Ch. 12: BloodReading Guide

1. What are the functions of blood?

Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormonesMaintains stability of interstitial fluidsDistributes heat

2. Where do blood cells form?

Red bone marrow

3. Blood volume in average adult-

5 Liters

4. Composition of blood

45% cells (hematocrit), mostly red55% plasma—mixture of water, nutrients, chemicals

5. Describe red blood cells by shape, content, count, and function.

Erythrocytes—biconcave discs—shape allows them to transport gases (more surface area for gas diffusion)—Each cell is 1/3 hemoglobin that carries oxygen

Bright red blood—oxyhemoglobin (cell has oxygen)Dark red blood-deoxyhemoglobin (oxygen is released)Red blood cells can’t divide once mature.Count: 4.6-6.2 mil/cu mm for males, 4.2-5.4 mil/cu mm for femalesNote:Low concentration of oxygen in blood can make it appear blue through the skin. We do not have blue blood.

6. What are biliverdin and bilirubin?When hemoglobin is broken down into heme

(iron) and globin (protein), the heme breaks down into iron and biliverdin (green pigment). Iron and protein can be transported to red bone marrow to form more hemoglobin or stored in the liver. Biliverdin is converted to orange bilirubin and excreted as bile.

7. White blood cells: count, functionsLeukocytes-protect against disease by phagocytizing bacteria or producing antibodies

Types—granulocytes-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils –made in red bone marrow, short life spans

Agranulocytes-monocytes, lymphocytes—formed in rbm and lymphatic organs

Norm.=5000-10000 cells—rise in number may signal infection present

Over 10000= leukocytosis, which signals acute infectionUnder 5000-leukopenia—disease like AIDS, chicken pox8. Leukemia—causes and symptomsCancer of WBC’s-Uncontrolled cell division in marrow--Too few RBC’s, too many WBC’s

Flu-like symptoms, abnormal bleeding, pain

9. Platelets-describe, count, functionAKA-Thrombocytes-cell fragments-130000-360000—help close breaks in vessels and initiate clotting

10. Plasma—describe the three groups of proteins

Albumins- 60%-smallest, made in liver,

osmotic pressure of plasmaGlobulins-36%-transport lipids and vitamins, produce antibodiesFibrinogens-4%-made in liver-blood coagulation (clots)

11. Nutrients and gases in plasma

Nutrients-amino acids, sugars (glucose), lipids, proteins

Gases-oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

12. Plasma electrolytes—examples and purposeSodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate ions—absorbed from intestines, released from cell metabolism, regulate blood concentrations

13. What is hemostasis?

Stoppage of bleeding

14. Describe the three steps in the process of hemostasis.

a. Blood vessel spasmb. Platelet plug formationc. Blood coagulation (clotting)

15. Thrombus-blood clot in vessel

16. Embolus-blood clot carried by blood flow (breaks loose)

17. Atherosclerosis-clogging of the arteries

18. What happens to someone who receives a transfusion of the wrong blood type? Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells because of the

antigen/antibody reaction, anxiety, breathing probs, facial flushing, headache and other pains, jaundice, kidney failure

19. Hemophilia-an inherited clotting disorder caused by a person lacking a coagulation protein

20. Describe why someone has a blood type.

Human red blood cells contain an antigen combination—only A, only B, only AB, neither A or B. They also contain the antibodies for the opposite—People with only A antigens have anti-B antibodies. The antibody acts with the antigen of the same letter to cause clumping. Type AB is universal recipient (contain no antibodies), type O is the universal donor (contains no antigens).

21. What is the Rh blood group? Human blood contains several Rh antigens. If they are on the red blood cells, the blood is Rh positive. If a person is Rh negative, they don’t form Rh antibodies until exposure to

Rh antigens—through transfusion or pregnancy. The first exposure results in only formation of antibodies—no bad results. The second exposure results in memory, causing blood clotting (transfusion) or an attack on the fetal red blood cells.

22. What are two ways that Rh incompatibility can arise? (see above)

Blood Typing Game

http:// www.nobelprize.org/ educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/game/index.html