ch. 13 tropical africa and asia
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CH. 13 TROPICAL AFRICA AND ASIA. Tropical Lands and Peoples. Afro-Asian tropics have cycle of rainy & dry seasons = caused by winds Africa: west coast rainfall, except in Dec/Jan Indian Ocean Monsoons: Dec-March is southern Asia’s dry season; April-Aug is wet season - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CH. 13 TROPICAL AFRICA AND ASIA
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Tropical Lands and Peoples
Afro-Asian tropics have cycle of rainy & dry seasons = caused by winds
Africa: west coast rainfall, except in Dec/JanIndian Ocean Monsoons: Dec-March is southern
Asia’s dry season; April-Aug is wet seasonEnvironmental variations from wind, rain,
altitudeRivers redistribute rainfall
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Human Ecosystems
• Adaptation essential• Hunting (C.
Africa/Himalyas), fishing (E. Africa/SE Asia), pastoralism (NE Africa/Arabia)
• Farming dominant way of life b/t 1200-1500
• Bananas, yams, coffee to the tropics
• Extensive vs. intensive agriculture: ext = soil exhaustion moved farmers; slash and burn
Water Systems & Irrigation• Uneven distribution of rainfall • Farmers moved water to crops
via conservation• Terraced hillsides; water
storage & irrigation• Largest irrigation systems
were gov’t public works• Crops grown throughout year• Delhi, Ceylon, Angkor • Disruption when gov’ts faltered• Village-based vs. gov’t systems• Iron most abundant; copper/gold in
Africa;
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Ibn Battuta• Moroccan Muslim scholar
(1304-1369)• Visited Islamic lands: Dar al
Islam from China to Spain and Western Sudan
• Traveled 73,000 miles; Islam provided safe passage
• Details of the cosmopolitan nature of 14th century Islam
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NEW ISLAMIC EMPIRES
Mali and the Delhi Sultanate
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Mali
• Islam not forced into western AfricaIslam in Sub-Saharan Africa thru gradual &
peaceful conversion; commercial contactsSundiata established Mali empire 1230sBased on agriculture and trans-Sahara trade,
fostered by IslamGold & Copper trade controlled; prosperity
and power for rulers
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Mansa Kankan Musa
• Ruled from 1312-1337• Pilgrimage to Mecca showed Mali’s wealth• Traveled with huge entourage:
Wife and “other ladies” and slaves 60,000 porters and tons of gold
So much gold to Cairo that it depressed its value there for years
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The Delhi Sultanate of IndiaCompare Islam in India vs. Islam in West Africa… Turkish dynasty from Central Asia captured Lahore
and Delhi Hindu gods/temples replaced w/ Muslim mosques1206-1236: northern India controlled by Muslim
invaders; looting, enslavement, destruction of Hindus
Brutal conquest turned into benign rulershipHindus protected if paid a tax
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The Sultans of Delhiڻ Iltutmish: 1211-1236; recognized by caliph of Baghdad;
consolidated northern Indiaڻ Raziya: Iltut’s daughter; 1236-1240; killed for being a woman,
though more able than anyone to ruleڻ Ala-ud-din Khalji: 1296-1316; frontier raids & high taxes;
seized Gujarat, extended to south Indiaڻ ibn Tughluq: 1325-1351 expansion; religious toleration to win
loyalty of Hindus; ڻ Firuz Shah: 1351-1388; taxed Brahmins and alienated HindusSultanate ruled thru terror & high taxes; conflicts b/t Muslims &
with Hindus led to its downfall
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INDIAN OCEAN TRADE
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AfricaThe Swahili Coast• Sawahil al-sudan; East
African portion of Indian Ocean trade network
• Mogadishu-Kilwa• Commercial expansion w/
arrival of Arab & Iranian merchants
• Gold in Kilwa passed thru Great Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe• 1250-1450 peak• Mixed farming & cattle
herding• Gold trade brought great
wealth = had to pass thru GZ to get to Swahili coast and beyond
• Depletion of nearby forests & overgrazing led to decline
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Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea• Location ideal for monsoons
and trade w/ India, Persian Gulf, East Africa, Egypt
• Merchants very wealthy• Generally good relations
among diff’t religions and cultures
• Commercial interests above all else
Goods from… India: cotton cloth, beadsSoutheast Asia: spicesArabia/Ethiopia: horses,
slaves, gold,ivoryRed Sea: pearlsCairo: luxury manufacturesHinterland: grain, opium,
dyes
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IndiaGujarat: Cambay• Increased trade after land
trade disrupted• Export of cotton
textiles/indigo; gold/silver in return
• Spread Islam to Malacca• Manufacturing: large
markets in Eur, Africa, MEMalabar Coast: Calicut• Rulers tolerant; location key
to trade prosperity• Clearing-houses in long
distance trade; locally grown grains and spices
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Southeast Asia: the Rise of Malacca
Geography: eastern end of Indian Ocean & main passage to South China Sea
• Commercial Choke Point!!! Meeting point for tradersPolitical: Malacca became important thru alliances• Subject to Siam (Thailand) and China• Conversion from H to I promoted trade w/ Muslim
merchants• Emporium for SE Asian trade• Cosmopolitan residents; 1500 peak
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SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE
TIMBUKTU
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Architecture, Learning, & Religion
• Islam the major force for change in tropics; most change noticed in urban areas
• Islam blended w/ local styles and resources for mosques• Mosques, churches, temples centers of education; Sub-
Saharan Africa: Islam & literacy together• Timbuktu and Malacca: 1500s major centers of Islamic
learning• Spread of Islam thru example & persuasion; Long-distance
trade/markets• Marriage: merchants were single men who married local
women, thus conversions increased• Rural conversions: some saw forced inequalities of Hinduism
as hopeless; variations in diff’t areas
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Social and Gender DistinctionsSlaverySlaveryIndia: product of wars of
expansion (Hindus)Africa: wars of expansion &
export of slavesMost slaves trained in skilled
trades & militarySlaves as servants for wealthy
WomenWomenHindu Sati optional• Status based on male
master- dad, husband, owner
• Not active in commerce, admin, religion
• Food preparation key; brewing for rituals
• Much of farm work; pottery; spinning; selling work in local markets