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TRANSCRIPT
Chapter6
TheDuelforNorthAmerica
1608–1763
I.FranceFindsaFootholdinCanada
• FrancewasalatecomerinthescrambleforNewWorldrealestate:– Itwasconvulsedbyforeignwarsanddomesticstrifeduringthe1500s.
– ItwasinvolvedinclashesbetweenRomanCatholicsandProtestantHuguenots.
– OnSt.Bartholomew’sDay,1572,over10,000Huguenots―men,women,andchildren―werebutcheredincoldblood.
I.FranceFindsaFootholdinCanada(cont.)
• 1598:EraoftheEdictofNantes:– Issuedbythecrown,itgrantedlimitedtolerationtoFrenchProtestants.
– Franceblossomed,ledbybrilliantministersandbyKingLouisXIV,whoreignedfor72years(1643–1715).
– FatefullyforNorthAmerica,hetookadeepinterestinoverseascolonies.
I.FranceFindsaFootholdinCanada(cont.)
• 1608:ThepermanentbeginningsofaFrenchempire(seeMap.6.1)wereestablishedatQuébec:– EffortswereledbySamueldeChamplain,“FatherofNewFrance.”
– HeestablishedfriendlyrelationshipswithHuronIndiantribes.
– HeenteredintoatreatywiththeHuronagainsttheIroquoistribesoftheupperNewYorkarea.
Map 6.1 p102
I.FranceFindsaFootholdinCanada(cont.)
• GovernmentofNewFrance(Canada)finallyfellunderdirectcontroloftheking.– Thisregimewasalmostcompletelyautocratic.– Thepeopleelectednorepresentativeassemblies.– Theydidnotenjoytherighttotrialbyjury,asintheEnglishcolonies.
I.FranceFindsaFootholdinCanada(cont.)
• ThepopulationofCatholicNewFrancegrewslowly:– Inthelate1750s,only60,000orsowhiteswereinNewFrance.
– LandowningFrenchpeasantshadlittlemotivetomove.– FrenchHuguenotsweredeniedarefuge.– TheFrenchgovernmentfavoreditsCaribbeanislands.
II.NewFranceFansOut
• NewFrancecontainedonevaluableresource—thebeaver:– Europeanfashion-settersvaluedbeaver-pelt
hats.– Colorfulcoureursdeboistrappedbeavers.– Theylitteredthelandwithscoresofplace
names:BatonRouge(redstick),TerreHaute(highland),DesMoines(somemonks).
II.NewFranceFansOut(cont.)
• FrenchvoyageursrecruitedIndiansintothefurbusiness(seeMap6.2):– TheIndianfurflotillathatarrivedinMontréalin
1693numbered400canoes.– ManyoftheseIndiansweredecimatedbythe
whiteman’sdiseasesandalcohol.– MassslaughterofbeaversviolatedmanyIndians’
religiousbeliefsandcausedecologicaldamage.
p102
Map 6.2 p103
II.NewFranceFansOut(cont.)
• Catholicmissionaries(Jesuits)triedtosaveIndiansforChristandfromfur-trappers:– SomesufferedtorturebyIndians.– Theyhadfewconvertsbutdidplayavitalroleas
explorersandgeographers.– Otherexplorerssoughtneithersoulsnorfur,but
empiretoblockEnglishandSpanishexpansion.
II.NewFranceFansOut(cont.)
• Frenchexplorers:– AntoineCadillacfoundedDetroit,“theCityof
Straits.”– RobertdeLaSallefloateddowntheMississippi
in1682towhereitmingleswiththeGulf.– Henamedtheinteriorbasin“Louisiana,”after
LouisXIV.– HefailedtofindtheMississippidelta,landedin
SpanishTexas,andin1687wasmurdered.
II.NewFranceFansOut(cont.)
• TheFrenchplantedseveralfortifiedpostsinwhatisnowMississippiandLouisiana:– NewOrleanswasfoundedin1718.– ThefortsinfertileIllinoiscountry(Kaskaskia,Cahokia,andVincennes)becamethegraingardenofFrance’sNorthAmericaempire.
III.TheClashofEmpires
• TheearliestcontestsamongEuropeanpowersforcontrolofNorthAmerica:– InKingWilliam’sWar(1689–1697)andQueen
Anne’sWar(1702–1713)(seeTable6.1),BritishcolonistsfoughtFrenchcoureursdebois.
– IndianalliesravagedSchenectady,NewYork,andDeerfield,Massachusetts(seeMap6.3).
Map 6.3 p104
Table 6.1 p104
III.TheClashofEmpires(cont.)
• Peaceterms,signedatUtrechtin1713,revealedhowbadlyFranceanditsSpanishallyhadbeenbeaten(seeMap.6.4):– BritaingainedFrench-populatedAcadia(whichtheBritishrenamedNovaScotia)aswellasNewfoundlandandHudsonBay.
– LossespinchedFrance’ssettlementsontheSt.Lawrenceandtherebysealedtheirultimatedoom.
p105
Map 6.4 p105
III.TheClashofEmpires(cont.)
• Americancoloniesthenexperienceddecadesof“salutaryneglect”—fertilesoilforrootsofindependence.
• BritishalsowonlimitedtradingrightsinSpanishAmerica,whichledtosmuggling.
• BritishcaptainRobertJenkinshadoneearslicedoffbyaSpanishofficial,whichledtotheWarofJenkins’sEarin1739.
III.TheClashofEmpires(cont.)
• TheWarofJenkins’sEarmergedwithlargerWarofAustrianSuccessioninEurope(seeTable6.2),calledKingGeorge’sWarinAmerica:– NewEnglanderswithhelpfromBritishnavycapturedLouisbourg,whichcommandedtheSt.LawrenceRiver(seeMap6.3).
– ButwasreturnedtoFrancebythetreatyof1748.– Francestillclungtoitsvastholdings.
IV.GeorgeWashingtonInauguratesWarwithFrance
• TheOhioValleybecamethechiefboneofcontentionbetweentheFrenchandBritish:– FortheBritish,itwasacriticalareaforwestward
movement.– TheFrenchneededittolinktheirCanadian
holdingstothoseofthelowerMississippiValley.– TheBritishcolonistsweredeterminedtofightfor
theireconomicsecurityandsupremacy.
Table 6.2 p106
p106
IV.GeorgeWashingtonInauguratesWarwithFrance(cont.)
• OhioValleyrivalryincreasedtensions:– TheFrencherectedachainoffortsalongtheOhio
River.– FortDuquesnewasatthepivotalpointwherethe
MonongahelaandAlleghenyRiversjointoformtheOhioRiver—thelatersiteofPittsburgh.
– In1754,thegovernorofVirginiasentyoungGeorgeWashingtontoOhioCountrytosecuretheVirginians’claim.
IV.GeorgeWashingtonInauguratesWarwithFrance(cont.)
• Inthisskirmish:–WashingtonmetsomeFrenchtroopsabout40milesfromFortDuquesne(Map6.5)andfired.
– Frenchleaderwaskilledandhismenretreated.– FrenchreturnedandsurroundedWashington.–Washington,after10-hoursiege,surrenderedbutwasallowedtomarchtroopsawaywithhonor.
– Inresponse,theBritishbrutallyuprootedFrenchAcadiansandscatteredthemasfarasLouisiana:descendantsare“Cajuns.”
Map 6.5 p107
V.GlobalWarandColonialDisunity
• First3Anglo-FrenchcolonialwarsstartedinEurope,butthe4thonestartedinAmerica:
• TheFrenchandIndianWar,startedbyWashingtonintheOhioValley(1754),widenedaftertwoyearsintotheSevenYears’WarinAmerica,Europe,theWestIndies,Africa,Philippines,andontheocean.
• TheSevenYears’Warwasa7-seawar(seeMap6.6).
Map 6.6 p108
V.GlobalWarandColonialDisunity(cont.)
• Thecrisisdemandedconcertedaction:– In1754,theBritishgovernmentsummonedanintercolonialcongresstometatAlbany,N.Y.
– Only7coloniessentdelegates.– TheimmediatepurposewastocontrolIroquoistribesloyaltoBritain.
– Thelonger-rangegoalwastoincreasecolonialunityandthusbolstercommondefenseagainstFrance.
V.GlobalWarandColonial Disunity(cont.)
• BenjaminFranklinwastheleadingspiritattheAlbanyCongress:– Hepublishedthefamouscartoon“Join,orDie.”– Hepresentedawell-devisedbutprematureschemeforcolonialhomerule.
– Albanydelegatesunanimouslyadoptedit.– Individualcoloniesrejectedit,asdidtheBritishgovernment.
p109
V.GlobalWarandColonialDisunity(cont.)
• Franklin’sscheme(cont.):– Tocolonists,itdidnotgiveenoughindependence.– TotheBritish,itgavetoomuch.– Franklinobservedthateveryoneagreedonneedforunion,butwere“distracted”whentheytriedtoagreeondetails.
VI.Braddock’sBlunderingandItsAftermath
• OpeningclashesofwarwentbadlyforBritish:– GeneralEdwardBraddockwassenttoVirginiawithastrongdetachmentofBritishregulars.
– Hesetoutin1755with2,000mentocaptureFortDuquesne.
– OnhiswayhemetasmallerFrenchandIndianarmy.
VI.Braddock’sBlunderingandItsAftermath(cont.)
• Openingclashes(cont.):–Washingtonhadtwohorsesshotfromunderhimandfourbulletspiercedhiscoat.
– Braddockwasfatallywounded.– TheBritishwereroutedandsufferedlargelosses.– Inflamedbyeasyvictory,IndianslaunchedassaultsfromPennsylvaniatoNorthCarolina.
–Washingtonwith300mentriedtodefendfrontier.– TheBritishexperienceddefeatafterdefeat.
VII.Pitt’sPalmsofVictory
• WilliamPittwasBritain'ssuperlativeleader:– Hewasknownasthe“GreatCommoner.”– 1757:HebecameakeyleaderintheLondongovernment.
– HedownplayedassaultsontheFrenchWestIndies.
– HeconcentratedonthevitalQuébec-MontréalareaofCanada.
– Hepickedyoungandenergeticmilitaryleaders.
VII.Pitt’sPalmsofVictory(cont.)
• WilliamPitt(cont.):– 1758:Hedispatchedanexpeditionthattook
Louisbourg,thefirstmajorBritishvictory.– HesentJamesWolfetotakeQuébec.– WolfebattledtheMarquisdeMontcalm’sforces
onthePlainsofAbrahamoutsideofQuébec.– Bothcommanderswerefatallywounded.– TheFrenchweredefeatedandQuébec
surrendered.
p110
VII.Pitt’sPalmsofVictory(cont.)
• BattleofQuébec(1759)wasoneofthemostsignificantbattlesinBritishandAmericanhistory:–WhenMontrealfellin1760,theFrenchflagflutteredforthelasttimeinCanada.
– TheTreatyofParisin1763displacedtheFrenchempirefromtheNorthAmericancontinent.
– TheFrenchwereabletomaintainseveralsmallbutvaluablesugarislandsintheWestIndies.
VII.Pitt’sPalmsofVictory(cont.)
• Francealsoreceivedtwonever-to-be-fortifiedisletsinGulfofSt.Lawrenceforfishingstations.
• Finalblow:FrancecededtoSpainalloftrans-MississippiLouisiana,includingNewOrleans(seeMap6.7).
• GreatBritainemergedas:– ThedominantpowerinNorthAmerica– Theleadingworldnavalpower
Map 6.7a p111
Map 6.7b p111
VIII.RestlessColonists
• Britain’scolonistsemergedwithincreasedconfidenceintheirmilitarystrengthandskill.– 20,000colonistswereunderarmsatwar’send.– WarshatteredthemythofBritishinvincibility.– Displayingthecontemptofprofessionalsoldiers,
theBritishrefusedtorecognizeanyAmericanmilitiacommissionabovetherankofcaptain.
p112
VIII.RestlessColonists(cont.)
• Britishofficialsweredistressedbyreluctanceofsomecoloniestosupportthewarwholeheartedly.
• Somecolonies,self-centeredandalienatedbytheirdistancefromwar,refusedtoprovidetroopsandmoneyfortheconflict.
• Coloniesstillexhibitedstrongtendenciestowarddisunity.
VIII.RestlessColonists(cont.)
• Butunityamongcoloniesreceivedsomeencouragementduringthewar:–Whensoldiersandstatesmenfromdifferentcoloniesmet,theydiscoveredtheywereallAmericanswhospokethesamelanguageandsharedcommonideals.
– Acoherentnationcouldemerge,butitwouldnotbeeasy.
IX.War’sFatefulAftermath
• RemovalofFrenchmenaceinCanadaprofoundlyaffectedAmericanattitudes:– InasensehistoryoftheUnitedStatesbegan
withthefallofQuébecandMontréal.– SpanishandIndianthreatsweresubstantially
reduced.– SpanishremovalfromFloridaandFrench
removalfromCanadadeprivedIndiansofpotentialalliestooutsetgrowingBritishpower.
IX.War’sFatefulAftermath (cont.)
• Pontiac’suprisingbyOttawaChiefPontiac:– LaidsiegetoDetroitin1763andoverranallbutthreeBritishpostswestoftheAppalachians.
– Killedsome2,000soldiersandsettlers.– Britishretaliatedswiftlyandcruellywithaprimitiveversionofbiologicalwarfare.
– Pontiacdiedin1769athandsofarivalchieftain.• ColonistswerenowfreetocrossAppalachianMountainsandtakewesternlands.
IX.War’sFatefulAftermath (cont.)
• ButLondonissuedtheProclamationof1763,whichbannedsettlementbeyondtheAppalachians(seeMap6.8).– BritainonlywantedtoavoidanotherbloodyIndianuprising.
• Butangrycolonistsfloutedtheproclamation.• Thestagewassetforconflict:– Thecolonistsrefusedtoberestrained.– Britishgovernmentwasfrustratedwithcolonies.
Map 6.8 p114
p115