ch. 5 the molecules of life. 5.1 carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life
![Page 2: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic
molecules
![Page 3: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I. Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
A. Carbon is very common in living things
1. Carbon can form up to 4 bonds with other atoms due to 4 electrons in the outer shell
2. Carbon may bond with other carbon atoms
![Page 4: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Carbon
![Page 5: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
B. Carbon backbones
![Page 6: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
C. Classification
1.Organic molecules- most molecules that are comprised of Carbon in various shapes (living)
2. Inorganic molecules- most non-carbon molecules (H2O, O2, and NH3) (non-living)
![Page 7: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
D. Hydrocarbons- organic molecules composed of only Carbon and Hydrogen
1. Fuels such as methane CH4 as natural gas
![Page 8: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
E. Functional Groups- group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in a predictable way; attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton
1.Hydroxyl group- polar hydrophilic – attract water around; also know as alcohols (like ethanol)
![Page 9: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
• 2. Carbonyl group- polar hydrophilic; bonds with two other molecules or atoms. Oxygen end polar negative charge.
![Page 10: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
a. If one or more of the bonds is connected to a hydrogen – it is called an aldehyde –polar hydrophilic (vanilla bean, lemon grass)
![Page 11: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
b. If both bonds with carbon are other than hydrogen – it is called a ketone - polar hydrophilic (acetone, camphor-moth balls)
![Page 12: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
3. Carboxyl group- polar, hydrophilic weak acid, (fatty acid chains, vinegar, niacin)
![Page 13: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Carbon Skeletons and Functional Groups
4. Amino group- polar hydrophilic, weak base responsible for amino acid formation (proteins)
![Page 14: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Functional Groups
![Page 15: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
II. Monomers and Polymers
A. Monomers- small molecular units
B. Polymers- large chains of monomers in various shapes
C. Life’s major Polymers: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
![Page 16: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
III. Building and Breaking Polymers
A. Dehydration Synthesis- to lengthen a polymer chain
1. A hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group from two monomers react
2. A new bond is formed and water is released.
![Page 17: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dehydration Synthesis
![Page 18: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Building and Breaking Polymers
B. Hydrolysis- to shorten a polymer chain
1.A water molecule is added to a bond between two monomers
2. The bond is broken an a H is added to one monomer and a hydroxyl group to another monomer
![Page 19: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hydrolysis
![Page 20: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
5.2 Carbohydrates provide fuel and building material
![Page 21: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
I. Carbohydrates
I. Carbohydrates- organic compound made of a sugar molecule
A. Sugars contain C,H,O in a 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen ratio
1. Multiple of CH2O
2. Most are ring structures
![Page 22: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
II. Monosaccharides
II. Monosaccharides- one sugar unit molecule (end in –ose)
A.Glucose- both in straight chain and ring
1. Main fuel source for energy and to build other organic molecules
2. Molecules not used may be connected into larger molecules and stored for later use
![Page 23: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Glucose
![Page 24: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Glucose - monosaccharide
![Page 25: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Isomers
• Different compounds having the same molecular formula are called isomers
• C4H8 hydrocarbons
![Page 26: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Stereoisomers
• any of a group of isomers in which atoms are linked in the same order but differ in their spatial arrangement
• 1,2-dichlorocyclopentane
![Page 27: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Stereoisomers of Glucose
![Page 28: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Stereoisomers of Fructose
![Page 29: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Isomers of C2H4O
![Page 30: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
III. DisaccharideIII. Disaccharide- a double sugar formed
from a dehydration reaction
A. Formation of Sucrose
1. Found in plant sap and table sugar – can be broken down easily for energy use
Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + water
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
![Page 31: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dehydration synthesis of sucrose
![Page 32: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Disaccharide
![Page 33: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
![Page 34: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Maltose
![Page 35: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
IV. PolysaccharidesIV. Polysaccharides- long polymer
chains made up of simple sugars
A. Starch- polysaccharide found in plants made totally of glucose monomers
1. Found in potatoes, rice, and corn
![Page 36: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Polysaccharides
B. Glycogen- polysaccharide found in animals made totally of glucose monomers that are highly branched
1. Stored as granules in muscle and liver – broken down when body needs energy
![Page 37: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Polysaccharides
C. Cellulose- made up of glucose monomers that arrange in cable-like fibers in plants
1.Chains are linked by hydrogen bonds to form tough cell walls in plants like
broccoli stems
2. Human unable to digest – functions as fiber to help keep digestive system healthy
![Page 38: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Polysaccharides
3. Cow and termites can break down cellulose due to organism in side them to get energy from it.
![Page 39: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Polysaccharide- Cellulose
![Page 40: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Polysaccharides
![Page 41: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Properties of carbohydrates
IV. Properties of carbohydrates
• A. Hydrophilic – attract to water due to many hydroxyl groups
• B. Monosaccharides and Disaccharides dissolve readily in water
• C. Cellulose and some starches do not dissolve easily but are hydrophilic
![Page 42: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
5.3 Lipids include fats & steroids
![Page 43: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
I. Characteristics of Lipids
A. Hydrophobic- water avoiding or fearing molecules
B. Functions of lipids
1. Serves as a boundary that surrounds and contains aqueous contents of cells
2. Others serve as chemical signals or store energy as fats
![Page 44: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
II. Fats
II. Fats – consists of a 3 carbon backbone called glycerol (C3H8O3) attached to three fatty acids, that contain long hydrocarbon chains
A.Saturated fats- where all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
![Page 45: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Glycerol
• A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
• It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent
• Food, medicines, cosmetics,
![Page 46: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Glycerol
![Page 47: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Fats
1. All the carbon atoms form single bonds
a. Butyric acid- C4H8O2 (antihistamine properties)
2. Found in lard and butter – they are solid at room temperature
![Page 48: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Butyric acid - C4H8O2
![Page 49: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Fats
B. Unsaturated fats- contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more fatty acid chain
1. Some of the carbon atoms are double bonded
2. Fats in fruits and vegetables and fish usually, corn, olive, other vegetable oils
![Page 50: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Fats
3. Oleic acid- C18H34O2
a. Part of Lorenzo’s oil for clinical trial to treat childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a degenerative myelin disorder
b. Used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions,
![Page 51: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Oleic Acid – C18H34O2
![Page 52: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Fats
4. Linoleic Acid - C18H32O2
a. Essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition
b. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins (hormone) and cell membranes
![Page 53: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Linoleic Acid – C18H32O2
![Page 54: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Saturated fats
C. Saturated fats in high amounts may lead to plaque (lipid material) development in arteries
1. Can lead to decrease blood flow or complete blockage of blood to the heart or brain.
![Page 55: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Phospholipids
D. Phospholipids- looks just like a lipid but has one of the fatty acid chains replaced with a Phosphate group (PO4)-
3 and then a R-group following the phosphate
1. Phosphates are a polar, hydrophilic, & acidic molecule
![Page 56: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Phosphate
![Page 57: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Phospholipids
2. Phospholipids are the key component of cell membranes
3. Phospholipids have a polar,hydrophilic head (phosphate region) and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail (two fatty acid chains)
![Page 58: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Phospholipid
![Page 59: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Fats – simplified drawing
![Page 60: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Unsaturated fats
Decanoic
acids
C18H34O2
![Page 61: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Fat (unsaturated)• Palmitic acid - C16H32O2
• Stearic acid - C18H36O2
• Oleic acid - C18H34O2
![Page 62: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Steroids
III. Steroids- lipid molecule where the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings
A.Lipid molecule where the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings; differ in functional groups and locations of functional groups
![Page 63: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Steroids
• B. Steroids are lipids due to their hydrophobic nature; however are different from fats structurally & functionally
C. Sex hormones
1. Testosterone- male hormone C19H28O2
2. Estrogen- female hormone C18H24O2
![Page 64: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Steroids
![Page 65: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Cholesterol
D. Cholesterol – essential material found in cell membranes and starting point for other Steroids (C27H46O)
1. LDL – low density cholesterol builds up in arteries to cause cardiovascular disease
2. HDL – high density cholesterol helps remove LDL cholesterol that clogs arteries
![Page 66: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Cholesterol
![Page 67: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
5.4 Proteins perform most functions in cells
![Page 68: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
I. The Functions of Proteins
A. Protein- a polymer made from a set of 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids
B. Functions
1. Makes up structures hair, fur, muscle and long-term nutrient stores
2. Defend against foreign invader and serve as chemical signals
3. Controls chemical reactions
![Page 69: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
II. Amino Acids
A. Amino acid- monomer that consists of a carbon bonded to an amino group, carboxyl hydrogen and side chain (R)
1. Side group or R-group gives the amino acid its specific property and way interacts
2. Leucine is hydrophobic (CH3-CH3) 3. Serine is hydrophilic (OH)
![Page 70: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Amino Acid Structure
• 20 different types based on R group
![Page 71: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Properties of Amino Acids
• Properties of Amino Acids vary based on the R group– Non-polar, hydrophobic (8)– Polar,hydrophilic (7)– Acidic (Aspartic and glutamic acid)– Alkaline (Lysine, arginine, histidine)
![Page 72: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids
![Page 73: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Polar, hydrophilic amino acids
![Page 74: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Acidic Amino Acids
![Page 75: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Alkaline Amino Acids
![Page 76: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Zwitter ion
• The amino acid has performed an acid-base reaction on itself.
• pH affects charge of the amino acid
![Page 77: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
III. Building a Protein
A. Polypeptide- chain of amino acids created by dehydration reaction between each amnion and carboxyl group
B. Most polypeptide chains are at least 100 amino acids long
![Page 78: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Peptide bonds
![Page 79: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Polypeptide
• N-terminus and c-terminus
![Page 80: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
IV. Protein Shape
A. Influenced by the interaction between bonds between chains
B. The environment helps to determine shape like a aqueous (water) environment
1. Hydrophilic amino acids like water so will position on outside edge of protein
2. Hydrophobic amino acids repel water so they will cluster in center of protein
![Page 81: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Primary Structure
• The sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain.
![Page 82: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Secondary Structure
• Coiling or folding of its polypeptide chain
![Page 83: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Tertiary Structure
• Attraction between alpha and beta sheets
• Caused by interactions in R groups
![Page 84: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Quarternary Structure
• Three dimensional structure of all polypeptide chains
![Page 85: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
5.5 Enzymes are proteins that speed up specific reactions in
cells.
![Page 86: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
I. Enzymes (proteins) and Activation Energy
A. Activation Energy- “start-up” energy needed to start the chemical reaction for the reactants
B. Catalysts- chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions in the cell
C. Enzymes allow chemical reaction to occur without raising the cell’s temperature
D. Enzymes lower the activation energy in the body to allow certain products to be made
![Page 87: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Activation Energy
![Page 88: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Activation Energy
![Page 89: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
II. How Enzymes Work
A. Substrate- the substance or substances which the enzyme acts upon
B. Enzymes are substrate specific- fit like a lock and key
C. Induced fit model explains how enzymes work
1. Active site- location where substrate binds to an enzyme
D. Enzymes remained unchanged by the substrate in a chemical reaction
![Page 90: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Enzymatic Reaction
E + S --> ES --> E + P
• E is the enzyme
• S is the substrate (reactant)
• ES is the enzyme-substrate complex
• P is the product
![Page 91: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Induced-Fit Model
![Page 92: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
How Enzymes WorkE. Efficiency of enzyme is affected by
temperature and pH
1. Denature- enzymes lose their ability to catalyze when T> 104 F in humans
2. Excessive in pH can also cause denaturation
F. –ase is the standard suffix found on enzymes like
G. Enzymes can hold molecules in closer proximity – helps form larger molecules
![Page 93: Ch. 5 The Molecules of Life. 5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051613/5514efb0550346935c8b5cab/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Sucrase + Sucrose --> glucose and fructose