ch. 23 warm-updrgillies.weebly.com/.../ch._24_origin_of_species_9e.pdfch. 23 warm-up use the...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ch. 23 Warm-Up
Use the following information to help you answer the question below:
Population = 1000 people AA = 160 Aa = 480 aa = 360 1. What are the genotypic frequencies? Allele frequencies? 2. Use directional, stabilizing or disruptive selection to
answer the following: a) The mice in the Arizona desert have either dark or
light fur. b) Birds produce 4-5 eggs per clutch c) Average human baby weighs 7 lbs. d) Darwin's finches and beak size during drought
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Chapter 24 The Origin of Species
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What You Need to Know: • The difference between microevolution and
macroevolution.
• The biological concept of a species.
• Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers that maintain reproductive isolation in natural populaitons.
• How allopatric and sympatric speciation are similar and different.
• How autopolyploid or an allopolyploid chromosomal change can lead to sympatric speciation.
• How punctuated equilibrium and gradualism describe two different tempos of speciation.
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Speciation = origin of species
• Microevolution: changes within a single gene pool
• Macroevolution: evolutionary change above the species level
▫ cumulative effects of speciation over long periods of time
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HHMI Video Clip: Reproductive Isolation
and Speciation
Running Time: 2:38 min
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Biological Species Concept
• Species = population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
▫ Reproductively compatible
• Reproductive isolation = barriers that prevent members of 2 species from producing viable, fertile hybrids
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Types of Reproductive Barriers
Prezygotic Barriers:
▫ Impede mating/fertilization
Types:
▫ Habitat isolation
▫ Temporal isolation
▫ Behavioral isolation
▫ Mechanical isolation
▫ Gametic isolation
Postzygotic Barriers:
▫ Prevent hybrid zygote from developing into viable adult
Types:
▫ Reduced hybrid viability
▫ Reduced hybrid fertility
▫ Hybrid breakdown
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REDUCED HYBRID
VIABILITY
REDUCED HYBRID
FERTILITY HYBRID BREAKDOWN
Types of Reproductive Barriers
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REDUCED HYBRID
VIABILITY
REDUCED HYBRID
FERTILITY HYBRID BREAKDOWN
Types of Reproductive Barriers
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Other definitions of species:
• Morphological – by body shape, size, and other structural features
• Ecological – niche/role in community
• Phylogenetic – share common ancestry, branch on tree of life
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Two main modes of speciation
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Two main modes of speciation:
Allopatric Speciation “other” “homeland”
Geographically isolated populations
• Caused by geologic events or processes
• Evolves by natural selection & genetic drift
Eg. Squirrels on N/S rims of Grand Canyon
Sympatric Speciation “together” “homeland”
Overlapping populations within home range
Gene flow between subpopulations blocked by:
• polyploidy • sexual selection • habitat differentiation
Eg. polyploidy in crops (oats, cotton, potatoes, wheat)
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Allopatric speciation of antelope squirrels
on opposite rims of the Grand Canyon
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2n = 6 4n = 12 4n
2n
Autopolyploid Speciation
Sympatric Speciation by Polyploidy • Autopolyploid: extra sets of chromosomes
▫ Failure of cell division (2n 4n)
▫ Eg. Strawberries are 4n, 6n, 8n, 10n (decaploid)!
• Allopolyploid: 2 species produce a hybrid
▫ Species A (2n=6) + Species B (2n=4) Hybrid (2n=10)
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Allopolyploidy
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Adaptive Radiation
• Many new species arise from a single common ancestor
• Occurs when:
A few organisms make way to new, distant areas (allopatric speciation)
Environmental change extinctions new niches for survivors
• Eg. Hawaiian archepelago
Founding Parents
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KAUAI 5.1
million years
OAHU 3.7
million years
HAWAII 0.4
million years
1.3 million years
MAUI MOLOKAI
LANAI Argyroxiphium sandwicense
Dubautia linearis Dubautia scabra
Dubautia waialealae
Dubautia laxa
Adaptive Radiation: Hawaiian plants descended from
ancestral tarweed from North America 5 million years ago
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Hybrid Zones
• Incomplete reproductive barriers
• Possible outcomes: reinforcement, fusion, stability
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“Grolar” or
“Pizzly”
Grizzly Polar
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Gradualism
• Common ancestor
• Slow, constant change
Punctuated Equilibium
• Eldridge & Gould
• Long period of stasis punctuated by short bursts of significant change
Tempo of Evolution
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HHMI Short Film:
Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree
Topic: Adaptive Radiation
Running Time: 17:50 min