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Objective: 8.L.5.1 – Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms.

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Page 1: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms.

Page 2: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms
Page 3: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

All Living Things Share Four Characteristics of Life

• All living things have an ability to acquire materials and energy

• Living things are highly organized, from the smallest part to the largest

• All living things have an ability to respond to their environment

• All living things have an ability to reproduce

Page 4: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

The Ability to Acquire Energy

Page 5: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Law of Conservation of Energy• Energy can not be create or

destroyed but transferred from one object to the next.

Page 6: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

SIX ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS• Water – transports nutrients, eliminates waste,

serves as a catalyst for chemical reactions

• Vitamins – encourage chemical reactions in cells

• Minerals – help form our bodies structure and regulate processes

• Carbohydrates – provides energy for cells

• Proteins – helps build and repair muscle

• Fats – acts as he body's insulator protecting organs and absorbing shocks, helps process vitamins and minerals, and provides energy

Page 7: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

7

•It begins with It begins with radiation from the radiation from the SUN.SUN.

•Plants use Plants use Photosynthesis to Photosynthesis to capture sunlight.capture sunlight.

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

copyright cmassengale

Page 8: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

8

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis•Chemical reaction where green plants use Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucoseenergy in glucose•Chemical Energy Chemical Energy is stored in the chemical is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose which is a carbohydratebonds of glucose which is a carbohydrate

copyright cmassengale

Page 9: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

9

Producers use Producers use cellular cellular

respiration to respiration to supply the supply the

energy they energy they need to live.need to live.

copyright cmassengale

Producers Producers use most of use most of the energy the energy they make they make for for themselvesthemselves..

Page 10: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

10

CELLULAR RESPIRATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION is is the chemical reaction that the chemical reaction that releases the energy stored releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds of in the chemical bonds of glucose.glucose.

6O2 + C6H12O6 -->  6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

copyright cmassengale

Page 11: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

11

• The Chemical energy that is The Chemical energy that is not used by producers can be not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energycannot make their own energy..Heat or Heat or Thermal Energy Thermal Energy can can not be stored. It is transferred not be stored. It is transferred form one object to the next by form one object to the next by radiation, conduction, or radiation, conduction, or convection.convection.

Page 12: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

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Organisms that cannot Organisms that cannot make their own energy are make their own energy are called CONSUMERS.called CONSUMERS.

copyright cmassengale

Page 13: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

13

Consumers that eat Consumers that eat producers to get energy:producers to get energy:

•Are first order (1st) or primary consumers•Are herbivores (plant-eaters)

copyright cmassengale

Page 14: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

14

MostMost of the energy the of the energy the primary consumer gets primary consumer gets

from the producer is from the producer is used by the consumer.used by the consumer.

copyright cmassengale

Page 15: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

15

Thermal EnergyThermal EnergySomeSome of the energy of the energy

moves into the moves into the atmosphere as heatatmosphere as heat or or

Thermal Energy.Thermal Energy.

copyright cmassengale

Page 16: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

16

Some energy in the Some energy in the primary consumer is primary consumer is

stored as fat stored as fat && not lost to not lost to the atmosphere or used the atmosphere or used by the consumer itself.by the consumer itself.

This energy is This energy is called called Chemical Energy).Chemical Energy).

copyright cmassengale

Page 17: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Ability to Respond to its environment

Page 18: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Functions of Cellular Membranes

1. Protect cell

2. Control incoming and outgoing substances

3. Maintain ion concentrations of various substances

4. Selectively permeable - allows some molecules in, others are kept out

Page 19: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Cell Membranes are Semi-permeable (selectively)

• Allows some substances into the cell, but screens out toxins and bacteria

• Substances allowed to cross include: water, CO2, Glucose, O2, Amino Acids,

Alcohol, and antihistamines. HIV and bacterial meningitis can cross the barrier.

Page 20: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Methods of Transport Across Membranes

1. Diffusion – the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration.

Page 21: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Methods of Transport Across Membranes

Osmosis – the process by which water molecules spread across a membrane from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration

Page 22: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

• 1.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

• Water moves from high to low concentrations.

•Water moves freely through pores.

•Solute (green) too large to move across.

Passive Transport: 1. Osmosis

Page 23: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Study the diagram below.

Which arrow shows the direction the solute molecules would move to achieve homeostasis?

Page 24: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

If the membrane shown is permeable to molecules of X, but impermeable to molecules of Y, what will

be the result of diffusion over time?

A. Molecules of X on each side of the membrane will become equal in concentration.

B. Molecules of Y on each side of the membrane will become equal in concentration.

C. Molecules of X will increase in concentration on the right side.

D. Molecules of Y will increase in concentration on the right side.

Page 25: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

What determines the flow of materials in and out of the cell?

• Osmosis- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

• There are 3 types of solutions:– Isotonic– Hypertonic– Hypotonic

Page 26: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Isotonic Solution

Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the external solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)

• Osmosis Animations for

isotonic, hypertonic, and

hypotonic solutions

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm
Page 27: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Hypertonic Solution

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks -dehydration (Plasmolysis/crenation)!

• Osmosis Animations for

isotonic, hypertonic, and

hypotonic solutions

shrinks

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm
Page 28: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Hypotonic Solution

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!

• Osmosis Animations for

isotonic, hypertonic, and

hypotonic solutions

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm
Page 29: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells.

• Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.

• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Page 30: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life

functions.

Page 31: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Examples of Cells

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

Page 32: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Two Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic – Eubacteria, and Archaeabacteria

•Eukaryotic – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista

Page 33: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Prokaryotic

• Do not have structures surrounded by membranes

• Few internal structures

• One-celled organisms, Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Page 34: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Eukaryotic• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes• Most living organisms

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

Page 35: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

“Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

Page 36: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

“Typical” Plant Cell

Page 37: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Complex Organization

Page 38: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Cell Membrane• Outer membrane of cell that

controls movement in and out of the cell

• Double lipid layer • Selectively permeable -

allows some molecules in, others are kept out

. Protects cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 39: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Phospholipid Bilayer

Page 40: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Methods of Transport Across Membranes

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated Diffusion

4. Active Transport

Page 41: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Methods of Transport Across Membranes

1. Diffusion -passive transport of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration – no energy is used

2. Osmosis - Passive transport of water across membrane – no energy is used

3. Facilitated Diffusion - Use of proteins to carry polar molecules or ions across – energy used

4. Active Transport- requires energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient – energy is used in the form of ATP

Page 42: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Cell Wall

• Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria

• Supports & protects cells

• Selectively permeable

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 43: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Inside the Cell

Page 44: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Nucleus

• Directs cell activities

• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane

• Contains genetic material - DNA

Page 45: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Nuclear Membrane

• Surrounds nucleus• Made of two layers• Openings allow

material to enter and leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 46: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Chromosomes

• In nucleus• Made of DNA• Contain instructions

for traits & characteristics

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 47: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Nucleolus

• Inside nucleus• Contains RNA to build

proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 48: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Cytoplasm

• Gel-like mixture

• Surrounded by cell membrane

• Contains hereditary material

Page 49: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Endoplasmic Reticulum• Moves materials around

in cell• Smooth type: lacks

ribosomes• Rough type (pictured):

ribosomes embedded in surface

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 50: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Ribosomes

• Each cell contains thousands

• Make proteins• Found on ribosomes

& floating throughout the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 51: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Mitochondria

• Produces thermal energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates

• Controls level of water and other materials in cell

• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 52: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Golgi Bodies

• Protein 'packaging plant'

• Move materials within the cell

• Move materials out of the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 53: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Lysosome• Digestive 'plant' for

proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

• Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal

• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 54: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Vacuoles

• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal

• Contains water solution

• Help plants maintain shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 55: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Chloroplast

• Usually found in plant cells

• Contains green chlorophyll

• Where photosynthesis takes place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Page 56: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

Ability to Reproduce

Page 57: Objective: 8.L.5.1 –Summarize how food provides the energy and molecules required for building materials, growth, and survival of all organisms

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