ch. 13 psychological disorders. 1. perspectives on psychological disorders societal does the...
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Ch. 13 Psychological Disorders
1. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
Societal Does the behavior conform to existing social norms?
Individual Personal sense of well-being Happy, satisfied, peaceful
Mental-health professional Personality Personal discomfort Life functioning
Click here to view the Perspectives on Psychological Disorders table
A. Historical Views of Psychological Disorders Supernatural view dominated early societies Mental hospitals used to be like prisons
B. Theories of the Nature, Causes, and Treatment of Psychological Disorders The Biological Model
Physiological or biochemical basis
The Psychoanalytic Model Result of unconscious conflicts
The Cognitive-Behavioral Model Result of learning maladaptive behaviors and belief
The Diathesis-Stress Model & Systems Theory Diathesis-Stress - predisposition to disorder which is
triggered by stress Systems Theory - Biopsychosocial Model
risk factors combine to produce disorder
C. Classifying Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-
IV) Used for insurance purposes Focuses on significant behavioral patterns Lists symptoms Criticism
Disorders classified as diseases Many of the symptoms have nothing to do with
mental illness Click here to view the Diagnostic Categories of DSM-IV table
D. The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
2. Mood DisordersA. Depression - sadness, worthlessness
Biological factors Psychological factors
Arbitrary inferenceSelective abstractionOvergeneralizationMagnification and minimization
Major Depressive Disorder Video
Social factorsSocial factorsTroubled-close relationshipsDepressed people evoke anxiety and
hostility in othersVicious cycle
B. Mania Euphoria and extreme activity Bipolar disorder - alternating depression and
mania
C. Causes of Mood Disorders Biological factors
Twin studies Genetic and neurotransmitter problems
Psychological factors Cognitive distortions Negative self-image Feelings of unworthiness
3. Anxiety DisordersA. Specific phobias - intense fear of specific
situations or objects Social phobias - excessive fear of social situations Agoraphobic - intense fear of crowds and public
places
B. Panic disorder Intense terror without cause
C. Other Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder - unfocused fears Obsessive-compulsive disorder - disturbing thoughts-
rituals D. Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Conditioning (e.g. dog bite) Not in control (e.g. high crime areas) Autonomic response influenced by genetics Displacement (e.g. fear of spouse)
4. Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders
A. Psychosomatic Disorder Real illness with psychological causes such as stress
or anxiety B. Somatoform Disorders
Physical symptoms without physical cause C. Causes of Somatoform Disorders
Freud- Traumatic experience in past Cognitive behavioral - Examine ways the behavior is
being rewarded May be real physical illnesses that are misdiagnosed
5. Dissociative Disorders A. Dissociative Amnesia
Flight and assumption of new identity B. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Multiple Personality Disorder C. Depersonalization Disorder
Person suddenly feels strangely changed or different D. Causes of Dissociative Disorders
Unconscious processes May also include biological factors
6. Sexual DisordersA. Sexual Dysfunction
Erectile disorder - inability to achieve or maintain an erection
B. Paraphilias Fetishism Pedophilia
C. Gender-Identity Disorders Involve desire to become a member of the other
sex.
7. Personality DisordersA. Schizoid - inability to form social relationships
B. Paranoid - very suspicious of others
C. Dependent - inability to make decisions or act independently
D. Avoidant - social anxiety leading to isolation
E. Narcissistic - grandiose sense of self-importance
F. Borderline - instability in self-image, mood, relationships
G. Antisocial - showing no sense of remorse
H. Causes of Personality Disorders
8. Schizophrenic Disorders A. Hallucinations
Sensory experiences without stimulation B. Delusions
False beliefs
C. Types of Schizophrenic Disorders Disorganized schizophrenia
Bizarre behavior Incoherent
Catatonic schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Schizophrenia Video
D. Causes of Schizophrenia Biological predisposition may be inherited May be excessive dopamine May involve family relationships and social class
9. Childhood DisordersA. Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Psychostimulants Increases focus
B. Autistic Disorder Fail to form attachments Raymond in Rain Man
10. Gender and Cultural Differences in Psychological Disorders
A. Gender Differences More women are in treatment Men express more aggression Women more fearful, hopeless
This is probably both biological and sociological B. Cultural Differences
Many disorders occur only in particular cultural groups
Prevalence of some disorders among males/females/children differs markedly by culture
End of Chapter