ceramic ethnoarchaeology in the western balkans
TRANSCRIPT
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CERAMIC ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS
Ethnoarchaeology:
Use of living traditions to shed light on archaeological evidence.
Add a behavioural dimension to archaeological interpretation
How to use ethnoarchaeology:
Find patterns of behaviour which can be correlated with material remains
e.g. distinguish between potters/centres by fabric or forming techniques;
Identification of production locations
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POTTERY-MAKING IN THE WESTERN BALKANS
Three main traditions are usually defined according to the technology used to form vessels:
Non-wheel (with and without moulds)
Hand-wheel
Foot-wheel
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POTTERY-MAKING IN THE WESTERN BALKANS
This system provides a useful starting point for discussion, but is otherwise of dubious validity
e.g. Malesici (foot-wheel used to make coarse pottery)
& Visnjica (hand-wheel used to make fine pottery)
and tends to suggest a kind of evolutionary hierarchy.
Other divisions could be based on techniques of forming, types of inclusions, range of products, etc.
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POTTERY-MAKING IN THE WESTERN BALKANS
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POTTERY-MAKING IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Pattern -
Rural hand-wheel pottery predominant with mainly-urban foot-wheel potters in the north.
Questions:
Absence of potters from large areas?
All foot-wheel potters post-1878?
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‘HAND-WHEEL’ POTTERY-MAKINGIN THE WESTERN BALKANS
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‘HAND-WHEEL’ POTTERY-MAKING IN BiH
Most locations known from studies in the 1950s (Kalmeta & Popovic)
Little work since then (except TV reports on Malesici)
About 20 groups, widely distributed.
Others to be discovered (e.g. ‘Loncari’ place-names)
Further afield: found elsewhere in the Balkans and in Belorus, N Spain, Portugal, Cyprus, etc
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‘HAND-WHEEL’ POTTERY-MAKING IN BiHVrkasic, Kralji, Zegar (Bihac)
Brezova Kosa, Skokovi (Cazin)
Demisevci, D Kamengrad, Husimovci, Podbrezje, Trnovo, Tomina….(Sanski Most)
D & G Rujani (Livno)
Krasinac (Glamoc)
Mrkonjic Grad
Dvorani, Masenac, Milosevici, Misin Han, Tomisici, Zabari… (Ivanjska)
Glavica (Bugojno)
D Dobrkovici, D Gradac, Gostusa - Siroki Brijeg
Bistrica, Batusa, Vrse, Zdrimce (G Vakuf)
Pulac, Bijelobuce (Travnik)
Baljivac (Popovo Polje)
Ularice, Omanjska, Sivsa (Doboj)
Visnjica, Gromiljak (Kiseljak)
Lijeseva (Visoko)
Malesici, Stjepan Polje (Gracanica)
Dobrinja (Modrica)
Korenita (Drina valley)
Drinjsko (Visegrad, Drina valley)
Prebidoli, Mokronozi (Priboj)
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‘HAND-WHEEL’ POTTERY-MAKINGIN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
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HAND-WHEEL POTTERY
Defined by use of the hand-wheel
BUT great variety in the form of wheels and in the techniques used to prepare clay, form pots and fire them
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RAW MATERIALS PREPERATION
CLAY
Glina/zemlja/ilovaca
Choice depends on availability and products
Prepared by drying, crushing & soaking
Jure Knezevic, Potravlje
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RAW MATERIALS PREPERATION
ADDITIONS
Calcite (vrsta) and/or sand
Prepared by crushing, grinding and/or sieving
Choice depends on availability, vessel use, firing technology.
Implications for archaeology?
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VESSEL FORMING
WHEELS
Composite & non-composite
High momentum & Low momentum
Set in bases of stone, wooden boards, branches, etc
METHODS
Forming the base
Building the walls – coiling-scraping and/or lifting
Shaping – by hand & wooden tools
Removing by cutting around the base
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VESSEL FORMING
Demisevci Ivanjska
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VESSEL FORMING
Pulac Ivanjska
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VESSEL FORMING
Krasinac Ularica
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VESSEL FORMING
Meho Begovic, VisnjicaMaria Medic, Gric
Technique of forming not fully determined by size or type of wheel
Some potters use different techniques according to size/shape of pot
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SECONDARY FORMING AND DRYING
Ularica
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FIRING1. Open firing
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FIRING2. Enclosed open firing (e.g. Ularica)
3. Oven firing (e.g. Brezova Kosa, Krasinac)
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FIRING
4. Kiln Firing
Visnjica
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FIRING
Kiln Firing at Visnjica
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FIRING
Kiln Firing at Visnjica & Lijeseva
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THE PRODUCTS
Ularica
Pulac
Malesici
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THE PRODUCTS
Visnjica
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SALE
UlaricaMalesici
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VESSEL USE
Cooking & Baking
Food preparation
Storage
Pourers
Display…..etc
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FOOT-WHEEL POTTERS
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PERSPECTIVES
1. POTTERY-MAKING in BiH
Continuity at Malesici (& Gracanica), Ularica and Lijeseva
Revival - ?Visnjica, ?Brezova Kosa, ?Pulac
Problems – lack of ambition, Lijeseva/Ularica poor quality,
Malesici/Gracanica confusion
2. ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY
Chart locations/identities of foot-wheel potters
Interviews with consumers
Excavation/sampling
Experiment
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PERSPECTIVES
Example 1: Firing experiments
Question: Why add calcite;
what is the effect of particle size,
why quenching?
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PERSPECTIVES
Example 1: Archaeological and ethnographic study of pottery-making and trade in the Bihacka Krajina
Evidence – pottery-making locations and pottery from excavation
What we would like to know – where does the archaeological pottery come from
How to find out – Define differences in fabric at source; test against archaeological pottery