central asia reap water pollution

Regional Environmental Action Plan for Central Asia Water Pollution

WATER POLLUTION

PART I

CURRENT STATE OF PROBLEM

I. Introduction

Brief Description of Problem at the Regional and National Levels

II. Detailed Justification of Identified Problems

2.1 Current State

2.2 Analysis of Root Causes of Identified Problems

2.3 Analysis of Major Pollution Sources 2.3.1 Industrial Waste2.3.2 Municipal Waste2.3.3 Agricultural Runoff

2.4 Evaluation of Transboundary Aspects 2.4.1 Transboundary Water Objects

III. Risk Assessment

3.1 Health Risk

3.2 Irreversible Changes of the Environment 3.2.1 Loss of Habitats3.2.2 Loss of Biodiversity

3.3 Social and Economic Risks

IV. Existing Solutions to Resolve Problem

4.1 Legislation

4.2 Projects/programs/research

Attachments:MapsInformation Sources

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I. Introduction

Brief Description of Problem at the Regional and National levels

The major transboundary water objects in the countries of the Central Asian Region (CAR) are the Syr-Daria, Amu-Daria, Chu, Talas, Murgab, Tedzhen, Atrek, Zeravshan and other rivers.

The main problem of the Aral Sea environmental crisis is the shortage of water resources and the deteriorating quality of the water of transboundary rivers. This is due to irrigated agriculture and the run-off of sewage and agricultural drainage waters. One of the main causes of this situation is the fact that the river ecosystems of the Amu-Daria and Syr-Daria Rivers, and as a consequence, the Aral Sea ecosystem, lack the status of full participants of the water/economic balance in the Central Asian Region. Experience from the rehabilitation of ecosystems shows that the needs of natural objects, such as ecological runoff, should be seen as primary needs in the maintenance of the ecosystem. Currently in the CARs, minimally needed water consumption rates or sanitary draw-downs below large hydraulic structures and reservoirs are determined as priority needs. Making river ecosystems full participants of the water economy balance must be an integral part of both national and regional environmental action plans.

II. Detailed Justification of Identified Problems

2.1 Current State

This section on the current state and detailed justification of the identified problems contains characteristics of the Amu-Daria and Syr-Daria Rivers taking into account that these watercourses deal with the strategic interests of all CAR countries. Further analysis will be given of the transboundary rivers having transit runoffs between two or three CAR states.

The basic sources of surface runoff of the CARs are the Amu-Daria and Syr-Daria Rivers, whose total average runoff averaged over many years is 115,6 km3, with 78,46 km3in the Amu-Daria basin and 37,14 к km3 in the Syr-Daria basin.

Distribution of the average long-term runoff in the CAR republics is given below.

Country Amu-Daria basin Syr-Daria basin Aral Sea basin Totalkm3 %

Kazakhstan 4,5 4,5 3,9Kyrgyz Republic 1,9 27,4 29,3 25,3Tajikistan 62,9 1,1 64 55,4Turkmenistan (with Iran) 2,78 - 2,78 2,4Uzbekistan 4,7 4,14 8,84 7,6Afghanistan 6,18 - 6,18 5,4Total 78,46 37,14 115,6 100

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Central Asia possesses significant resources of underground waters used for water supply and irrigation.

Country Underground watersEstimation year Regional resources,

million m3Approved operational reserves, million m3

Kazakhstan 1990 1845,7 1224,2Kyrgyz Republic 1990 922,3 688,95Tajikistan 1994 6654 2196Turkmenistan 1994 3358 1222Uzbekistan 1990 19679 6781Total 32459 12112,15

Irrigated agriculture accounts for the bulk of water used in the CAR countries (91,6 % of total water consumption). It is followed by domestic, potable, and municipal water supply (3,6 %), agricultural water supply (1.56 %) and industrial water supply (1,92 %).

Below are the volumetric indicators of actual water use in the CAR countries.Million m3

Country Total amount used

includingthat used for irrigation of which CDW is

Kazakhstan 10918 9713 126Kyrgyz Republic 5105 4940 68Tajikistan 12031 10338 364Turkmenistan 23821 23291 48Uzbekistan 58581 53416 4500Total for CAR 110456 101698 5158 Due to natural conditions, there is poor natural drainage (outflow of sub-soil waters) on individual agricultural plots Therefore, a large network of drainage systems have been constructed for the export of waste waters from the irrigated territories and industrial, municipal, agricultural and other enterprises. The average long-term volume of drainage waters is in the range of 36-38 km3.

The qualitative composition of the region’s water resources is determined in the zone of runoff formation (Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic ) under the influence of natural factors, and in the runoff transit and dispersion zone (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) under the influence of anthropogenic factors. The water quality in the rivers in the outlet from the formation zone, on the whole, complies with the normative requirements for various kinds of water use. Further deterioration of the qualitative state of the water is connected with waste, sewage collector and drainage waters (CDWs) immediately discharged into rivers with practically no treatment.

Industrial, municipal and household sewage, as well as CDWs discharged into the transboundary rivers, contain, as a rule, between 8 and 15 pollutants whose concentration is on average 2-10 times greater than the maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) for household and fishing industry water use. The major polluting components of the transboundary rivers are general mineralization, sulfates, general hardness, phenols, pesticides, petroleum products (in particular cases), the nitric group, copper, and zinc. The quality of the region’s underground waters is characterized by mineralization in the range 1-3 gr./l. The entire region demonstrates the tendency toward deterioration of groundwater.

Drainage waters are the main source of pollution of the region’s water. Sulfates, chlorides, and sodium ions prevail in CDWs. They also contain pesticides, nitric compounds, and phosphate. It has been established that on average up to 25 % of nitrogen, 5 % of phosphate and up to 4 % of pesticides from the amount used end up in drainage collectors from irrigated fields. Their

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concentration in the drainage collector runoff exceeds the MPC 5-10 times and more. The content of mineralization and major ions increases from mountainous regions to the plains.

The water management system that has formed in Central Asia used to provide manageability of the region’s water resources. The currently existing agreements are framework documents – they establish the major directions of cooperation without forming the mechanism of their implementation, specific indicators, and water protection. In this connection, development of water relations between the CAR countries in the field of protection and rational use of water resources are characterized as insufficiently effective.

The contradictions of national interests among the CAR countries are a major factor complicating the creation of a regional legal foundation for water and environmental relations.

Because of the complexity of the situation, the major environmental problems of the region connected with the use of transboundary water objects are the following: general shortage of water resources; pollution of water resources; the problem of water resources management at the regional level.

The technical state of the hydrologic and hydrochemical observation network on the transboundary rivers has considerably deteriorated in recent years, and the progression of its degradation is beginning to acquire an irreversible character.

In connection with the existing situation, the problem of the rehabilitation of the number and technical capability of observation stations is becoming vitally important. Within the context of this problem, special attention should be given to building and equipping the stations with modern technology. Communications facilities of stationary monitoring posts in the border river stations of the transboundary rivers should be provided. Another problem that has not yet been solved is accounting for the drainage waters.

2.2 Analysis of Root Causes of Identified Problems

The main environmental problems are connected with: solving hydro-economic problems, combating qualitative “depletion” of water resources; and increasing the comprehensive character of the use of land and water resources.

a. The general shortage of water resources is caused by:1) irregularity of the formation, and uneven distribution of water resources;2) out-dated standards used in allocation of surface waters among the CAR countries;3) irrational use of water resources at the national level;4) formation of man-made reservoirs using collector and drainage waters;5) absence of water-saving techniques in various branches of national economies; and6) conflicting interests between irrigation needs and hydro-electrical engineering;

b. Deterioration of water quality is connected with:1) inefficient work of wastewater treatment plants;2) unsatisfactory state of tailing dumps and mining enterprises;3) unsatisfactory state of the sanitary protection zones of water-supply sources;4) absence of legislatively established water-protection zones and belts, which entails:

direct pollution of watercourses; use of water-protection zones for irrigation of crops; disorganization of fauna’s habitats; disorganization of the plant communities of floodplain meadows;

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5) insufficient application of modern methods of determination of the mode of crop irrigation, which, in turn, causes: unproductive losses and over-expenditure of water; raising of the level of subsoil (salt) water; waterlogging and salinization of lands; water erosion of soils; unreasonable water volumes for flushing the soil.

6) insufficiency and inefficiency of communal drainage systems, which entails: inefficient use of water; raising of the water table; groundwater pollution secondary pollution and salinization of water and soil; absence of the methods of return water treatment.

7) imperfect water conservation system: unproductive water losses from seepage and evaporation during transportation

through main, inter- and intra-enterprise canals; raising of the water table difficulty in accounting for water use

8) inefficient use of biological methods of plant protection and scientifically substantiated norms of the application of pesticides and mineral fertilizers: pollution of surface and sub-surface waters; pollution of groundwater; pollution of the atmosphere; pollution of soil; poisoning of the population; poisoning of soil and water biota.

c. The major causes that have exacerbated the problem of water resource management at the regional level are the following: 1) absence of a legislative framework uniform for the CAR countries;2) absence of mechanisms of practical implementation of the existing

inter-State agreements;3) insufficient planning and management of water resources;4) treating the environmental problems of watercourses and reservoirs as

a low-order priority; and 5) complexity of the application of the Convention on International Rivers

and Lakes (Helsinki-92, signed only by the Republic of Kazakhstan).

2.3 Analysis of Major Pollution Sources

2.3.1 Industrial Waste

In all CAR countries, the main industrial pollutants at the national level are the following: heavy metals in discharge from the mining, metal-working, etc. industries (toxins); other organic matter from specific industries (toxic and non-toxic), such as nitrogen, cyanides,

etc.; non-toxic organic substances (BOD, COD), for example discharge from the food industry and

other light industries; toxic organic components from the discharge from various types of industrial plants, including

the chemical industry, such as petroleum components, solvents, etc.

The information below dealing with the regional level does not contain an analysis of surface water pollution with respect to those industrial enterprises in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyz Republic that do not

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produce discharges into the transboundary watercourses. The analysis of industrial sources of pollution in Table 1 is based on the materials from Tajikistan. (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan will present their materials later.)

One large polluter of water resources with nitrogen-containing components in the Vakhsh River basin is the Vakhsh nitric fertilizers plant.

The inspection analyses of underground waters taken from some observation and pressure observation wells on the site of the production area of the Tajik aluminum plant have shown fluorine concentration of 1,5-2,5 mg/l (the MPC being 1,5 mg/l), which testifies to leakages from the storage and water-rotating units. Fluorine has not been found in the analyses of samples taken from other observation wells both on the territory of the plant and outside its limits.

The industry of the CAR countries is going through a heavy crisis accompanied by a sharp fall of production, radical structural transformations, privatization of capital assets, and degradation of the sources of raw materials, which results in a reduction of polluting discharges containing wastewaters.

2.3.2 Municipal Waste

Municipal and household sewage (as well as a portion of industrial waste-waters) of cities and urban-type settlements in the CAR is treated at municipal (urban and settlement) sewage treatment works (STW). The data on municipal sources of pollution of transboundary water objects are given in Table 2.

As shown in the analysis, the municipal sources of pollution produce a local impact on transboundary watercourses.

2.3.3 Agricultural Runoff

In recent years there has been a consistent growing trend of unproductive losses of water in the irrigation sector. This is caused by the unsatisfactory technical state of irrigation systems, wear of the equipment, and application of imperfect watering methods. The existing irrigation networks are at an extremely low operational level, and more than 70% of them require urgent reconstruction and equipment upgrades. A consequence of this situation is a significant loss of clean water being delivered to consumers (losses total more than 1800 million m3/year or 20-26 % of total water draw-off from natural sources annually). Discharges and losses in the agricultural sector fall under the category of “unorganized”, and their monitoring is not carried out.

Annual application of mineral fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, defoliants, and veterinary drugs has decreased by more than ten times since 1990.

Nevertheless, "unorganized" agricultural discharges and runoff from the fields are sources of pollution of water objects.

2.4 Evaluation of Transboundray Aspects

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent formation of five independent states in Central Asia has resulted in a change of the legal definition of the main watercourses in the region. The main rivers of the region (Syr-Daria, Amu-Daria, Zaravshan, Chu, Talas) turned from internal into international watercourses, which necessitated the creation of a new legal regime applied to watercourses of this sort. The data on the qualitative state of the transboundary rivers are given in Table 3. (Except for the Republic of Turkmenistan.)

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An analysis of Table 3 shows that, according to the data of national monitoring services, water quality in the transboundary watercourses (with respect to the analysed components) is within the MPC limits. The absence of a uniform system of water quality monitoring does not allow for a reliable estimation of the existing state of pollution of the transboundary watercourses.

For the CAR countries, the polluting components characteristic of the transboundary rivers are total mineralization, sulfates, total hardness, phenols, pesticides, and sometimes petroleum products, the nitric group, copper and zinc.

Drainage waters, which are the main source of the region’s water pollution, are not taken into account, neither in terms of volume nor quality. However, sulfates, chlorides, and sodium ions prevail in CDWs. They also contain pesticides, as well as nitrogen and phosphate compounds. It has been established that, on average, up to 25 % of nitrogen, 5 % of phosphate and up to 4 % of pesticides (from the amount applied) is drained into drainage collectors from irrigated fields. Their concentration in the collector run-off exceeds the MPC by 5-10 times and more. The concentration of minerals and main ions increases from mountainous regions to the plains. The aforementioned information is based on calculations rather than factual data.

As noted earlier, an objective evaluation of transboundary pollution needs:- reassessment of the existing sites of hydrological and hydrochemical control stations in order

to move them to the state borders of the CAR countries, and possible organization of a joint station for control of hydrological and hydrochemical parameters of transit runoffs;

- coordination of the methods of measurement and analysis of hydrological and hydrochemical parameters for achieving comparable results.

2.4.1 Transboundary Water Objects

Transboundary water objects on the territory of Tajikistan are the Syr-Daria, Isfara, Pyanzh and Zaravshan Rivers. In Uzbekistan, transboundary water objects are the main rivers – Surkhan-Daria, Zaravshan, Syr-Daria and Amu-Daria. In Kazakhstan, transboundary water objects are the Syr-Daria. Chu, Talas, Ili, Irtysh, Tobol, Ishym and Ural Rivers. In Kyrgyz Republic, transboundary watercourses are the Naryn, Chu, Kara-Daria and Talas Rivers. Apart from the listed main transboundary water objects there are plenty of small rivers, which are transboundary for the territories of two contiguous states.

III. Risk Assessment

3.1 Health Risk

It is not possible to carry out a complete assessment of health risks only on the basis of the materials presented by the national experts. According to the WHO data, the water factor is the cause of 80 % of diseases. As a matter of fact, such diseases as typhoid, acute intestinal infection (AII) (diarrhea), dysentery, diphtheria, and viral hepatitis are connected with the use of polluted water. In addition, waterlogged areas are habitats of malaria carriers. The table below contains data on infectious diseases in Tajikistan for the period of 1998- 2000.

Table: Infectious Diseases in the Republic of TajikistanPer 100,000 population

Years Typhoid AII Bacterial Malaria Diphtheria Viral

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(diarrhea)

dysentery hepatitis

1998 171,4 998,9 63,0 318,6 2,7 121,81999 119,7 1212,9 60,4 220,2 0,5 164,22000 71,3 1376,9 42,7 308,0 0,2 159,3

For the entire Central Asian Region, the problem of water and potable water supply has long been a key factor among other issues of environmental hygiene and sanitation, especially in the lower parts of the Amu-Daria and Syr-Daria rivers.

The issue of the provision of potable water for the population living in the basin of the Aral – Syr-Daria region is very critical, because the bulk of the potable water is groundwater replenished by the surface runoff from a natural hydraulic connection. Therefore, the diseases observed among the region’s population, such as typhoid, acute intestinal infections, dysentery, diphtheria, and viral hepatitis are, first of all, connected with the use of poor-quality potable water. For example, according to the data of the Public Health Centre of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 90% of breastfeeding mothers in the Aral region in have pesticides in their milk.

Assessments of health risks were carried out in Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz Republic within the framework of the preparation of the National Environmental Hygiene Action Plans. At present, Medecines sans Frontieres (MSF) is carrying out operational research in the Republic of Uzbekistan in the framework of their Aral Region Program. MSF has been carrying out research of the state of the environment and the health of the people living in the Aral region since 1998. The research under the project “Water Quality, Hypertension and Urolithiasis” has not been completed yet and the results have not been published

3.2 Irreversible Changes of the Environment

3.2.1 Loss of habitats

The consequences of anthropogenic environmental impact, in particular on water resources, are:- destruction of habitats of many wild animals, birds, fishes; - reduction of the natural habitat of a number of species; - gradual reduction and ousting of some species from their usual habitats;- wetlands in the Chu valley have practically disappeared. - degraded ecosystems of the lower parts of rivers;

3.2.2 Loss of Biodiversity

The CAR countries have developed national action plans and programs on their implementation for the preservation of biodiversity at the regional level, for example, a project of preservation of biodiversity of the Western Tien Shan.

3.2.3 Social and Economic Risks

The issue of social, environmental, and economic assessment of the damage from pollution and depletion of water resources is practically not covered in scientific and methodological literature. A comprehensive economic assessment of the consequences of irrational use and pollution of underground waters must be a subject of separate research to be carried out as soon as possible.

Since the materials on the issue presented by national experts are not sufficient and use different indicators, their objective generalization is not possible.

IV. Existing Solutions to Resolve Problem

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4.1 Legislation

Legislation dealing with the management and protection of water resources is laid down in major environmental acts:

- Law “On Protection of the Environment” (Kyrgyz Republic, 1999; Kazakhstan, 1997; Uzbekistan, 1992; Tajikistan, 1993).

- The law on water (Kyrgyz Republic, 1994; Kazakhstan, 1992; Uzbekistan, 1993; Tajikistan, 2000).

- The governmental decree on water-protection zones and belts of water objects (Kyrgyz Republic, 1995; Kazakhstan, 1992; Uzbekistan, 1992; Tajikistan, 1994).

- The governmental decree on the introduction of payment for discharges into the environment of pollutants exceeding the norms, and sites of waste disposal (Kyrgyz Republic, 1992; Kazakhstan, 1993; Uzbekistan, 1992; Tajikistan, 1993).

Despite the numerous statutory and normative acts in the post-Soviet CAR republics (by the way Turkmenistan has not presented data on this issue), the current situation in the ecosystems of the region clearly illustrates the insignificance of these documents for the protection and rational use of water resources of the transboundary rivers. Therefore, for the present it would be advisable:- to develop uniform norms and rules for the control of the volume and quality of the transit runoff

in the transboundary areas;- to equip the transboundary areas with hydrological and hydrochemical control stations for joint

usage (or if this is not possible, it is suggested to move national hydrological and hydrochemical control stations closer to the State borders);

- to jointly develop the scientific foundations of the environmental runoff of the transboundary rivers.

4.2 Projects/programs/research

Work is currently being carried out in the city of Dushanbe on the reconstruction of the water-supply system. The project is funded by a World Bank credit.

Since May 1999, the regional project “Management of Water Resources and the Environment in the Aral Sea Basin” under the GEF program has been operational in the CAR states.

The Aral Sea Basin Project is aimed at the efficient utilization of water resources. This includes the development and application of national and regional strategies of rational water resource use for sustainable development of the Central Asian countries; the solution of the Aral Sea crisis problem; and the monitoring of water resources of the Amu-Daria and Syr-Daria basins.

At present, the government of Uzbekistan is considering a project for the construction of a main sewage collector on the right bank of the Amu-Daria with the purpose of collecting all drainage waters and transporting them into the Aral Sea. Taking into account the potential negative consequences of this project for the environments of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and the Aral Sea, the Drainage Project has been delayed pending a more detailed evaluation of all possible alternatives to the “Main Sewer” project. Possible alternatives include solving the problems of improved water quality of the Amu-Daria River, in case of a delay of building or complete cancellation of the “Main Sewer” project.

All CAR countries are working under the GEF project “Management of Water Resources and the Environment”. The SPEKA project “Rational and Efficient Use of Water and Power Resources in the CARs” also involves all CAR countries except the Republic of Uzbekistan. All CAR states are involved in the work conducted by the ICWC and IFAS.

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Since 2001, Kazakhstan has been participating in the SYNAS Project “Regulating the Bed of the Syr-Daria River and the Northern Part of the Aral Sea”.

The participation of the Central Asian countries in these projects and in other planned projects should promote the improvement of the environmental situation of the transboundary rivers.

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TABLE 1. Industrial water pollution sources

Country Location Production type Discharge location

Major types of discharges

Availability / treatment type

Treatment efficiency

Pollutant Concentration mg/l

1999

1998 1999UZBEKISTAN Syr-Daria Obl., Syr-

Daria townSewage works, refrigerating shop

Shuruzyak sewer, Syr-Daria River

BOD5 7,4 9,9 biological 0

Suspended matter

60,3 45 11

Total nitrogen 2,9 2,5 0

Total phosphorus -- -- --

Petroleum products

-- -- --

Heavy metals -- -- --

Radioactive substances

-- -- --

UZBEKISTAN Surkhan-Daria Obl., Termez

Sewage works, meat-packing plant

Amy-Daria River BOD5 27 43 biological 30,6

Suspended matter

47 17 biological 40,6


Total phosphorus -- -- --

Petroleum products

-- -- --

Heavy metals -- -- --


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UZBEKISTAN Fergana Obl., Fergana town

“Azot” Production Association

ЮФК BOD5 1,4 2,8 biological 6,6

Suspended matter

50 25 3,8

Total nitrogen 5,6 6,6 0Total phosphorus 1,8 2,5 5

Petroleum products

0,9 0,15 25

Heavy metals (Fe)

0,11 0,2 66


UZBEKISTAN Karakalpakistan, Nukus town

Winery Old canal, Kegeili sewer

BOD5 7,8 7,1 biological 0

Suspended matter

73 83 0


Total phosphorus

Petroleum productsHeavy metals (Fe)


TAJIKISTAN Yavan town Yavan electro-chemical plant

Nainsu River, further Vakhsh River

BOD5 1,8 1,7 headers not in operation

Suspended matter

14,5 15,8

Total nitrogen 0,17 0,12Total phosphorus 0,06 0,05

Mineralization 1620 1242

Chlorides 492 494

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TAJIKISTAN Sarband town Vakhsh nitrogen fertilizers plant

Vakhsh River BOD5 2,5 2 Part of effluents into Kurgan-Tyube municipal sewage works, part into Vakhsh w/out treatment

insufficient

Suspended matter

30,6 32,6 0

Total nitrogen 35 37 0

Total phosphorus 0,38 0,05



KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

Kurpsai Hydro Naryn River BOD5 7,8 8

Suspended matter 73 0

Total nitrogen 8,9 0

Total phosphorus



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Table 3 Transboundary Water Objects

Object Countries Concentration of pollutantsBOD5 Suspended

matterTotal

nitrogenTotal

phosphorusPetroleum products

Heavy metals


1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999Syr-Daria Riv. Kyrgyz Republic ,

Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan

2.2 2 100 120 0.65 0.56 0.07 Fe total

0.08

Zeravshan Riv. Tajikistan, Uzbekistan,

1.6 1.8 362 408 0.22 0.26 0.05 0.05 0.3 0.38

Pyanzh Riv. Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan

2.4 2.8 286 324

Isfara Riv. Kyrgyz Republic , Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

2.3 2.5 135 165 1.8 2.3 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.08

Chu Riv., Vasilyevka village

Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan

1.43 1.48 50.26 196.8 2.5 2.79 0.26 0.32 0.04 0.02

Chu Riv., Blagove-shchenskoye vil.

Kyrgyz Republic , Kazakhstan

3.72 0.06 0.05

Naryn Riv. (Tash-Kumyr town)

Kyrgyz Republic , Uzbekistan

6.7 88

Kara-Daria Riv. Kyrgyz Republic , Uzbekistan

5.5 97

Ak-Buura Riv. Kyrgyz Republic , Uzbekistan

1.43 93 0.83

Amu-Daria Riv., Termez town

Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan

0,7 0,8 751 235 0,022 0,035 0,03 0,03 0,01 0,02 0,5 0,3 3,5 3,8

Amu-Daria Riv., Tyuyaumuyun gorge

Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan

0,8 0,8 18,1 9,7 0,038 0,025 0,06 0,03 0,01 0,01 0 1,0 3,0 4,4

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Zeravshan Riv., lower water of Pervomayskaya dam

Uzbekistan, Tajikistan

0,5 1,04 630 161 0,051 0,041 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,1 0,2 4,5 3,4

Naryn Riv., estuary Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz Republic

2,78 2,02 28,8 30,4 0,142 0,134 0,06 0,03 0,03 0,05 2,7 0,7 0,8 1,0

Syr-Daria Riv., 1 km. above discharge of sewage works

Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz Republic

0,73 0,72 119 238 0,202 0,16 0,02 0,01 0,09 0,08 1,0 0,8 1,0 1,4

Isfairamsai Riv., Kuvasai town

Uzbekistan., Kyrgyz Republic

2,2 0,88 40,2 53,7 0,115 0,186 0,02 0,01 0,04 0,05 0,7 0,4 0,7 1,0

Syr-Daria Riv., 0.25 km. above Bekebad town

Uzbekistan, Tajikistan

1,42 2,26 27,4 18,9 0,058 0,077 0,02 0,02 0 0,01 1,5 0,7 5,3 3,6

Syr-Daria Riv., Chinaz town

Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan

0,67 1,08 31,9 32,7 0,066 0,05 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,9 1,7 5,1 3,6

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Table 5. Main Sources of Water Pollution

Country Name Type Risk Evaluation Invest-ment type

Transboun-dary aspects

Capital invest-ments

Health Ecology Economy

Importance

Kyrgyz Republic

Chu Riv., Tokmok town Household runoff, agricultural irrigation runoff

3 3 3 3 Kazakhstan

Kyrgyz Republic

Naryn Riv., Tash-Kumyr town

Household runoff 4 3 3 3 Uzbekistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Kara-Daria Riv., Suzak vil. Household runoff, agricultural irrigation runoff

3 3 3 3 Uzbekistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Ak-Buura Riv., Osh town Household runoff, agricultural irrigation runoff

4 4 4 4 Uzbekistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Ak-Buura Riv.,lower parts Household runoff, agricultural irrigation runoff, mining sector

4 4 4 4 Uzbekistan

Kyrgyz Republic

Kugart Riv., Kok-Zhangak town

Household runoff, agricultural irrigation runoff

4 3 4 4 Uzbekistan

Kazakhstan Chu Riv., Blagoveshchenskoye-Furmanovka vil.

Agricultural irrigation runoff 4 4 4 4 Kyrgyz Republic

Kazakhstan Syr-Daria Riv., Kok-Bulak-Kaalinsk vil.

Agricultural irrigation runoff 5 4 4 4 Uzbekistan

Tajikistan Syr-Daria Riv., Khudzhand town

Agricultural irrigation runoff, household runoff

3 3 3 3 Kyrgyz Republic , Uzbekistan

Tajikistan Vakhsh Riv., further Amu-Daria Riv.

Agricultural irrigation runoff, household runoff, industrial runoff

4 4 4 4 Uzbekistan

Tajikistan Isfara Riv., Isfara town Agricultural irrigation runoff, household runoff

3 3 3 3 Kyrgyz Republic

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Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

Zarashan Riv., Samarkand town, Navoi town

Tajik mining sector, towns of Samarkand and Navoi, collector and drainage runoff

4 4 4 4 Pollution with nitric group, metals, salinization of waters

Uzbekistan Kashka-Daria Riv. Intake of river water and discharge of CDW

3 4 4 4 Необходимость переброски стока Amu-Daria and Zaravshan rivers

Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan

Lower parts of Amu-Daria Riv.

Drawoff of river water and discharge of CDW

5 5 5 5 Pollution with pesticides and salinization of waters


Syr-Daria Riv., above Bekabad town

Discharge of CDW and local pollution with industrial runoff

3 3 3 3 Pollution with nitric group, petroleum products, copper


Mailisuu Riv. Municipal runoff, wastes from Kyrgyz mines

4 3 3 3 Pollution with petroleum products, nitrites, copper, and possibly radioactive substances


Isfairamsai Riv. Spontaneous discharges of wastewaters and CDW

3 3 3 3 Оrganic pollution, copper, antimony, mercury


Pollution of underground potable water sources in the formation zone on the territory of Kyrgyz Republic

Land irrigation and use of chemical fertilizers, mining sector

4 3 3 3 Increase in mineralization, hardness, nitric group, pesticides, metals


Pollution of underground potable water sources in the formation zone on the territory of Tajikistan

Mining sector 5 4 4 4 Metals, specific ingredients

Uzbekistan Local pollution of underground waters in industrial and intensive irrigation areas

Taskent Obl., Fergana-Margelan industrial zone, Navoi Obl.

4 3 4 4 Wide range of quality indicators of groundwaters

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central asia reap water pollution

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