Chapter Six

Body and Brain

The Nervous System

Nervous System Hierarchy

Central Nervous System

Brain

Spinal Cord

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

– Enteric Nervous System

Somatic & Autonomic Nervous Systems

Somatic Nervous System

Motor nervesSensory nervesVoluntary functions

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous SystemParasympathetic Nervous System

The Nervous System

NeuronsElectrochemical impulses“Firing”Synapse10-12 billionRange from microscopic to 3 feet

Three Kinds of Neurons

Receptor (afferent) (sensory)Interneurons (associative)Effector (efferent) (motor)

Cell Structure

NucleusCytoplasmCell Membrane

Neuron Structure

Dendrites (receptors)Cell BodyAxonAxon terminals (terminal buttons)NeurotransmitterSynapse

Neuron

Neurotransmitters

AcetylcholineNorepinephrineSeratoninDopamine (L-Dopa)Effect of amphetamines

Divisions of the Brain

Divisions of the Brain

Subcortex (old brain)Neocortex (new brain)

Subcortex

CerebellumPonsMedullaReticular formation(continued on next slide)

Subcortex

DiencephalonThalamusHypothalamus

Limbic systemBasal nuclei (basal ganglia)

Neocortex

Cerebral cortexCerebrum

Neural Cortex

Lobes of the Brain

Frontal lobesOccipital lobesParietal lobesTemporal lobes

Lobes of the Brain

Hemispheres of the Brain

Right hemisphereLeft hemisphereCorpus callosum

Hemispheres

Left Hemisphere of the Brain

Language abilityAnalytical thinkingManages right side of body

Right Hemisphere of the Brain

Spatial thinkingIntuitive thinkingEmotional, artistic, creative functionsManages left side of body

Corpus Callosum

Split brainSperry studiesTachistoscopeVisual fields

Visual Pathways

Which way do the eyes move?The direction of your eyes indicates which side

of the brain you are using to answer a question.Make up a sentence using the words code and

mathematicsPicture the last wreck you saw. Which direction

were the cars moving?What does the proverb “easy come, easy go” meanPicture the last time you cried

1& 3 verbal non-emotional (look right)2&4 spatial-emotional (look left)

Emergency Repair Service

PlasticityRedundancy

Recording

EEG (electroencephalograph)PET scan

EEG

ElectroencephalographBrain wave patternsSeizure disorderHubelBrain death

Pet Scan

Positron emission tomographyGlucoseBrain tumorsSeizure disorders

Brain mapping

Wilder PenfieldProbe the Brain!Seizure disorderJames OldsPleasure center

Biochemical studies

Tube implantationManipulate drive states

Limiting Damage from Strokes

MagnesiumAnti-glutamateInsulinLowered Body Temperature

Lesioning

Sever nerve areasIntentional destruction of brain

tissueDestruction of brain tissue as a

result of disease or accidentKarl Lashley

Lobotomy

Disconnection of frontal lobesPrefrontal lobotomyDr. Egaz MonizNobel prize

Lobotomy

Tranquilizers50 procedures a dayApproximately 50,000Inability to enact future planningInability to perform complex tasks

Exocrine System

Duct glandsSweat glandTear glandsSalivary glands

Endocrine System

Ductless glands Release hormones ’activator’ “I excite” 30 different kinds

Endocrine System

Ductless glands Thyroid Pituitary Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) Adrenal glandsTestes/ovaries

Thyroid Gland

regulate metabolism

thyroxin

Overactive Thyroid

produces too much thyroxin symptoms

?

Thyroid Gland

Enlarged thyroid

Goiter

Underactive Thyroid

produces too little thyroxin symptoms

?

Thyroid Gland

Cretinism

Underactive thyroid in infancy

Pituitary Gland

Located in the center of the brain

Controlled by hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

Located in the center of the brain

HGH

Human Growth Hormone

Dwarfism

Too little HGH

Giantism

Too much HGH

Pituitary Gland

Master gland

Controlled by the hypothalamus

Islets of Langerhans

Islets of Langerhans

Part of the pancreas

Insulin

Diabetes

Cataracts and/or arteriosclerosis

Adrenal Glands

On top of kidneys

Receive signals from Sympathetic Nervous System

Adrenal Glands

Kidneys

Adrenaline

Steroids

Cortisone

Adrenal Glands

Too little Slow blood circulation Sexual development lessens Weakness Death

Too much Increased sexual development Masculine characteristics in females

Reproductive Glands

Testes produce sperm cells Testosterone Male sex characteristics Stimulates skeletal

growth Muscle mass Larger internal organs

Reproductive Glands

Ovaries produce egg cells Estrogen Progesterone Elasticity of the uterus Menstruation Menopause

The Evolution of Behavior

Darwin’s Theory

Compare anatomy, physiology, and behavior between species

Ethology

Defined:

Extensions of Darwinian theory

Sociobiology

Biological bases of behavior

Behavior genetic

Edward O Wilson

Sociobiology

Zoologist

Sociobiology: A New Synthesis

Altruism

Unselfish interest in or care the the welfare of others

Altruistic behavior

Survival of the fittest

Genes, not individuals

Galton and Watson

Sir Francis Galton

Hereditary Genius (1869)

Secondary research

Intelligence is inherited

Galton and Watson

Dr John B Watson

Environment determines intelligence

Nature vs Nurture Controversy

Cognitive abilities

Mental illness

Personality

Twin Studies

Monozygotic

Dizygotic

Schizophrenia (inheritability of mental illness

Most common

chance of occurrence in general population?

Twin ___ times more likely to develop schizophrenia is twin 1 has it

PKU

Phenylketonuria

Genetic defect

Severe mental retardation