ch. 17: classification classification notes.pdf · the linnaean classification system has...
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Ch. 17:
Classification
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
• Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system
still used today.
What is…? • Taxonomy… –the science of naming and
classifying organisms.
• A taxon… –group of organisms in a
classification system.
Linnaean Taxonomy • Organisms are grouped based on physical
and structural similarities.
• Basic taxon is the species
–Defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring that can reproduce
• Each species is given a scientific name
Binomial Nomenclature • Two-part scientific naming system
–uses Latin words
–scientific names always written in italics
–two parts are the genus name and species descriptor
Binomial Nomenclature • A genus includes one or more physically similar species.
– Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related.
– Genus name is always capitalized.
• A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name.
– always lowercase
– always follows genus name; never written alone
– (1) Genus (2) species
Seven Levels • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
• Each level is included in the level above it.
• Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.
Taxonomy of Lions
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Mammalia
• Order: Carnivora
• Family: Felidae
• Genus: Panthera
• Species: leo
Taxonomy of Leatherback Sea Turtles
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Reptilia
• Order: Testudines
• Family: Cheloniidae
• Genus: Dermochelys
• Species: coriacea
Taxonomy of Humans
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
• Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence, only on physical similarities… – The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’
time.
–Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships.
–Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.
Dichotomous Keys • Used to identify objects or organisms that
have already been described by another scientist.
• Made up of paired statements.
– Pair of statements divides the objects to be classified into one category or the other, but not both.
• As you proceed from step to step, the classification is narrowed down.
http://cbe.wisc.edu/assets/docs/pdf/biolearn/Classification/WhatIsLife/dichotomous_key.pdf
Cladistics • is a common method to make
evolutionary trees. • classification based on
common ancestry
• species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor
Cladogram
• an evolutionary tree made using
cladistics.
• A clade is a group of species that
shares a common ancestor.
–Each species in a clade shares
some traits with the ancestor.
–Each species in a clade has traits
that have changed.
Derived Characters
• are traits shared in different degrees by clade members.
–basis of arranging species in cladogram
–more closely related species share more derived characters
–represented on cladogram as hash marks
Cladogram
• Nodes represent
the most recent
common
ancestor of a
clade.
• Clades can be
identified by
snipping a branch
under a node.
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
Archosauria clade 5 Diapsida clade 4 Reptilia clade 3
Amniota clade 2
Tetrapoda clade 1
NODE
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF
THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS IN
FRONT OF THE EYE AND
IN THE JAW
FEATHERS AND
TOOTHLESS
BEAKS.
CLADE
DERIVED CHARACTER
Domains and Kingdoms • The three domains in the tree of life are
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
• Domains are above the kingdom level.
–proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotes
–domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity
Domain Bacteria • Domain Bacteria
includes single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. – one of largest
groups on Earth
– classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused
Domain Archaea • Domain Archaea includes single-celled
prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea.
–cell walls chemically different from bacteria
–differences discovered by studying RNA
• known for living in extreme environments – Can live areas that lack oxygen, an area with
a high salt concentration, or extremely hot environments.
Domain Eukarya • Domain Eukarya includes
all eukaryotes (cells have a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
• Eukarya may be: – Single-celled: protists
– Colonial: some algae
– Multicellular: You!!
• Domain includes the following kingdoms: • kingdom Protista
• kingdom Plantae
• kingdom Fungi
• kingdom Animalia