ch. 41. need to feed animal nutrition food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up herbivores dine...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch. 41
![Page 2: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Need to FeedAnimal nutrition• Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken upHerbivores• Dine mainly on plantsCarnivores• Dine mainly on other animals Omnivores• Regularly dine on animals, plants, and algaeOpportunistic Feeders• Eat outside normal diet when usual foods are
unavailable
![Page 3: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Essential NutrientsMaterials that an animal’s cells require but
cannot synthesizeEssential Amino Acids• Must be obtained from food (8)Essential Fatty Acids• Most are synthesizedVitamins• Organic molecules that have diverse functions
and are required in the diet in very small amounts
• Water soluble vs. fat solubleMinerals• Inorganic nutrients required in small amounts• cofactors
![Page 4: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Essential Nutrients
![Page 5: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Essential Nutrients
![Page 6: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dietary DeficienciesDiet that lacks one or more essential
nutrients or consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body requires
Malnourished• Failure to obtain adequate nutritionUndernutrition• A diet that fails to provide adequate
sources of chemical energyOvernourished• obesityAssessing Nutritional Needs
![Page 7: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination
1. Ingestion– act of eating/feeding
2. Digestion– Food is broken down
into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
– Mechanical and chemical
3. Absorption– uptake of small
molecules from digestion
4. Elimination– undigested material
passes out of the digestive compartment
![Page 8: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Four Main Feeding Mechanisms of Animals
Suspension feeders and filter feeders
• Eat small organisms or food particles suspended in the water– clams, oysters
• Use a filtering structure to strain food from water– Baleen whale
Substrate feeders• live on or in their food
source• leaf miners
![Page 9: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Feeding AdaptationsDeposit feeders
• substrate feeder that ingests partially decayed organic matter
• EarthwormsFluid feeders• suck nutrient rich fluids from a
living host• aphids, hummingbirds, bees,
leeches, mosquitoes
Bulk feeders• eat relatively large pieces of food• adaptations to kill prey or tear
off vegetation
![Page 10: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Digestive Compartments
Intracellular Digestion• Hydrolysis of food inside
vacuoles• Begins with phagocytosis
or pinocytosisFood vacuoles• organelle that digests its
food without hydrolytic enzymes mixing with the cell’s cytoplasm
• Fuse with lysosomes• Sponges
![Page 11: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Digestive CompartmentsExtracellular digestion• Digestion occurs within
compartments that are continuous, with the outside of the body
Gastrovascular cavity• digestive sac with a single
opening; functions in both digestion and nutrient absorption
• More complex animals have alimentary canals
![Page 12: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Digestive CompartmentsAlimentary canal
(complete digestive tract)
• digestive tube running between two openings: mouth and anus
• organized into compartments for digestion and absorption (increases efficiency)
• unidirectional passage of food
![Page 13: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mammalian Digestion
![Page 14: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Organs Specialized for Sequential Food Processing
Alimentary Canal and Accessory Organs
Peristalsis• Alternating waves of
contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the canal
Sphincters• junctions b/w
specialized compartments that act like ringlike valves
![Page 15: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus
Oral Cavity• Beginning of physical and
chemical digestion– chewing– secretions from salivary
glands
Saliva contains…– mucin, buffers, antibacterial
agents, amylase
Bolus– chewed food that enters the
pharynx
![Page 16: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pharynx• intersection for
both digestive and respiratory systems
• epiglottis blocks trachea during swallowing
Esophagus• conducts bolus
from pharynx to stomach via peristalsis
Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus
![Page 17: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Digestion in the StomachFood storage• elastic wall with rugae to hold
up to 2L of foodChurning• contraction of stomach muscles• mixed about every 20 minutes;
takes 2-6 hours to pass to the small intestine
• Begins digestion of protein• bolus chyme• passes to small intestine
through pyloric sphincter
![Page 18: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Digestion in the StomachSecretion• controlled by the
hormone, gastrin• mucous cells (secrete
mucin & gastrin)• chief cells (release
pepsinogen or zymogen)
• parietal cells (secrete HCl & intrinsic factor)
• HCl + pepsinogen pepsin (a protease – a protein digesting enzyme)
![Page 19: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Digestion in the Small Intestine• Cholecystokinin• Major organ of digestion
and absorption• Pancreas, liver, gall
bladder, and small intestine all contribute to what occurs here
• Products released into duodenum– 1st part of the small
intestine• Jejunum and ileum
– Villi and microvilli
![Page 20: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pancreatic Secretions
Exocrine glandSecretes hydrolytic enzymesProduces bicarbonate solution to
neutralize stomach acid
![Page 21: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bile Production and Secretions by LiverBile
• Mixture of substances made in the liver that act as emulsifiers of fat
• Stored and concentrated in the gall bladder
Epithelial lining• Source of many digestive enzymes
![Page 22: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Absorption in the Small IntestineVilli
• Fingerlike, epithelial projections• Microvilli – epithelial projections
on each villus cellHepatic portal vein• Blood vessel that leads to
directly to the liver• Liver regulates distribution of
nutrients and allows toxins to be removed
![Page 23: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Absorption in the Small IntestineChylomicrons
• Water soluble fat globules made of triglycerides coated in phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins
Lacteal• Vessel at the end of each
villus• Part of lymphatic system
![Page 24: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Absorption in the Large Intestine
Cecum, colon, rectumAppendix is an extension of the cecum• lymphoid tissueWater reabsorptionFeces moved along by peristalsis• Becomes increasingly solidIntestinal bacteria• Methane, hydrogen sulfide, vitamin K,
biotin, folic acidTwo sphincters (one voluntary and one
involuntary) control the exiting of the feces
![Page 25: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Digestive System
![Page 26: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Digestive System
![Page 27: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dental Adaptations•carnivores: pointed canines & incisors
•herbivores: broad, ridged surfaces
•omnivores: unspecialized
•snakes: fangs
![Page 28: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Length of tract and diet
–herbivores and omnivores have a longer tract b/c cell walls are more difficult to digest
Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations
![Page 29: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mutualistic AdaptationsSymbiotic bacteria
and protozoa
• Produce cellulase• Horses: in large
cecum• Rabbits and
some rodents: in cecum and colon– Corophagy
(”dung eating”)
• Ruminants– Deer sheep cattle
![Page 30: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Regulation of Digestion1. Gastrin2. Cholecystokinin and secretin
![Page 31: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Glucose Homeostasis1. High blood
glucose– insulin
2. Low blood glucose– glucagon
![Page 32: Ch. 41. Need to Feed Animal nutrition Food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up Herbivores Dine mainly on plants Carnivores Dine mainly on other](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110321/56649cfa5503460f949cc4c9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Regulation of Appetite and Consumption
Ghrelin• Triggers
feelings of hunger
Insulin• Suppresses
appetiteLeptin• Suppresses
appetitePYY• Appetite
suppressant; counters ghrelin