323 Evaluate & Analyze 325 Synthesize 327 This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported Li- cense. To view a copy of this licen se, visit http:/ /creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Cas- tro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, Californ ia, 94041, USA. Additional permis sions: Individuals may print this work for their o wn use. In- structors may have printed copies made for their students. This work is available at http:/ /www .eos.ubc.ca/books/Practical_Meteorology/ Figure 10.1 Winds (arrows) around a low-pressure center (L) in the N. Hemisphere. Lines are isobars of sea-level pressure ( P).

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