center for wood utilization research - oregon state university · 6 center for wood utilization...

C o r v a l l i s , O R 9 7 3 3 1 • ( 5 4 1 ) 7 3 7 - 4 2 5 7 • U S D A S p e c i a l G r a n t

Center for WoodUtilization Research

P r o g r e s s R e p o r t f o r F Y 2 0 0 3

at Oregon State University

Progress Report for Fiscal Year 2003

Center for WoodUtilization Researchat Oregon State University

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................. 5

PROGRESS REPORTS ................................................................................... 7Improving Products and Processes to Enhance the Global Competitiveness of

Oregon’s Wood Products Industry................................................................................... 7

Life Cycle and Costing Assessment to Determine Environmental and

Economic Impacts of Manufacturing Wood Building Materials ........................................ 7

Monitoring, Controlling, and Reducing the Airborne Emissions and

Energy Use During Wood Processing ............................................................................ 7

Smart Sensor System Technology for Improved Wood Utilization ......................................... 8

Unification of the CORY Program Modules ........................................................................... 9

Innovation and New Product Development in the Global Forest Sector ................................. 9

Discovering New Knowledge for Future Opportunities and Benefits........................... 9

Patterns and Mechanisms of Radial Water Movement in Live Sapwood ................................ 9

Physiology, Patterns, and Design Criteria for Heartwood Formation ................................... 10

Enhancing Engineering Applications for Wood and Wood-Based Materials .............. 11

Engineering Durability in Wood Structural Systems ........................................................... 11

Establishing Fundamental Structural Performance Characteristics

of Log Structures ........................................................................................................... 11

Assessing the Chemical-Mechanical Relations in Nailed Light-Frame

Connections Subjected to Fungal Biodeterioration ........................................................ 12

Evaluation of System Behavior of Three-Dimensional Wood Truss

Assemblies .................................................................................................................... 12

Extending the Timber Resource through Improved Harvesting, Transportation,

and Manufacturing ........................................................................................................ 14

Applying Precision Forestry Techniques for Adding Value Along

the Wood Supply Chain ................................................................................................ 14

Improved Utilization of Wood and Reduced Energy Use During Lumber

Processing Through Effective Drying ............................................................................ 15

Meeting Timber Supply Goals through Improved Transportation Networks

in Landslide-Prone Terrain ............................................................................................ 15

Improving the Planning, Scheduling and Tracking of the Primary

Forest Supply Chain ..................................................................................................... 14

Pushing the Limits: Production Economics and Impacts of Alternative

Silvicultural Systems in the 21st Century ....................................................................... 14

Science to Support Environmentally Responsible Wood Procurement ....................... 18

Designing Hydrologically ‘Transparent’ Forest Roads for Timber Access:

The Effect of Road Connectivity on Watershed Hydrology ............................................ 18

The Effect of Road Connectivity on Fine Sediments Delivery to Streams ............................ 19

Quantifying the Cumulative Effects of Timber Harvesting Adjacent to Perennial

Non-Fish-Bearing Streams on Water Quality ................................................................. 20

Planning for Fire-Killed Timber Salvage Considering Economic Values

and Environmental Risks ............................................................................................... 21

TERMINATION REPORTS FOR COMPLETED PROJECTS .......................................... 22“Extended-Color” Imaging System for Wood Surface Feature Identification ....................... 22

Improvement and Innovation in Forest Products Manufacturing .......................................... 22

Mechanistic Study of Fungal Degradation of Lignin ............................................................ 22

Performance of Wood Shearwalls Under Actual Dynamic Records .................................... 23

Spatial and Economic Analysis of Damage to Residual Stands During

Commercial Thinning .................................................................................................... 24

Structure-Bioactivity Relationships of Some Heartwood Terpenoids and

Chemical Transformations to Value Added Products ..................................................... 24

Publications, Theses, and Technology Transfer

Activities ......................................................................................................................... 25

Publications ........................................................................................................................ 25

Theses ................................................................................................................................ 28

Technology Transfer Activities: Presentations and Posters .................................................. 28

Oregon State University College of Forestry 5

Center For Wood Utilization ResearchOregon State University

Progress ReportFY 2003

USDA CSREES Special Grant

The USDA Special Grant for Wood Utilization Research (WUR) is focused on developing the science,technology, management approaches, and business practices that

• Will enhance the domestic and global competitiveness of the broad U.S. wood productsindustry

• Maintain or expand sustainable and environmental acceptable forest operations and productmanufacturing, and/or

• Lead to more efficient use of renewable wood-based materials for the benefit of Americans.

Executive Summary

Wood utilization research is critical to national needs because the U.S. is the world’s largest consumerof wood products and the largest importer. The global competitiveness of our domestic industry is ofstrategic importance to provide jobs, especially in rural areas, reduce dependence on non-renewablematerials, and sustain economic incentives for landowners to maintain private and public forests. The vastmajority of U.S. wood product manufacturers are small- to medium-sized businesses. Oregon State Univer-sity is part of a larger national program to address critical wood utilization research needs that vary acrossthe U.S. and by discipline, and has a principal focus on the utilization of western species. This reportsummarizes grant activities for FY2003.

There were 26 active projects supported by the USDA Special Grant to Oregon State University in 2003.Project research generated 74 separate publications, including 30 in peer-reviewed scientific journals and7 graduate student theses. Technology transfer continued at a high level of activity, with research resultsconveyed through 55 different activities to scientists and practitioners in industry, academe, and govern-ment agencies, as well as to policy and decision makers and the public.

Activities this year focused on important knowledge needs to extend the availability and utilization ofdomestic wood resources, and offer potential to enhance industry competitiveness. Several studies haveimproved the scientific basis for understanding and mitigating the impacts of timber harvesting activities onsoil and water resources, thereby improving the knowledge base for rational forest management regulationsthat influence timber supply.

Research and development activities in wood science and manufacturing seek to develop new under-standings of wood formation, reduce hazardous air emissions, and provide better product yields fromavailable wood supplies. Key research on the life cycle environmental costs of material selection will informconsumers and public policy makers. Pioneering work on sensor technology, on the performance of woodstructures in earthquakes and on enhancing the durability of wood homes, will offer new economic develop-ment opportunities and safeguard public confidence in existing product use. Research on innovation andnew product development helps the US forest products industry understand how to remain competitive inthe face of rising costs and increased foreign competition.

6 Center for Wood Utilization Research Progress Report for 2003

This Special Grant has enabled the University to leverage funding from the State of Oregon, industry,and other sources to develop intellectual capacity and provide operating funds for faculty and students.Support for graduate students is especially critical in the face of a looming shortage of well-trained scien-tists, engineers, managers, and teachers in the field. The Special Grant directly contributes to national andinternational research leadership in the cost effective and environmentally sustainable use of wood.

Highlights of projects completed this year include the following:

• Extended color machine vision systems were evaluated for use in classifying softwoodspecies in an industrial environment. Techniques for using such data to make cutting deci-sions were developed. Preliminary tests showed that detecting subtle species differences ispossible.

• A study of the effects of changing from a traditional manufacturing system to a cell-manufac-turing system in a value-added wood products company demonstrated how discrete eventsimulation can be used to test system changes without disrupting production or large capitalinvestments.

• A study on how decay fungi can selectively degrade wood lignin suggests a laccase/mediatorsystem is the operational process for selected white rot fungi. This may indicate a practicalway to improve paper making and reduce the environmental impact of traditional bleachingprocesses.

• Static and cyclic tests of wood shear walls subject to earthquake loading show that misplacedhold-down connections have unexpectedly severe negative effects on structural performance.Denser nail spacing may improve performance in some cases.

• Damage to trees during thinning was shown to have long-term negative effects on the futurevalue of those trees. Inventory growth models may overestimate future harvest potential as aresult.

• Major terpenoid compounds in the essential oil extracted from selected cedar species wasshown to have potential as a bioactive agent against insects and microbes. These compoundswere isolated and identified for further testing by the US Center for Disease Control.

One of the highlights of the OSU Special Grant Program has been the attention paid to the dissemination ofnew information using a variety of outlets. This high level of technology transfer is reflected in the over 55different activities that targeted a variety of audiences, ranging from scientific conferences to workshopsfor landowners and manufacturers.

This report covers activities conducted under the following UDSA/CSREES Special Grants:

99-34158-8978

00-34158-8978

01-34158-10625

02-34158-11903


Progress Reports

used for tracking carbon through the various pro-cesses into wood buildings, making the calculationswith a spreadsheet, based on SimaPro input/outputdata, was easier.

Using wood-based hogged fuel (biofuel) wouldprovide significantly less global warming potential andmore particulate emissions than would natural gas.The EPA considers the CO2 generated by the com-bustion of biofuel to be impact neutral because treesprocess CO2 into C for wood while releasing oxygento the atmosphere. The ability of trees and woodbuildings to store C significantly reduces its availabilityfor making CO2, thus reducing global warmingpotential. The amount of carbon stored in U.S.housing is on the order of a billion tons. The morewood grown and more houses built, the greater theincrease in amount of carbon stored and reducedglobal warming potential.

Planned research includes conducting sensitivityanalysis of LCI processing models for plywood, OSB,LVL, I-joist, and glulam to explore means for reducingenvironmental impact of manufacture; examiningsubstitution of materials in home construction; andrefining SimaPro models to include LCA. Work to datewill be included in CORRIM’s phase I report.

Monitoring, Controlling, and Reducing the AirborneEmissions and Energy Use During Wood ProcessingMichael R. MilotaInitiation Date: FY 01 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 04

Objectives: (1) to develop the relationship betweentemperature, humidity, and airflow and the levels ofvolatile organic compound emissions from woodduring drying; (2) to evaluate alternatives to RTOs(regenerative thermal oxidizers) for removing pollut-ants from dryer exhaust; and (3) to develop therelationships between dryer emissions and otherprocessing emissions, such as those from a press.

Improving Products and Processes to Enhance the GlobalCompetitiveness of Oregon’s Wood Products Industry

Life Cycle and Costing Assessment to DetermineEnvironmental and Economic Impacts of ManufacturingWood Building MaterialsJames B. WilsonInitiation Date: FY 01 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 04

Objectives: (1) to assess the capability of ATHENA™for modeling the life cycle performance of forestproducts manufactured in the U.S.; (2) to determinewhether or not the ATHENA™ model can be used tocharacterize the energy and environmental impactsassociated with various management decisions; and(3) to investigate the effectiveness of life cycleanalysis of assessing various processing alternativesfor the forest products industry.

This work was done in conjunction with theCORRIM effort to document the environmental perfor-mance of wood. Two software packages were ex-plored for assessing the environmental performanceof wood building materials and their substitutes forresidential construction. The objective was to deter-mine the most effective means of modeling the variousprocess stages of wood from the forest throughconstruction, use, and recycling or disposal.

The two packages studied, ATHENA™ andSimaPro™, are complementary in their weaknessesand strengths and are an excellent combination toconduct life cycle inventory and life cycle assess-ments.

SimaPro was used to model two case studies: (1)the environmental impact of emission control devicesin the manufacture of structural wood products and(2) the impact of switching energy sources. Use of aregenerative thermal oxidative (RTO) emission controldevice for a typical oriented stand board plant resultedin a 1,870% increase in the global warming potential,mainly from increased natural gas and electricityconsumption. On the positive side, the Air PollutionIndex decreased 98%. Although SimaPro could be



Analysis of alternatives to current methods forVOC control indicated that absorption into a liquidmight have potential for removing pollutants. Four ionicliquids were tested for liquid solubility of methanol and"-pinene. Methanol is highly soluble in all four, butpinene solubility is much less. Further research willtailor these ionic liquids to increase the solubility ofpinene, and gas solubilities, a much more importantparameter, will be determined.

Reducing moisture variability before dryingthrough effective sorting reduces energy consump-tion, which is key to reducing emissions. We believethat the extractive content of the wood, which can bedetermined by near-infrared spectroscopy, is relatedto drying rate and moisture content variability. Wecharacterized the near-infrared spectra to sort ofhemlock lumber before and after drying. The spectraldifferences were inconclusive. We then groundsamples for analysis by molecular beam mass spec-trophotometry (yet to be done). The goal of this is todetermine if there are differences in the specificcompounds in the samples that would allow us toconcentrate the analysis on the regions of the spec-trum most affected by those compounds.

The hazardous air pollutant emissions (methanoland formaldehyde) from white fir lumber were threetimes higher at a drying temperature of 240°F than at180°F. Lower temperatures may help facilities withother HAP sources on site comply with Title 3 of theClean Air Act. VOC emissions for ponderosa pine asa function of temperature and humidity in the kiln werealso determined.

Smart Sensor System Technology for Improved WoodUtilizationGlen E. MurphyInitiation Date: FY 02 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objectives: to evaluate and develop novel and superiorsensing technologies for imaginative applications inmanaging production and costs, extracting maximumvalue from the forest, and improving utilization of thewood resource by (1) reviewing current developmentsin sensor system technologies that mimic humansenses and identifying at least seven potential applica-tions in forest-to-mill activities that could improve woodutilization; (2) assessing the costs and effectivenessof at least three promising sensor technologies; (3)determining how at least two of these technologiescould best be linked with a memory function (smart

sensors) to either reduce wastage, meet market needsfor niche products, increase value recovery, or controlcosts; (4) developing methods and protocols for atleast one smart sensor technology and establishinglinkages with appropriate equipment manufacturersand suppliers.

Analyses were completed for three mechanizedharvesting systems operating in the southeastern U.S.In FY02, four procedures for scanning on a mecha-nized harvester head were evaluated in economicterms, and break-even investment costs for newsensing technology were determined for radiata pine.The approaches incorporate aspects of the “smart”component of smart sensor systems. In FY 03 theanalyses were expanded to include Douglas-fir andponderosa pine.

Field data were collected on the length and diam-eter measurement accuracy of two mechanizedharvesting systems using conventional measurementtechnology in ponderosa pine stands in EasternOregon. These measurements will serve as bench-marks for comparing new sensing technology. Discus-sions were undertaken late in FY 03 to collaboratewith scientists from the New Zealand Forest ResearchInstitute in gathering further benchmark data. Thiswork will be carried out in FY 04.

Over 400 Douglas-fir wood discs were collectedfrom 120 trees and 17 locations around Oregon. Thewood discs were subsampled to provide material forassessing basic density (completed in FY 03), spiralgrain (completed in FY 03), and extractives content (tobe completed in FY 04). Chainsaw wood chips werealso collected from all 400 discs. A preliminaryanalysis of 100 samples indicated that near-infrared(NIR) technology could be used to accurately predictbasic density, but not spiral grain. Further work withNIR and chainsaw chips will be undertaken in FY 04.

Five adaptive control approaches to optimalbucking were evaluated using a computer program(FASTBUCK) written in FY 02 for optimally bucking asingle stand of trees to meet order book constraints.This will allow more detailed testing of various smartsensor system approaches and adaptive control ofbucking.

In 2004, we will carry out field work on valuerecovery and measurement accuracy of a mecha-nized harvesting system in New Zealand in collabora-tion with New Zealand scientists. In collaboration withresearchers from the University of Idaho, we will finish



the assessment of extractives content on the 400Douglas-fir wood samples collected in FY 03. We alsowill develop NIR spectra for the 400 chainsaw chipsamples and use these spectra to predict woodproperties. We expect to determine what improvementin predictive ability can be made when location within-tree and other spatial information (e.g., elevation,aspect, land coordinates) are available.

Unification of the CORY Program ModulesCharles C. Brunner, James W. Funck, James E. ReebInitiation Date: FY 02 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 04

Objectives: (1) to unify CORY’s various modules into asingle computer program capable of modeling thesawing processes in the original versions, and (2) todevelop a user-friendly interface for the unifiedversion.

All previous two- and three-stage versions of theprogram have been converted into the object-orientedclass structure developed for the new version ofCORY. The new program has been verified by com-paring its results with those of the original programs.The remaining tasks are to convert the Gilmore andGomory algorithm for use with the fixed-width, fixed-length version of the program into the new structureand integrate it under the graphical-user interface.

Innovation and New Product Development in the GlobalForest SectorEric N. HansenInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objectives: (1) to develop a valid and reliable measureof innovation in the forest sector; (2) to assess currentpractices in innovation and new product developmentin the U.S. forest sector; (3) to determine the roles ofmarket orientation and innovation in U.S. forest sectorfirm performance. (4) to develop case examples ofsuccessful new product introductions in the U.S.forest sector; (5) to assess current practices ininnovation and new product development in Finland;and (6) to assess current practices in innovation andnew product development in the Chinese furnitureindustry.

A North American study quantifying currentinnovation and new product development practices inthe industry has been completed. An ongoing study isinvestigating the innovation and new product develop-ment practices in the Chinese furniture industry. Thiscomponent will be completed in fall 2004. An ongoingqualitative project is assessing industry manager viewsof the nature of innovation in the forest sector. Aproject addressing objective (1) will be undertaken insummer 2004.

sap-flow probes, each at a different radial position, forat least one week during the growing season. We thenfelled the trees and brought wood to the lab to enableus to do anatomical studies (just beginning) and tomeasure moisture content, wood density, and woodspecific conductivity (all completed). The conductivityand sap flow data allow us to estimate the waterpotentials in the different growth rings, from which wecan infer the radial resistance to water transport.

The results were more complicated than expected.In many cases the sap flow, conductivity, and mois-ture content trends were not monotonic, indicatingeither that there are problems with the data or thatwater transport in these hardwood species is muchpatchier than expected. This coming field season, we

Patterns and Mechanisms of Radial Water Movement inLive SapwoodBarbara L. GartnerInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objectives: (1) to categorize tree species on the basisof the extent to which their live wood permits radialwater movement; (2) to characterize which anatomicalfeatures are associated with radial water transport;and (3) to characterize the physiological and growthstrategies associated with the low vs. high resistanceto radial water transport, to enable predictions beyondthis dataset.

Four individuals each of madrone, cottonwood, redalder, and bigleaf maple were instrumented with five

Discovering New Knowledge for FutureOpportunities and Benefits


Discovering New Knowledge for FutureOpportunities and Benefits

are planning experiments to learn the extent of patchi-ness in moisture content, which should be a goodsurrogate for water transport (other factors beingequal), and we will repeat the sap flow and conductiv-ity measurements. Quite possibly this patchinessoccurs; no studies have documented the spatialdistribution of sap flow as thoroughly as we areplanning.

A project was also conducted with coniferousspecies to learn how deeply the foliage of differentages is attached into the sapwood. If old foliage isattached deeply, this would help explain the publishedobservation that flow is often higher about a centime-ter inward from the cambium than near the cambiumitself. We used 16 species, mostly from a nearbycommercial nursery, in a common-garden setting.Species fell into four categories in terms of whichgrowth rings needles of a given age were pulling waterthrough. The longevity of a needle connection ap-peared more related to the tree’s radial growth ratethan to needle age.

Over this winter, we reanalyzed our previouslycollected data on ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir tocharacterize how much of the flow is axial and howmuch must be radial. This spring and summer we willalso begin more work on water movement in stems,looking for where and when water is stored andreleased in radial positions.

Physiology, Patterns, and Design Criteria for HeartwoodFormationBarbara L. GartnerInitiation Date: FY 01 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 04

Objectives: to (1) elucidate the spatial and temporalpatterns of permeability, respiration, storage, andmechanical properties within sapwood of woodyplants; (2) infer the plant’s criteria for how muchsapwood it should maintain; and (3) infer the triggersfor heartwood formation.

Sapwood area does not appear to be determinedon a basis of the need for water transport, and the

volumetric respiration rate is lower in species withwider sapwood than in those with narrower sapwood,suggesting that the carbon budget for sapwoodactivities is more or less fixed.

A conceptual advance was proposed that thechanges in wood properties across the radius aredriven by hydraulic, rather than mechanical, needs.The four-fold increase in wood stiffness across theradius of a mature tree results from increased wooddensity and decreased microfibril angle. It has anextremely small effect on the overall increase in thestiffness of the stem as a structure, which is controlledmore by the stem’s geometry. In contrast, the four-foldincrease in the tracheid length and the doubledtracheid diameter have an enormous effect on watertransport, which in fact is necessary to meet thetranspirational demands of large trees. This concep-tual breakthrough (still a hypothesis) was madepossible by this center-grant funded research.

We are working on several aspects of heartwoodformation and expect to finish the analyses and writingwithin the year. We have manipulated stands of youngDouglas-fir trees (control, severe pruning, or severethinning) to learn whether environmental stressesaffect the amount of heartwood extractives that aremade. Similarly, we sampled western redcedar treesfrom an installation that had been manipulated adecade ago (thinned, fertilized, or both) to comparethe quantity of heartwood extractives in the differentmanipulations.

Using stable isotope analysis, we have been testingwhether the heartwood made in a given year is madewith carbon acquired during that year, is acquired inthe year the sapwood transitioning to heartwood wasmade, or is a mixture. This will help explain whetherstored carbon in the sapwood is mobile (which impliesthat the amount of sapwood may affect carbonstorage capacity) or not (which implies there’s awindow of time in which newly acquired carbon canbe used). Either outcome has implications for howplants deal with risk.


Enhancing Engineering Applications for Wood andWood-Based Materials

force transfer mechanisms of log structures, (2)assessing the monotonic and reversed-cyclic shearcapacity of log wall systems, (3) evaluating theinteraction of the end and side walls as a result oftheir interconnection, and (4) developing basic finite-element models that incorporate mechanical effects ofwall mass, connection hardware, friction, and bound-ary conditions.

The experiments to evaluate the lateral force-resisting pathways in log structure foundation detailsused test specimens that represented two commonconstruction details for sill log foundation anchorage:one with the sill log sitting on the floor diaphragm, andone with the sill log directly contacting the sill plate.Anchor bolts and thru-rods were included in bothdetails. The coefficient of friction between the sill logand floor diaphragm was about 0.4.

The force-displacement curves showed an initialstiffness, slip, and post-slip stiffness. The hysteresisdiagrams were open and boxy, demonstrating thatenergy was dissipated by friction between the sill logand the floor diaphragm or sill plate. Initial and ultimateyield modes differed depending on foundation details.Both connection details had capacities greater thanrequired for Uniform Building Code seismic zone 4.

The finite-element models developed with variousconstruction details were further improved by addingthe weight of the logs. This caused some additionalproblems with numerical conversion because of thelow stiffness of the force-displacement relationshipduring the slipping event and the many free edges inthe models, such as door and window openings andwall edges. Thru-rod tension and tributary roof loadare crucial to establishing normal forces that limitinter-log slip. Thru-rod hole size and foundation detailsalso affected wall performance. Increased wall aspectratio increased overall displacement more than any ofthe other variables. Window openings did not ad-versely affect wall performance because extra thru-rod hardware attendant to these features compen-sated for the lost log-log friction. Door openingsnegatively affected initial stiffness but not the otherperformance characteristics of the wall, also becauseof extra thru-rod hardware.

In the future, a three-dimensional model should bedeveloped with a testing program for verification. Thethree-dimensional model should incorporate the effectof the corners and the roof diaphragm.

Engineering Durability in Wood Structural SystemsRobert J. Leichti, David V. RosowskyInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objective: to quantify selected effects of in-servicedeterioration on the performance of conventionalwood frame and light commercial structures. Thestudies seek to develop relationships between thelevels of deterioration and the degradation in perfor-mance of wood materials, connections, and subas-semblies. Analytical models will be developed thatincorporate the degradation mechanism so that theeffects on structural systems can be predicted andused to make rational engineering design and assess-ment decisions.

The first part of this project is to investigate thevulnerability of the existing housing resource topotential hazard loadings. The basic premise thatconnection details in light-frame construction do notchange in capacity or energy dissipation characteris-tics is not necessarily true. The general condition ofconnections in existing structures is not known. Localbuilding departments are being contacted to solicitaccess to buildings scheduled for demolition with theexpectation that project personnel will remove selectedconnections and subassemblies from identifiedstructures so they can be returned to the laboratoryfor testing in lateral loading. The process of connec-tion and subassembly removal will become activeduring the summer 2004 construction season.

Corrosion in fasteners and connections, especiallythose in contact with preservative treated woodmaterials, is also an area of study. The new woodpreservative chemicals are more corrosive to metalfasteners. This issue will surface as a significantdurability issue in the future if preservative andfastener compatibilities are not addressed. Thedurability issue resulting from corrosion can beminimized with timely research.

Establishing Fundamental Structural PerformanceCharacteristics of Log StructuresRobert J. LeichtiInitiation Date: FY 02 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 04

Objective: to establish the basic performance data oflog structures as affected by common constructiondetails with emphasis on lateral force pathways.Specific objectives include (1) establishing lateral


Assessing the Chemical-Mechanical Relations in NailedLight-Frame Connections Subjected to FungalBiodeteriorationRobert J. Leichti, Scott M. KentInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objective: to determine changes in physical, mechani-cal, and chemical properties of aspen oriented-strandboard (OSB) sheathing after exposure to Postiaplacenta (brown rot) under ideal growth conditions attime intervals ranging from 0 to 30 weeks. The spe-cific objectives included (1) evaluating the feasibility ofnear infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for predicting decaydamage in terms of the dowel-bearing strength,changes in specific gravity, and solubility in anaqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH); and(2) evaluating the spatial density distribution of soundand decayed OSB with x-ray densitometry.

The variability of the test results in each incubationtime group was relatively high. This variability was acombination of the inherent variability of the materialand the variability associated with the rate of fungalgrowth. This finding implies that prediction of time-to-failure due to fungal deterioration involves consider-able uncertainty.

Two statistical models were developed to relate thedowel-bearing strength with specific gravity. The firstmodel used gross specific gravity of the OSB sample;the second model used a zone of averaged specificgravity under the nail during the dowel-bearing test. Inboth cases, a linear relationship was fitted to the data,giving coefficients of determination of 0.64 for thegross specific gravity and 0.81 for the averagedspecific gravity. The slopes of the two models were notstatistically distinguishable, but the unexplainedvariance was smaller for the second model. Thisfinding indicates that the dowel-bearing strength wasaffected by the density of the material directly underthe nail, but other significant factors not addressed inthis experiment also affected the outcome. Theseinfluences may have included flake orientation,internal voids, and localized quality of the adhesivebonds.

The NIR spectra between 1300 and 2400 nm wereused to create models for specific gravity, shearstrength, dowel-bearing strength, and NaOH solubility.The prediction for specific gravity had the highestcoefficient of determination, 0.90; the others ranged

between 0.84 and 0.85. The NIR system used in thisstudy can be used as a portable instrument with aself-contained light source that would enable in-situevaluation of the sheathing in buildings.

Evaluation of System Behavior of Three-DimensionalWood Truss AssembliesRakesh GuptaInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objective: to provide a practical approach to analyzingthree-dimensional light-frame wood truss assembliesby using commercially available structural analysiscomputer programs. The specific objectives are asfollows: (1) to investigate and determine a suitabledesign analog for a single truss; (2) to investigate anddetermine a practical way to model two-way action ofsheathing and composite action; (3) to investigate anddetermine a suitable and practical joint model forassembly modeling; and (4) to investigate boundarycondition (truss-to-wall connections) models to beemployed in the assembly model.

A suitable design analog for a single truss wasinvestigated. The proposed design analog providessimplicity and practicality for modeling 3-D light-frametruss assemblies and still can evaluate, with accept-able precision, the structural behavior of the roof trussassembly.

The study of joint modeling intends to offer asimple, practical way to model joint connectivity byconsidering all the joints in the truss either as pinnedor rigid. This is convenient and simpler than includingsemi-rigid connections.

The heel joints are assumed to be rigid connec-tions. The top and bottom chord members are continu-ous at the panel points. The webs are pin-connectedto the chords. The ridge joint is also assumed to havea pinned connection. The slope in the top chordsuddenly changes at the peak point. These assump-tions are used in the current design practice, hereaf-ter referred to as conventional design procedure(CDP). Although the connections actually behavenonlinearly, this study focuses on the service loadrange, so only linear behavior of the metal plateconnectors will be considered. This approach offerstremendous advantages by reducing the level ofcomplexity in modeling 3-D truss assemblies whileproviding acceptably accurate structural behavior.



Before the proposed design analog of a singletruss is used to model the structural system behaviorof a variety of light-frame wood truss assemblies, thestructural response of the proposed design analog willbe validated. Each two-dimensional truss model fromthe 3-D assembly is modeled and analyzed inSAP2000. The structural response of the individualtrusses is compared with those of single trussesanalyzed by VIEW, which represents the conventionaldesign method (including semi-rigid heel joint). Tomatch with the truss analyzed by the conventionaldesign method, the same Fink trusses with the sameloadings are used. The design analog will be adjustedas necessary until the main results (CSI values) matchwithin 5%.

This approach for the analog is based on simplicityand practicality. Most importantly, the proposedassembly model should predict the structural behaviorof three-dimensional light-frame roof truss assemblieswith reasonable accuracy. The proposed analog willbe used to model 3-D truss assemblies that will befurther investigated in this study.

Based on the proposed design analog, one truss(T-1 truss) from a T-shaped assembly was created.The CSI values for the T-1 truss, as analyzed byVIEW using the truss plate manufacturer’s model andfrom SAP2000 using the proposed design analog,were compared. The maximum CSI occurred in thesame truss top chord member 2, and the two valueswere very close. The maximum difference in CSI, a6% increase, was in truss web member 11. Neverthe-less, the CSI value was much less than 1.00 and is nota concern for truss designers. The minor differencesare because the VIEW design analog is not exactlythe same as our design analog and also has semi-rigid connections at heel joints, rather than rigid as inour proposed model.

Because of the symmetry of the T-1 truss, thedeflections of panel points on the left and right sideswere equal under VIEW (CDP) and SAP2000. Alldeflections were 5% higher with the SAP2000 model.The maximum deflection was still much lower than theserviceability requirement of the truss. Based on CSIvalues and deflections, our design analog thus isreasonably close to what is currently used by theindustry.

Assemblies other than Finck trusses (L-shapedand complex assembly models) also include corner

jack trusses and hip jack trusses. Almost all trussmembers had lower CSI values when analyzed withSAP2000 and the proposed model. The maximum CSIoccurs in the same truss member, truss member 4,decreasing by about 12%. For other truss members,the CSI values decreased by <20%. The differencemay be caused by the different design analog,especially at the heel joint. The change in CSI mayseem to be large (about 20%) in this verification.However, previous studies have shown that “systemeffects” in the actual truss assembly may play agreater role in 3-D analysis. Effects due to thedifference in truss design analog compared to these“system effects” may be reduced when the trussesare analyzed together in an assembly. Hence, thisproposed design analog is deemed acceptable for 3-Danalysis. Moreover, individual trusses in the L-shapedand complex assembly models provided close resultsin two-dimensional verification. The verification resultfor the L-shaped and complex assemblies shows thatour design analog analyzed by SAP2000 can be usedto represent actual trusses.

The following steps are planned for the next year:

Sheathing beams: The sheathing will be modeledas beams using frame elements. To simulate a rela-tively simple assembly model, the partial compositeaction will not be included in this study.

Truss-to-wall connection: The truss-to-wall connec-tion for an actual roof truss assembly model shouldsimulate the true connections between walls andtrusses. Although single trusses often are designed forpin support at one end and roller support at the other,in reality the same type of hardware is used toconnect trusses to the walls at both ends. Therefore,this study will assume pin support at both ends, alongwith horizontal and/or vertical springs to model out-of-plane movement of the wall. Various truss-to-wallconnections will be tested to determine the springproperties.

Truss assembly analysis: The ultimate goal of thisproject is to provide a practical approach to modelsystem behavior of 3-D light-frame wood truss assem-blies using a commercially available structural analysisprogram, like SAP2000. Once the individual (orcomponent) models, as described above, are devel-oped and verified, three actual 3-D truss assemblieswill be used to evaluate their system behavior.



Extending the Timber Resource through ImprovedHarvesting, Transportation, and Manufacturing

method (40 min). Average time for the total station was54 min per patch; the longer average times wereprimarily due to instrument set-up time. Hourly laborand initial equipment costs were most significant inoverall operating costs. The string box, manualcompass, and clinometer method was approximately6% less expensive than the laser method, but 48%more time was spent conducting the traverse of all thepatches. The total station technique was most expen-sive because of the larger crew and time required toclear sight lines. Using the digital instruments savedtime, but performances were not always as effectiveas those achieved by traditional methods.

A second study compared two techniques forcollecting terrain profile data and assessing theassociated costs and skyline design payloads for 20logging corridors on the Siuslaw National Forest inwestern Oregon. The first technique used measure-ments with a traditional string box, clinometer, andhand-held compass; the second used an EDM device,digital compass, and digital data recorder. Thesemethods were compared with the results from bench-mark data collected by a digital total station. A timestudy determined the overall efficiencies of eachtechnique. The corridor layout and profiling costswere lower for the string-box survey than the laser,likely because of different crew sizes. Small changesin the location/elevation of the critical terrain pointresulted in substantial variations in payload calcula-tions. The less labor-intensive and lower-cost string-box method provided data with accuracies similar tothose produced by a total-station or laser method.

In a third study, the accuracy and reliability of fivecommercially available digital range finders werecompared with respect to measuring a distancecourse, traverse boundaries, and tree heights. Ingeneral, the highest-priced range finder performedmost accurately and reliably. In several applications,however, some of the cheaper range finders outper-formed more expensive instruments. Large measure-ment errors in several of our field-testing applicationswere detected. Potential users should identify theirmeasurement and accuracy requirements beforechoosing a digital range finder.

Initial examination of GPS receivers will involvedirect comparison of the horizontal and verticalaccuracy of multiple GPS receivers, including at leastone unit from each of the three broad categories of

Applying Precision Forestry Techniques for AddingValue Along the Wood Supply ChainLoren D. Kellogg, Michael G. WingInitiation Date: FY 01 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 04

Objectives: (1) to investigate and advance the use ofprecision forestry techniques to increase the effi-ciency of harvest planning, layout, and monitoring; (2)to document the efficiency of precision forestrytechniques across different topographies, silviculturaltreatments, and forest types; (3) to compare precisionforestry techniques with traditional methods; and (4) toseek partnerships with industrial and agency entitiesto explore the application of precision forestry tech-niques.

Field work will be conducted during two summers.Through partnerships with industry and forest agencyoperations, several field sites will be selected so that amix of topography, silvicultural treatments, and foresttypes is represented during data collection. Initial fieldwork will involve documenting the time and costsinvolved in a range of harvest planning and layoutactivities and manually collecting logging impacts thatare typically monitored. This work will be replicated bythe use of digital equipment, including a laserrangefinder, GPS, and GIS. The manual and digitalsurvey techniques will be compared to determine thesignificance and size of differences between themethods.

Three study efforts were completed during theprevious year. In the first study, 16 units (~1 ac) wereused to evaluate different spatial data-collectioninstruments and techniques for measuring forestedstand areas. Unit boundaries were measured by threesurveying techniques: (1) a string box, manualcompass, and clinometer; (2) a laser, digital compass,and two digital data collectors; and (3) a globalpositioning system (GPS). The data were comparedwith a series of benchmarks established with a digitaltotal station. Time studies determined the overallefficiencies of each technique.

Time required to survey a patch and complete theoffice work varied substantially with the technique.Using the laser, digital compass, and Juniper datacollector required the least time (17 min). The secondmost time-efficient technique was using the laser,digital compass, and the TDS data collector (19 min),followed by the string-box method (38 min), and GPS



GPS receiver quality grades. A measurement controlcourse will be established by using a digital totalstation and placing semipermanent control pointswithin 100 m (visible distance) of one another. Thehorizontal and vertical position of each control point,as recorded by the total station, will serve as compari-son benchmarks against which to assess GPSmeasurements. Each GPS receiver will initially bestationed at a different monument and will collectmeasurements simultaneously with the other GPSreceivers. After each control point measurement, theGPS receiver will be rotated to a different controlpoint. This process will be replicated so that eachGPS receiver will have at least one measurement ateach control station. Study results will help forestersand other professionals choose a suitable GPSreceiver.

Following the accuracy testing, a forestry fieldapplication of GPS receivers will be conducted. Thefield application will test the ability of mapping andresource grade GPS receivers to collect location datain a forested setting. Initial testing will involve GPSability to locate features related to harvest operationlayout and planning. Testing and evaluating the abilityof GPS receivers to collect data required for timberharvesting should assist land managers in decidingwhether to implement GPS in their planning.

Improved Utilization of Wood and Reduced Energy UseDuring Lumber Processing Through Effective DryingMichael R. MilotaInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objectives: (1) to develop a model for the mill dry end(from green sorter to planer) useful for training andresearch; (2) to determine methods to make the modeladapt to new process information; (3) to investigatemethods to reduce the energy consumption in lumberdrying by modifying drying schedules and woodhandling at the sawmill and planer; and (4) to reducethe moisture content variability of dried lumber andincrease lumber quality by optimal lumber processing.

The source code for the deterministic drying modelof Milota and Tschernitz (1994) was modified tocommunicate with Excel using Windows Open Data-base Connectivity (ODBC). To allow for model testingand for developing ways to adapt it to new processinformation, 16 charges of hemlock lumber were

dried. The moisture content of each board wasmeasured before and after drying. Each charge wasgraded by a certified lumber grader. The drying ratewas measured throughout drying. These data will allowus to test if the model predicts a realistic final moisturecontent distribution and correctly predicts the averagemoisture content. The permeability of hemlock lumberwas tested as a function of drying conditions and itsvariability was studied. Sorting lumber by permeabilitywould be another way to reduce moisture contentvariability in softwood lumber.

Energy could be reduced by treating wood withpreservatives before drying. We tested a method forimpregnating wood with copper and fluoride forpreservative retention and leaching. Retention washighly variable, and the treatment did not diffuse to thecenter of the piece. Process modifications very likelywould provide treatment levels adequate to allow thewood to be used in ground contact, but the leachingresults indicated that the two chemicals are notchemically fixed in the wood and can leach into theenvironment.

Meeting Timber Supply Goals through ImprovedTransportation Networks in Landslide-Prone TerrainJohn Sessions, Michael G. WingInitiation Date: FY 01 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 04

Objectives: (1) Put data for the Elliott State Forest inthe southern Oregon Coast Range into a GIS for initialinspection of forest terrain and current road status.The forest features a large, managed forest area thatis dissected by steep terrain and has a well-developedroad system. The forest staff have created spatialdatabases representing roads, stands, and a digitalterrain model and are developing a 10-decadespatially defined harvest schedule. Spatial data fromthe forest will be made available for analysis. Logentry points for the road network will be taken from the10-decade harvest plan. (2) Process the digital terrainmodel to associate transportation costs for all roadsegments within the road network. (3) Process alandslide model to rate the relative stability of all terrainwithin the forest. Entry points and destination pointswill be identified on the road network. All spatial datawill be converted into a 10-m2 raster format. (4)Calculate transport and maintenance costs for eachroad segment on the network on the basis of road


section gradient. The relative stability of eachsegment’s surrounding terrain will be used to calculatea stability cost for each segment. Heuristic optimiza-tion will be used to identify the system of routesbetween access and destination points under differentgoals or under multiple goals using goal weighting.Road system alternatives can be thus evaluated underdifferent objectives. Road management alternatives,including closures, construction modifications, andreplacement strategies, will be also be considered.

Research on the Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) explored the theoretical foundations of AHP andapplied the AHP to a forest routing example. Overall,the AHP provided flexibility in problem formulation andsolution. One strength was its ability to accommodatedifferent attribute types (numeric and categorical) andattribute values measured at different scales. The AHPalso requires users to make explicit values for deci-sion-making and is particularly suited to quantifyingcause and effect relationships based on professionaljudgment. AHP provides the decision maker with agreat flexibility in formulating a problem. AHP wasparticularly useful for formulating and determiningsolutions to forest engineering routing applications.

The use of DEM resolution for identifying transpor-tation route alternatives was examined. The goal wasto develop an algorithm that identified transportationroutes through the guidance of an objective functionthat weighted road grade and potential drainage area.A 9-m resolution DEM was used to create road gradeand drainage area estimates. The routing algorithmconstraints were adjusted so that grades in excess of20% would not be considered in final route creation.Routes were attempted that avoided 20% gradesthrough the existing network and also through anunconstrained approach, where the entire landscapewould be potentially available for transportation routes.Every route alternative included multiple grade valuesthat exceeded 20%. Given that many parts of theexisting route system have been used for log hauling,these results shed doubt on the reliability of the DEMthat served as the basis for topographic representa-tions.

Eliminating processing errors and rerunning theanalysis with a USGS DEM of similar resolution gavea more likely explanation for the results, that is, a finerresolution DEM is needed to approximate road gradeand terrain more reliably. The DEMs used wereunable to accurately capture the lower gradients that

should exist along the existing road network. Theseresults encourage further investigations, including theuse of finer resolution DEMs to model topographicsurfaces for transportation routing.

Improving the Planning, Scheduling and Tracking of thePrimary Forest Supply ChainKevin D. BostonInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objectives: to develop (1) a framework for implement-ing a supply chain management system for forestoperations that will improve profits and customerservice by developing new planning, scheduling, andreporting tools to align harvest and distribution capac-ity to best meet customer demands, and (2) newproduction forecasting tools to support improvedsupply chain management.

A heuristic algorithm has been developed toimprove the efficiency of scheduling harvesting crewsto units on an annual basis that will improve theutilization of harvesting equipment and lower loggingcosts.

Development of a weekly production schedulingmodel has been initiated. Cooperators are beingsought to contribute data to this project. The goal is toprovide managers with a tool that will allow them tobetter predict weekly log production. This data can beused in the formulation of improved wood-flow plansthat will improve the profitability of operations.

Pushing the Limits: Production Economics and Impactsof Alternative Silvicultural Systems in the 21st CenturyLoren D. Kellogg, Glen E. Murphy, Stephen H. Schoenholtz,Paul W. Adams, Kevin D. BostonInitiation Date: FY 02 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objectives: (1) to determine the influence on produc-tion economics and tree damage in western Oregonstands of four levels of intervention (4-ac, 2-ac, and 1-ac clearcuts, all with thinning in between, and thinningonly) and to identify how such interventions could bemanaged under a multiple entry scenario; (2) todetermine how newly developed slash-bundlingtechnology could best be integrated with “conven-tional” harvesting systems to remove small trees inhigh fire risk and unhealthy stands in eastern Oregonand to assess the impacts of this technology on sitesustainability; (3) to extend the operating season of



eastern Oregon harvesting systems by developingeconomically viable and environmentally acceptableprotocols and procedures for operating mechanizedand cable harvesting systems in winter conditions andto compare the impact on soil disturbance of anextended versus a conventional season; (4) to assessthe effect on production economics of different levelsof market complexity for a cut-to-length, mechanizedharvesting system operating in a western Oregon andan eastern Oregon stand; and (5) to identify the long-term impacts on site productivity of soil disturbancecaused by harvesting operations by reassessing sitesand trees first measured in the 1970s.

Work continued on the operational planning ofvarious sizes and shapes of small clearcut openings inan uneven-aged forest management plan on the OSUMcDonald-Dunn College Forest. A written researchplan that examines the scientific and operationalaspects of alternative silviculture systems was com-pleted and presented to the College of ForestryExecutive Committee.

Production studies, carried out in Finland, ofslash-bundling systems were used as the basis fordetermining production rates for three levels oftreatment (bundle and leave at stump, bundle andremove to roadside, bundle and transport to an energyplant) for five representative stand types in thewestern U.S. Slash was limited to trees <10 cm DBHand to the limbs and tops of larger trees removed in aconventional thinning operation. These simulatedproduction rates were combined with constructedhourly costs to determine unit costs on a green-tonneand on a per-hectare basis. Per-hectare costs rangedfrom $250 for “bundle and leave” to $1090 for “bundleand transport.” Costs depended on forest type.

We also assessed the most problematic issues offorest fuel reduction faced by forest managers in thePacific Northwest (PNW) through field visits. Thesevisits, research experience, and the literature indicatea significant lack of information about mechanicalforest fuels reduction systems. The largest deficiencyis that of a consistent decision support system to helpforest managers make accurate decisions aboutequipment selection, silvicultural treatment implica-tions, and associated site disturbance within thecontext of forest fuels treatments. Three areas ofmechanical fuels reduction systems need to beconsidered to establish an appropriate decisionmaking framework: (1) conventional/commercial

systems (feller-buncher/grapple skidder combina-tions); (2) nonconventional/ commercial systems(mobile in-woods chippers, and cable systems); and(3) noncommercial systems (masticating and mulch-ing technologies for vegetation composition changeonly).

Planned activities for 2004 include completing adetailed research plan to investigate mechanical fuelsreductions systems in these three categories. Prelimi-nary field study sites will be confirmed in central,northeastern, and southern Oregon. Data collectionwill begin in the following areas: (1) soil disturbance,(2) operating costs per unit volume and area, (3)system productivity, (4) amount of fuel removed, and(5) biomass utilization applicability. Information fromfield studies will be combined with existing literature toconstruct a decision support framework outliningmechanical forest fuel reduction alternatives.

We will also conduct a comprehensive assessmentof fuels reduction alternatives and forest restorationoperational issues in eastern Oregon forests “at risk”of catastrophic wildfires. The assessment will be usedto help develop a project proposal that addressesscience information needs in forest restoration,focused on the integration of studies on equipmentand operational systems, soil disturbance, andsilviculture/fire management.

Field sites involving active timber sales during thewinter of 2004 were located on the Deschutes NationalForest. A study plan was completed to address boththe operational and soil disturbance issues withlogging systems over the snow compared with loggingduring the drier summer season. Shift-level data willbe collected on equipment operating times and delays.Site-level soil disturbance data will be collected tocompare winter and summer logging.

The effect of market complexity was evaluated forfive species/market combinations in North Americaand New Zealand. The number of log-sorts was usedas the surrogate for market complexity. Theoreticalvalue recovery increases sharply when a few log-sortsare added, but flattens out as the total number of log-sorts exceeds five. The effect of the number of log-sorts on piece size and number of pieces handled,which affect production and costs, was inconsistentbetween species/market combinations.

Soil disturbance sites and trees first measured byOSU in the 1970s either could not be located or thetrees had already been felled. Alternative sites were



sought. A suitable trial was located in New Zealand.The effect of harvesting-related soil disturbance (litterremoval, topsoil removal, and compaction) on theproductivity, log product yields, and economic poten-tial of second-rotation Pinus radiata growing on clayloam was assessed 21 yr after planting and the resultswere projected to the expected harvest age of 28 yr.Relative to the controls, individual tree volumes at 21yr were reduced by 10% in the plots where the litterhad been removed and the topsoil had been com-pacted and by up to 43% in the plots where the topsoilhad been removed and the subsoil compacted. Thedegree of compaction did not significantly affectindividual tree volume in the plots where litter had beenremoved but did have a significant effect where thetopsoil had been removed. Per tree economic poten-tial was reduced more (up to 61% loss in value) thanwas individual tree volume, largely because ofchanges in log product yield distribution. Projectingtree growth to the end of the rotation at age 28indicated that the impacts of soil disturbance on treegrowth, economic potential, and log product yields are

likely to be similar in relative terms to those found atage 21.

A second study has been established to assesseffects of contemporary harvesting operations on soildisturbance, decomposition, and nutrient availabilityas indicators of potential impacts on long-term soilproductivity. Soil bulk density and in situ measure-ments of net nitrogen mineralization and decomposi-tion are being assessed on (1) skid trails with visualevidence of compaction and mineral soils exposure;(2) skid trails containing logging debris; (3) low-disturbance areas between skid trails with low levels oflogging debris; (4) low-disturbance areas betweenskid trails with high levels of logging debris; and (5)areas immediately adjacent to small slash piles on twosites. At each site, replicated experiments have beenestablished to compare the effects on subsequent soiland stand productivity of (1) bole-only harvesting, (2)whole-tree harvesting, and (3) bole-only harvestingwith creation of small debris piles. Treatments havebeen established and assessments of soil responsesare ongoing.


Science to Support Environmentally ResponsibleWood Procurement

Designing Hydrologically ‘Transparent’ Forest Roadsfor Timber Access: The Effect of Road Connectivity onWatershed HydrologyArne E. Skaugset IIIInitiation Date: FY 01 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 04

Objectives: (1) to determine road and site characteris-tics that influence the amount of runoff in road reliefculverts on a complete-watershed scale; (2) to deter-mine the timing and size of flows from the ditches ofroads that are connected hydrologically to streamsand to determine how the roads contribute to thetiming and size of stream flows at live-stream crossingculverts; and (3) to simulate the effect of hydrologi-cally connected roads on watershed hydrology with aspatially distributed model, DHSVM (DistributedHydrology Soil Vegetation Model).The project is being

carried out in the Oak Creek Watershed of theMcDonald-Dunn Forest of the College of Forestry atOregon State University.

In the winter of 2002–2003, the water level deviceswere installed and water level data were collectedthroughout the watershed. Rainfall data were alsocollected at the four tipping-bucket rain gauges, anddata from the micrometeorological station weremaintained. During spring of 2003, an instrumentshed was built to house the Turbidity ThresholdSystem (TTS) equipment at the stream gaugingstation. An adjustable crane was built to allow turbi-dimeter and ISCO automatic water sampler intakes tobe in the stream. This new equipment is online for the2003–2004 winter. Flow hydrographs at the culvertinlet and in the road ditch just above the inlet wereanalyzed. Streamflow in the absence of the influence


of the road was calculated by subtracting the mea-sured flow in the ditch from the measured flow at theculvert inlet.

The peak flows in the road ditches occurred beforethe peak flows in the streams. Peak flow increasesranged from 0% to 610%; total stream runoff in-creases ranged from 0% to nearly 5,000%. Wherethe road intercepted subsurface flow, ditch flowincreased stream peak flow 45% on average, com-pared to an average of 2% where the ditch flow wasprimarily road surface runoff. The increases werehighly variable and could not be predicted by usingtraditional topographic indicators.

Data collection will continue throughout the 2003–2004 winter. Much information has been gleanedabout the hydrology of individual road segments. Nextwe will investigate how the hydrology of individual roadsegments comes together for the complete watershed.Several models, including the Distributed HydrologySoil and Vegetation Model (DHSVM), will be used tomodel the hydrology of Oak Creek and the contribu-tion of the road system thereto.

Funding for this project has been augmented byfunds from the National Council for Air and StreamImprovement (NCASI) and a College of ForestryInnovative Grant. Data from this project are beingaugmented by stable isotope data funded by theInnovative Grant to see if stable isotopes can addinsight into the understanding of the hydrology ofroads and roaded watersheds.

The Effect of Road Connectivity on Fine SedimentDelivery to StreamsArne E. Skaugset IIIInitiation Date: FY 02 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objectives: (1) To determine a method to measure theamount of fine sediment generated by individual roadsegments that is technically feasible and cost effectiveand allows effective collection of the needed data; (2)to determine road and site characteristics, includingthose influencing surface runoff that affect the amountof fine sediment generated by individual road seg-ments; (3) given these characteristics, to modelsediment production from individual road segments byusing contemporary models SEDMODL and WEPP;(4) to determine the amount and timing of sedimentfrom connected road segments relative to the sedi-ment load carried in the live stream where the road

segment(s) are connected; (5) to compare the amountof fine sediment generated from connected roadsegments with the total basin sediment yield.Thisproject is being conducted in the Oak Creek water-shed of the Oregon State University McDonald-DunnForest.

Discharge, turbidity, suspended sediment, electri-cal conductivity, and temperature are being continu-ously monitored at a stream gauging installation inOak Creek. A micrometeorological station records airtemperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solarradiation continuously. Four tipping bucket raingauges record rainfall amount and intensity through-out the watershed. A high-resolution (nominally 5-m)DEM of the watershed is available. All the roads anddrainage structures have been georeferenced on theDEM and stored in a GIS. Geology, soils, and vegeta-tion are available as layers in the GIS.

The 24 stream-crossing culverts and 74 drainage-relief culverts have either a capacitance rod or crestgauge installed to measure water level. Trapezoidalflumes are installed in the road ditches draining to theculvert inlets of 16 of the 24 stream-crossing culverts.A combination of geotextile socks and ISCO watersamplers were installed on a subset of drainage reliefculverts across a range of hydrologic response fromthe individual road segments. Total sediment yield foreach drainage relief culvert was determined.

Road and hillslope characteristics, discharge, andrainfall will be correlated with the total sediment yield.Two of the models used most often to predict sedimentyield from roads, WEPP and SEDMODL, will be runon the study road segments, and model output will becompared with actual sediment yield values. This willhelp determine the efficacy of these models forpredicting chronic yield of fine sediment from roads.

Total sediment yield was highly variable. The dataclearly show an extreme value right skew; thus, amajority of the sediment is coming from a minority ofthe culverts. The hydrology of the road segmentsshows the same distribution, meaning a majority of thewater runs off a minority of the roads. It is too early toknow if the nature of the sediment yield from the roadsegments overlays with the characterization of theroad segments as having either ‘intermittent’ or‘ephemeral’ hydrology.

Preliminary analysis suggests that the sedimentyield from the road segments will correlate well withtotal runoff from the segments. Discharge appears to



be better correlated with total sediment yield than anyof the other hillslope or road characteristics generallyconsidered to control sediment yield from roads. Also,there are indications in the data that maximum 15-minrainfall intensity also correlates with some of thestorm-total sediment yield. Analysis continues.

The preliminary analysis with WEPP shows thatthe model drastically overestimates sediment yield,often by several orders of magnitude. WEPP has notbeen able to place the road segments in their correctrelative rank. Analysis will continue with WEPP andSEDMODL. Continued work will allow us to see if bothour understanding and the efficacy of the models canimprove.

The next project will concentrate on the stream-crossing culverts and the contribution of sedimentfrom the road compared with the sediment regime ofthe streams and the watershed. An attempt will bemade to put erosion from the roads into a watershedperspective.

Quantifying the Cumulative Effects of TimberHarvesting Adjacent to Perennial Non-Fish-BearingStreams on Water QualityArne E. Skaugset IIIInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objectives: (1) to determine the on-site effects ofharvesting adjacent to perennial non-fish-bearingstreams on stream temperature and acceleratederosion; (2) to determine the cumulative effects ofharvesting adjacent to several perennial non-fish-bearing streams on stream temperature and acceler-ated erosion off-site in fish-bearing streams; (3) toidentify and quantify the hydrologic processes and themagnitude of the processes that are responsible forpropagating stream temperature and sediment effectsdownstream.

This project is part of the Hinkle Creek PairedWatershed Study. The 5,000-ac main study watershedis fairly evenly divided into the North and South Forks ofHinkle Creek. Roseburg Forest Products has set theNorth Fork aside for 10 yr to act as a control. The SouthFork will serve as the treated watershed.

Six headwater watersheds, or small watersheds thatare drained by perennial non-fish-bearing streams, willalso be set up as a paired watershed study. Two ofthese watersheds, in the North Fork, will act as controls;

the four small watersheds in the South Fork will betreated. Discharge, suspended sediment, and tempera-ture will be measured on each of the small perennial,non-fish-bearing streams, as well as at the mouths ofthe North and South Forks. For the watersheds to betreated, the streams will be monitored at the downstreamend of proposed harvest units. For the control water-sheds, the measurements will be made at an accessiblelocation that results in watershed areas comparable tothe treated small watersheds.

The treatment planned for the treated watershed isto harvest timber using contemporary forest practices.For the first round of timber harvest in 2005, thetimber will be harvested in the four small study head-water watersheds upstream of the stream gauginginstallations. For two of the study watersheds, currentforest practices will be used to harvest the timber, andno formal buffer strip will be prescribed. For the othertwo streams, a buffer strip of nonmerchantableoverstory material will be prescribed. The treatmentprescribed for each study watershed will be randomlyassigned.

USGS personnel under contract have installed allof the hardware needed to measure discharge andwater quality at the six 1st-order streams and at theconfluence of the North and South Forks and cur-rently are responsible for collecting stage data,downloading and maintaining the data records,creating and maintaining the stage-discharge relation-ship, converting stage to discharge, and storing andmaintaining the long-term record of discharge at theconfluence of the tributaries.

The Turbidity Threshold System (TTS) developedby the Redwood Sciences Laboratory of the PacificSouthwest Forest and Range Experiment Station isbeing used to measure and record discharge at theremaining six 1st-order streams and the water qualityparameters at all eight study sites. For discharge atthe six 1st-order streams, the needed hardwareconsisted of prefabricated fiberglass Montana flumes,Campbell Scientific data loggers (CR-10X), andpressure transducers to measure water level (stage).At all eight study locations, turbidimeters and probeswere used to measure temperature and electricalconductance. ISCO water samplers were purchasedfor each site to allow remote collection of individualwater samples. At all eight study sites, an instrumentshed was constructed to house the hardware. The



purchase and installation of all of the hardware wasmade possible by a $250,000 grant from the OregonWatershed Enhancement Board (OWEB).

The TTS continuously tracks stage, turbidity,electrical conductivity, and temperature. Using thoseinput parameters, decisions are made by the programin the CR10X regarding when to optimally take watersamples with the ISCO for later analysis. All eightsystems were up and collecting data before anystorms occurred.

In addition to the stream gauging equipment, amicrometeorological station has been installed at theapproximate centroid of the watersheds. The weatherstation collects rainfall intensity, wind speed, solarradiation, air temperature, and relative humidity.

The Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study iscurrently scheduled to last until 2011. The TTS stationsat the six 1st-order streams and at the confluence ofthe North and South Forks will be operated andmaintained for the duration of the study. In addition,45 thermistors will be deployed every summer toinvestigate the response of stream temperature, on awatershed scale, to timber harvest.

A weighing rain gauge (or rain gauges) needs tobe installed, accompanied by snow lysimeters tomeasure the amount of snowfall and the timing of thedelivery of snowmelt to the soil. Snow could be asignificant part of the hydrology of Hinkle, and thedegree of significance needs to be known. A measur-able portion of the treatment effect on the hydrology ofHinkle Creek will be due to interception loss. A numberof throughfall gauges will be installed in the vicinity ofthe micrometeorological station to quantify thiscomponent of the hydrologic cycle in Hinkle Creek.The influence of snow will have to be included in theseinstallations.

The importance of subsurface seepage from thehillslope to the stream and hyporheic exchange pro-cesses needs to be studied with regard to in-streamprocesses and their effects on aquatic habitat and biota.Research will be initiated in the near future to investigatethe magnitude of these processes and their specificlocation in the watershed.

Planning for Fire-Killed Timber Salvage ConsideringEconomic Values and Environmental RisksJohn SessionsInitiation Date: FY 03 Scheduled Completion Date: FY 05

Objective: to develop a decision-support system toassist managers in evaluating economic values andenvironmental risks associated with timber salvage infire-prone forests.

A decision-support system for considering eco-nomic values and environmental risks of harvestingfire-killed timber is needed. Within the federal agen-cies responsible for managing forest lands, there is nointegrated process for calculating the costs andbenefits of timber salvage at the landscape, state,national, or international level. Nor is there a systemavailable to the Oregon Board of Forestry or to theCollege of Forestry, which provides advice to theGovernor. In addition to the value of the dead anddying trees, there is the question of ecologicalrecovery and the time lost to return forests to theirdesired future condition, the substitution of salvagedfire-killed timber for green standing timber, and theeffects on local jobs, communities, timber imports andexports, and carbon storage.

We developed a decision support system forevaluating the value of fire-killed timber as afunction of time since fire and yarding distanceand applied it to timber salvage by helicopter, usingdata from the 2002 Biscuit Fire. Deterioration offire-killed trees was simulated over time by usingdata from the literature, bucking decisions weremade considering recoverable log value, andlogging costs were estimated. The window ofopportunity for economic salvage by helicopter wasvery short. The window of opportunity for salvageby lower cost harvesting systems was longer, butthe environmental disturbance would be larger.Preliminary evaluation of interactions betweentimber salvage strategies and wildlife are underway.Alternative strategies for timber salvage to recovervalue, provide deadwood for wildlife habitat, andhasten return of the future forest to provide forfuture wildlife habitat will be evaluated.



Termination Reports forCompleted Projects

similar processing requirements, 2 of which were thebest candidates to be manufactured in a manufactur-ing cell. Two cell layouts were simulated, a subcelllayout and a single U-cell layout. A separate simulationstudied the effect of adding an additional CNC routerto the system. The variables analyzed for each partfamily in the system were work-in-process (WIP),lead time, value-added/non-value-added (VA/NVA)time ratio, and batch sizes. In each case, different celllayout, WIP, and lead time decreased from the currenttraditional manufacturing system. The ratio of VA/NVAtime increased. When batch sizes were reduced,WIP and lead time decreased for each of the differentcell scenarios and the ratio of VA/NVA time increased.The most efficient process resulted with single pieceflow through a two-person cell.

This research illustrates how wood products firmscan use discrete event simulation to test the effects ofintroducing new technology (employee redeployment,machine, product) on their systems without makinglarge capital investments or risking damage to theirpresent systems. Vast potential exists to improvemanufacturing efficiency and customer satisfaction byadopting lean manufacturing methods.

Mechanistic Study of Fungal Degradation of LigninKaichang LiInitiation Date: FY 00 Completion Date: FY 03

Objective: to learn how white-rot fungi can selectivelyand efficiently degrade lignin in wood. More specificobjectives were to identify and characterize laccase, akey lignin-degrading enzyme, from a newly isolatedwhite-rot fungus, Trichophyton rubrum, and elucidatestructural requirements for laccase-mediators.

We purified and characterized two lignin-degrad-ing enzymes, laccase and manganese peroxidase(MnP), from two newly isolated fungal strains T.rubrum LKY-7 and T. rubrum LSK-27. Degradation ofpine, yellow poplar, and sweet gum by three fungi(Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, T. rubrum LKY-7, and T.rubrum LSK-27) were also investigated in detail.Degradation of pine flour by the three fungi for threemonths resulted in increased condensed phenolic OH

Extended-Color Imaging System for Wood SurfaceFeature IdentificationCharles C. Brunner, David A. Butler, James W. FunckInitiation Date: FY 00 Completion Date: FY 03

Objectives: to determine the operational parametersfor a prototype extended color-imaging system forwood surface features and develop and test a proto-type.

The components for an extended-color systemwere identified. Techniques for employing image datafrom such a system were further developed andrefined from the principal investigators’ earlier re-search. Unfortunately, the prototype system was neverbuilt or tested due to the expected retirement of oneprincipal investigator and the untimely health problemsof another.

Identifying wood-surface features has proven to bea difficult task with conventional color video systems.Extended-color cameras that use different (andusually more) information channels or “colors” thanthe standard red, green, and blue have the potential toimprove image data for surface-feature classification.Image data from approximately 350 to 1100 nm ispossible, which includes information outside the visiblerange (400 to 700 nm). Preliminary work suggests thatclassifying surface-features with subtle differences ispossible, as well as classifying some softwood speciesin an industrial environment.

Improvement and Innovation in Forest ProductsManufacturingJames E. ReebInitiation Date: FY 00 Completion Date: FY 03

Objective: to identify the critical elements required forimproving the manufacturing processes in a value-added forest products firm.

This research studied the effects of changing froma traditional manufacturing system to a cell manufac-turing system in a value-added wood products com-pany. Discrete event simulation was used to describethe current system and the proposed new systems.Parts were separated into 11-part families that shared


group and carboxylic acid group content, decreasedguaiacyl phenolic OH content, and little change ofaliphatic OH groups in lignin. P. cinnabarinus coulddegrade nonphenolic lignin, although it secreteslaccase as a lignin-degrading enzyme and laccasealone is unable to degrade nonphenolic lignin sub-structures. This suggested that P. cinnabarinus uses alaccase/mediator system for lignin degradation. Weinvestigated structural requirements for an effectivemediator and the effect of chemical properties, suchas redox potential of a mediator, on the efficacy of alaccase/mediator system in degradation of lignin.New, effective mediators were developed and evalu-ated for degradation of lignin in unbleached kraftpulps. MnP requires hydrogen peroxide for its activity,but is also inactivated by high concentrations ofhydrogen peroxide. We have studied the mechanismof this inactivation and have also investigated media-tors that could enhance MnP’s pulp-bleaching ability.

Degradation of wood in the forest, caused mainlyby fungi, is a key process in the global carbon cycle.White-rot fungi are of special interest because theyare the only microorganisms able to degrade ligninefficiently. Production of white paper (a process forselective removal of lignin from wood) requires harshconditions and may result in environmental pollution.Fungal degradation of lignin is efficient and environ-mentally safe. Study on fungal degradation of ligninmay have significant implications for improvingpapermaking and reducing the risk of environmentalpollution. Our results provided a much better under-standing of the mechanisms by which white-rot fungidegrade lignin. Our study of a laccase/mediatorsystem also has great implications for development ofan environmentally friendly pulp bleaching technique.

Performance of Wood Shearwalls Under Actual DynamicRecordsRakesh Gupta, Thomas H. MillerInitiation Date: FY 00 Completion Date: FY 03

Objectives: to (1) understand the behavior ofshearwalls under various actual dynamic loadingrecords, (2) compare the behavior of shearwallsunder standard static tests to their behavior aftersubjection to actual earthquake and hurricane loadingrecords, and (3) compare the behavior of shearwallsunder cyclic loadings to the behavior of shearwallsunder actual random dynamic loading records.

During the study, the objectives were revised inorder to obtain information needed to proceed with theoriginal objectives. The revisions were (1) evaluatingthe effect of reference displacement on wall behaviorand assessing damage accumulation under fullyreversed cyclic loading using the CUREE (Consortium

of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineer-ing) test protocol, and (2) determining the effect ofmisplaced holddowns on the static and cyclic behaviorof wood shear walls.

The first objective was achieved by conductingtests on identical 2440- x 2440-mm (8- x 8-ft) wallspecimens constructed of Douglas-fir studs andoriented strand board panels fastened to the framingwith pneumatically driven annular ring shank nails.The CUREE cyclic test protocol for ordinary groundmotions was used to study the racking response of thewood shear walls. Four sets of tests (two wall speci-mens for each) were conducted with four referencedisplacements. Reference displacement influencedwall strength by up to 15%; there was little or no effecton stiffness and area under the backbone curve. Atrend of increasing strength and ultimate displacementwith increased reference displacement was observedfor the first three sets of tests but did not hold for thetests with the largest reference displacement. Addi-tional tests using a segmented version of the CUREEprotocol allowed correlation of visible damage andstiffness degradation to imposed drifts. Althoughvisible damage was minimal at drifts as high as 1%, a52% reduction in secant stiffness occurred. Ingeneral, significant softening of the wall could occurwith only minimal signs of visible damage to thesheathing fasteners. These results could help in thedevelopment of a standard test protocol for cyclictesting of wood shear walls and in post-earthquakedamage assessment of wood-frame houses.

The second objective was achieved by testingthree shearwall configurations: wall type 1 (control)had hold-downs at the ends of the wall; wall type 2 hadone hold-down misplaced to the first interior stud; walltype 3 had a misplaced hold-down with additionalnailing applied to the stud attached to the misplacedhold-down. Two wall specimens for each configurationwere tested under both static and cyclic loadingconditions, for a total of four tests per configuration.The CUREE protocol was used for all cyclic tests.

Misplaced hold-downs reduced strength andabsorbed energy. Strength values of wall type 2specimens were 42% lower under static loading and35% lower under cyclic loading than in wall type 1,much higher than the 17% strength loss anticipatedbecause of the reduced effective wall width. Wall type3 specimens reached an average strength 21% lowerthan wall type 1 under static loading and 19% lowerunder cyclic loading, closer to the anticipated strengthloss. Additional nailing had little effect on the initialstiffness of walls with misplaced hold-downs. Densernail spacing significantly increased the amount ofenergy absorbed by the shear walls with misplacedhold-downs. Wall type 3 specimens tested under both


cyclic and static protocols absorbed nearly 36% moreenergy than wall type 2 specimens. Failure mode forthe control walls was in the form of nail withdrawalfrom the center stud. Hold-down misplacement to thefirst interior stud (wall type 2) shifted the nail failureaway from the center stud. Wall type 2 specimens hadnail withdrawal primarily from the stud attached to themisplaced hold-down. With denser nailing to the studattached to the misplaced hold-down, nail failureshifted back to the center stud (wall type 3). In walltypes 2 and 3, the frame was significantly deformedby vertical deflection of the unrestrained portion of thesill plate.

The static and cyclic test results show that unde-tected misplaced hold-downs have unexpectedlysevere detrimental effects on the structural perfor-mance of wood shear walls. Application of denser nailspacing can help to regain strength.

Spatial and Economic Analysis of Damage to ResidualStands During Commercial ThinningJames D. Kiser, Douglas A. MaguireInitiation Date: FY 00 Completion Date: FY 03

Objectives: (1) to evaluate the effects of carryingdamaged trees in stand inventories through traditionalgrowth models, and (2) to evaluate the economic costof holding damaged trees in inventory to final rotation.

Several studies indicate that growth is inhibitedafter logging damage. Traditional post-harvest invento-ries of thinned stands often do not include damagecomponents. If the damage to residual trees is as highas recent studies indicate, then normal inventorygrowth models likely overestimate production. Thevalue lost from damage is highest in the most valuabletrees. Generally these trees are being held for 15–20yr on industrial lands and longer on public lands. Thecost of holding this inventory at lower value should bediscounted from an anticipated harvest and the netdiscounted value of the damage thus assessed. Thisloss in value at final harvest should be considered as adirect logging cost on the basis of lost volume.

A revised proposal and study plan for the PhDhave been completed and reviewed by the graduatecommittee and outside reviewers. The first objective,assessment of the distribution of damage to theresidual stand from mechanized thinning, wasdropped in favor of tightening the proposal and workload. A more advanced examination of tree responsewas added to include the physiological effects ofdamage. Literature review and experimental designwere completed for assessing the physiologicalresponse. This will be implemented spring 2004. Fieldsampling design and methods are being reported.Research accomplishments were not completed as the

graduate studies program is not yet complete.The primary benefits from this study will be (1)

development of a fundamental understanding of thephysiological response of trees to logging damage,which will assist in the development of an operationalmodel for the prediction of biological and economicalimpacts from bole wood damage and of model coeffi-cients for the inclusion of mechanical damage sam-pling in growth and yield simulation; (2) developmentof a tree-based modeling approach to the inventoryand growth of damaged trees, which will assist landand inventory managers in assessing the effects ofdamage on the assets value of the residual stand; and(3) development of an economic analysis approachthat ties the discounted damage of the residual standto overall logging costs. This information will assist theland manager to better assess the overall efficiencyand production of commercial thinning harvesting bylinking stand damage to the overall logging costs on aper unit basis.

Structure-Bioactivity Relationships of Some HeartwoodTerpenoids and Chemical Transformations to ValueAdded ProductsJoseph J. KarchesyStudy Cooperator: George H. ConstantineInitiation Date: FY 00 Completion Date: FY 03

Objectives: to determine how changes in key terpe-noid structures caused by oxidation/reduction anddehydration affect their bioactivities. The terpenoidskeletal systems studied were the ermorphyline,dominant in Alaska cedar heartwood, and thecedrane, dominant in Western juniper heartwood. Thisrepresents the parent alkene skeleton, ketone,alcohols, and their dehydration products. Bioactivitysystems included microbial and insect. The finalobjective was to determine how to maximize theamount of desired compound in essential oil mixturesto achieve added value as a product.

The major terpenoid compounds in the essential oiland organic solvent extract of Alaska cedar heartwoodwere characterized for structure and bioactivity. Themost productive avenue for bioactivity was shown forinsects and arachnids. Components of these extractswere also active for both human and veterinarymicrobes. The terpenoid profiles were compared tothat of Port Orford cedar heartwood. Both Alaskacedar and Port Orford belong to the genusChamaecyparis, but their essential oil profiles weredramatically different, with different families of domi-nant sesquiterpenes. Other forest sources were alsoexamined for some of the active terpenoids. In somecases model compounds were needed for structuralcomparisons.


Structure/biodiversity relationships were studiedusing both the natural substances isolated from Alaskacedar and semisynthetic derivatives of valencene, asesquiterpene found in Alaska cedar. Oxidation withplacement of an alcohol, ketone, or aldehyde greatlyactivated the system towards insect activity. Epoxidesdid little for activation. Too much oxidation dramaticallydecreased toxicity towards insects, possibly becauseof decreased volatility. A number of the naturalproducts and semisynthetic derivatives are very toxicto insects and arachnids. Some of these compounds

are known, such as carvacrol; others, such asvalencene-13-alcohol, are new to science. The dose-mortality results indicated that several compoundswere effective pest control agents with good residualactivity. We identified the active structures and how tomake these substances from less active but moreabundant material, specifically, the wood of a com-mercially important timber species. The chemistrylearned will also promote the use of other agriculturalwaste products containing the same chemical familyof compounds.


Publications, Theses, andTechnology Transfer Activities

recovery with harvesters in Southeastern USA pinestands, in Proceedings of 2nd International ForestEngineering Conference, May, Vaxjo, Sweden.

Coulter, E. 2003. A systems approach to the prioritizationand scheduling of forest road investments. Sympo-sium for Systems Analysis in Forest Resources,October 7–9, Stevenson, WA.

Coulter, E, and J Sessions. 2003. Use of the analytichierarchy process to compare disparate data and setpriorities, in Proceedings of the Second InternationalPrecision Forestry Symposium, June 15–18, Seattle,WA.

Coulter, E, J Sessions, and MG Wing. 2003. An explora-tion of the analytic hierarchy process and its potentialfor use in forest engineering, in Proceedings of the26th Annual Meeting of the Council of ForestEngineering, September 7–10, Bar Harbor, ME.

DeVallance, DB, JW Funck, and JE Reeb. Influence ofseveral preparation conditions on plywood glue-bondquality test results. Forest Products Journal (Submit-ted).

Domec, JC, and BL Gartner. 2003. Relationship betweengrowth rates and xylem hydraulic characteristics inyoung, mature, and old-growth ponderosa pine trees.Plant, Cell and Environment 26(3): 471–483.

Freitag, CM, K Li, and JJ Morrell. 2003. Potential for theuse of hydroxylamine derivatives as wood preserva-tives. Forest Products Journal 53(7/8): 77–79.

Funck, JW, Y Zhong, DA Butler, CC Brunner, and JBForrer. 2003. Image segmentation algorithms appliedto wood defect detection. Computers and Electronicsin Agriculture 41(1–3): 157–179.

Gartner, BL, and FC Meinzer. Structure-function relation-ships in sapwood water transport and storage. Invitedchapter in Long-Distance Transport Systems inPlants: Integration and Coordination in Trees. M.Zwieniecki and N. M. Holbrook, eds. Academic Press,San Diego (In press).

Gartner, BL, J Roy, and R Huc. 2003. Effects of tensionwood on specific conductivity and vulnerability toembolism of Quercus ilex seedlings grown at two

Publications

Anderson, R, and E Hansen. 2003. An Assessment ofInnovation in the North American Forest Industries:Summary Report for Respondents. Forest BusinessSolutions. Department of Wood Science and Engi-neering, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 15 pp.

Bolding, C, B Lanford, and L Kellogg. 2003. Forest fuelreduction: Current methods and future possibilities, inProceedings of the Annual Council on ForestEngineering Meeting, September 7–10, University ofMaine, Orono.

Boston, KD. 2003. Description of a primary forestproducts supply chain management system, inProceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of theCouncil on Forest Engineering, September 7–10,Bar Harbor, ME.

Boston, K, and G Murphy. 2003. Value recovery from twomechanized log-bucking operations in the southeast-ern United States. Southern Journal of AppliedForestry 27(4): 259–263.

Bouffier, LA, BL Gartner, and J-C Domec. 2003. Wooddensity and hydraulic properties of ponderosa pinefrom the Willamette Valley vs. the Cascade Mountains.Wood and Fiber Science 35(2): 217–233.

Cao, X, E Hansen, M Xu, and B Xu. China’s furnitureindustry today. Forest Products Journal (Submitted).

Conradie, I, WD Greene, and G Murphy. Value recoverywith harvesters in Southeastern USA pine stands.Forest Products Journal (In press).

Conradie, I, WD Greene, and G Murphy. 2003.Approvechamiento optimo en trazado con harvesteren rodales de pino del sureste de los Estados Unidos,in Proceedings of the Taller de Produccion,Expocorma, November, Concepcion, Chile.Departamento de Produccion Forestal DPF,Concepcion, Chile.

Conradie, I, WD Greene, and G Murphy. 2003. Valuerecovery with harvesters in Southeastern USA pinestands, in Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting ofthe Council on Forest Engineering Conference,September, Bar Harbor, ME.

Conradie, I, WD Greene, and G Murphy. 2003. Value


atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Tree Physiology23: 387–395.

Geng, X, and K Li. 2002. Degradation of non-phenoliclignin by the white-rot fungus Pycnoporuscinnabarinus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnol-ogy 60(3): 342–346.

Geng, X, K Li, and F Xu. Investigation of hydroxamicacids as laccase-mediators for pulp bleaching.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (In press).

Hansen, E. Innovation & NPD in the Oregon and Alaskaforest products sectors, in Proceedings, LinkingHealthy Forests and Communities: SuccessfulStrategies and Future Directions, October 19–21,Juneau, AK (In press).

Hansen, E, and R Anderson. 2003. Innovation & NPD inthe North American Forest Industry. Forest BusinessSolutions Research Brief. Department of WoodScience and Engineering. Oregon State University,Corvallis. 2 pp.

Hovgaard, A, and E Hansen. Innovativeness in the forestproducts industry. Forest Products Journal (In press).

Langlois, J, R Gupta, and TH Miller. Effects of referencedisplacement and damage accumulation in woodshear walls. Journal of Structural Engineering (Inpress).

Langlois, JL, R Gupta, and TH Miller. 2003. Referencedisplacement effects and damage accumulation inwood shear walls subjected to the CUREE protocol.Abstract, in Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, February5–8, Portland, OR.

Lebeda, D, R Gupta, D Rosowsky, and D Dolan. Theeffect of hold-down misplacement on the strength andstiffness of wood shear walls. Practice Periodical onStructural Design and Construction (In press).

Lebeda, D, R Gupta, DV Rosowsky, and D. Dolan. 2003.The effect of hold-down misplacement on the strengthand stiffness of wood shear walls. Abstract, in Pro-ceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting, EarthquakeEngineering Research Institute, February 5–8,Portland, OR.

Li, K. 2003. The role of enzymes and mediators inlignocellulose degradation, pp. 196–209 in WoodDeterioration and Preservation, Advances in ourChanging World. B Goodell, D Nicholas, and TSchultz, eds. ACS Symposium Series 845. AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC.

Marshall, H, and G Murphy. 2003. Production economicsof two mechanical processing systems, in Proceed-ings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Council onForest Engineering Conference, September, BarHarbor, ME.

Milota, MR. 2003. HAP and VOC emissions from white firlumber dried at high and conventional temperatures.Forest Products Journal 53(3): 60–64.

Milota, MR. 2003. Temperature and humidity effects onemissions of volatile organic compounds from

ponderosa pine lumber. Drying Technology 21(1):165–173.

Milota, MR. 2003. Designing an effective quality controlprogram for drying hardwood lumber, in Proceedingsof DryTech 2003, Tools and Technologies to ImproveDrying Operations, Forest Industry EngineeringAssociation, Melbourne, Australia.

Milota, MR. 2003. Designing an effective quality controlprogram for drying softwood lumber, in Proceedings ofDryTech 2003, Tools and Technologies to ImproveDrying Operations, Forest Industry EngineeringAssociation, Melbourne, Australia.

Milota, MR. 2003. Recent advances in international kilndrying technologies, in Proceedings of DryTech 2003,Tools and Technologies to Improve Drying Opera-tions, Forest Industry Engineering Association,Melbourne, Australia.

Morrell, JJ, A Paillard, D Gnoblei, B Gartner, MR Milota,and RG Rhatigan. 2003. Variations in permeability ofcoastal western hemlock. Wood and Fiber Science35(3): 397–400.

Murphy, G. 2003. Procedures for scanning radiata pinestem dimensions and quality on mechanised proces-sors. International Journal of Forest Engineering14(2): 91–101.

Murphy, G, and R Franich. Early experience with aromatagging and electronic nose technology for logtracking. Forest Products Journal (In press).

Murphy, G, and H Marshall. 2003. Costs and benefits offour procedures for scanning on mechanical proces-sors, in Proceedings of 2nd International ForestEngineering Conference, May, Vaxjo, Sweden.

Murphy, G, H Marshall, and MC Bolding. 2003. Adaptivecontrol of bucking on harvesters to meet order bookconstraints. Forest Products Journal (In press).

Murphy, G, M Siren, and S O’Brien. 2003. Potential use ofslash bundling technology in Western US stands, inProceedings of the Annual Council on ForestEngineering Meeting, September 7–10, University ofMaine, Orono.

Panella, N, MC Dolan, JJ Karchesy, Y Xiong, J Peralta-Cruz, M Khasawneh, JA Montenieri, and GO Maupin.Use of novel compounds for pest control: Insecticidaland acaricidal activity of essential oil componentsfrom heartwood of Alaska yellow cedar(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Journal of MedicalEntomology (Submitted).

Panella, NA, and JJ Karchesy. Evaluation of larvicidaland adulticidal activity of plant extracts from trees andshrubs of the Pacific Northwest United States againstAedes egypti and Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Journalof the American Mosquito Control Association (Inpress).

Pruyn, ML, ME Harmon, and BL Gartner. 2003. Stemrespiratory potential in six softwood and four hard-wood tree species in the central Cascades of Oregon.Oecologia 137: 10–21.


Pruyn, ML, ME Harmon, and BL Gartner. Potential causesof radial and vertical respiratory gradients in the stemsof two conifer species of contrasting sapwood width.Journal of Experimental Botany (Submitted).

Reeb, JE 2003. Simulating an extra grader in a sawmill.Forest Products Journal 53(11–12): 81–84.

Reeb, JE 2003. Analyzing manufacturing changes usingdiscrete event simulation, p. 26 in Biographies andAbstracts of the 57th Annual Meeting of the ForestProducts Society, June 22–25, Bellevue, WA.

Reeb, JE. 2003. Hands-on method of teaching linearprogramming, p. 42 In Biographies and Abstracts ofthe 57th Annual Meeting of the Forest ProductsSociety, June 22–25, Bellevue, WA.

Reeb, JE. 2003. Taking into account different learningmodalities when teaching adults complex subjectmatter: An example for improving manufacturing, p. 5in Biographies and Abstracts of the 6th ExtensionWorking Party Symposium: Building CapacityThrough Extension Best Practices, InternationalUnion of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO),September 28–October 3, Troutdale, OR.

Reeb, JE. 2003. Taking into account different learningmodalities when teaching adults complex subjectmatter: An example for improving manufacturing, inProceedings of the 6th Extension Working PartySymposium: Building Capacity Through ExtensionBest Practices, International Union of ForestryResearch Organizations (IUFRO), September 28–October 3, Troutdale, OR.

Reeb, JE. 2003. Using discrete event simulation tomeasure impact of changing from traditional manufac-turing to cell manufacturing in a value-added woodprocessing facility. Chapter 25: Manufacturing Man-agement. Proceedings of PICMET ‘03, PortlandInternational Conference on Management of Engi-neering and Technology, July 20–24, Portland, OR.34 pp.

Reeb, JE. 2003. Using discrete event simulation tomeasure impact of changing from traditional manufac-turing to cell manufacturing in a value-added woodprocessing facility, p. 145 in Technology Manage-ment for Reshaping the World Conference Bulletin.Abstract. Portland International Conference onManagement of Engineering and Technology, July 20–24, Portland, OR.

Reeb, JE, and S Leavengood. 2003. Introduction andOverview for Simulating a Manufacturing System.Ext. Serv. EM 8837-E, Oregon State University,Corvallis. 11 pp.

Rhatigan, RG, MR Milota, JJ Morrell, and MR Lavery.2003. Effect of high temperature drying on permeabil-ity and treatment of western hemlock lumber. ForestProducts Journal 53(9): 55–58.

Scott, RJ, RJ Leichti, and TH Miller. 2003. An experimen-tal investigation of foundation details and base shear

capacity for log buildings. Forest Products Journal (Inpress).

Scott, R, R Leichti, and T Miller. 2003. Lateral forceresisting pathways in log structures, p. 44 in Biogra-phies & Abstracts, Forest Products Society, 57thAnnual Meeting. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI.

Singleton, R, DS DeBell, DD Marshall, and BL Gartner.2003. Eccentricity and fluting in young-growth westernhemlock in Oregon. Western Journal of Forestry18(4): 221–228.

Solmie, D, L Kellogg, J Kiser, and MG Wing. 2003.Strategies to complete corridor layout, in Proceedingsof the Council of Forest Engineering Annual Meeting,September 7–10, University of Maine, Orono.

Solmie, D, L Kellogg, MG Wing, and J Kiser. 2003.Comparison of techniques for measuring forestedareas, in Proceedings of the Precision ForestrySymposium, June 15–18, University of Washington,Seattle.

Taylor, AM, BL Gartner, and JJ Morrell. 2003. Co-incidentvariations in growth rate and heartwood extractiveconcentration in Douglas-fir. Forest Ecology andManagement 186: 257–260.

Toman, EM, and AE Skaugset. 2003. The magnitude andtiming of runoff from forest roads relative to streamflow at live stream crossing culverts in westernOregon, in Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meetingof the Council on Forest Engineering, September 7–10, Bar Harbor, ME.

Wagner, E, and E Hansen. 2003. Innovation andCompetitiveness in the Wood Products Industry:Insights from a Cross-cultural Study. Forest BusinessSolutions Research Brief. Department of WoodScience and Engineering, Oregon State University,Corvallis. 2 pp.

Wagner, E, and E Hansen. Innovation and competitive-ness in the U.S. wood products industry. EngineeredWood Journal (In press).

Wilson, J. 2003. Life cycle analysis and carbon seques-tration in solid wood products, in Proceedings forAccounting for Carbon: Life Cycle of Carbon and theForest Products Industry, Joachim Forum, October23, SUNY College of Environmental Science andForestry.

Wilson, J. 2003. Case study: Environmental assessmentof an emissions control device. Abstract. ForestProducts Society Annual Meeting, June 20, Bellevue,WA.

Wing, MG, J Sessions, and E Coulter. 2003. Preliminaryinvestigation of digital elevation model resolution fortransportation routing in forested landscapes, inProceedings of the Second International PrecisionForestry Symposium, June 15–18, Seattle, WA.

Wing, MG, D Solmie and L Kellogg. Comparing digitalrange finders for forestry applications. Journal ofForestry (In press).


walls and their biomechanical and hydraulic roles inwater transport. Characterization of the Cellulosic CellWall, sponsored by the USDA Forest Service South-ern Research Station, the University of Iowa, and theSociety of Wood Science and Technology, August 25–27, Estes Park, CO.

Gartner, BL. 2003. Wood variation: Patterns and effects.Presentation. Weyerhaeuser Technology Center, May23, Federal Way, WA.

Gartner, BL, JC Domec, and FC Meinzer. 2003. Resis-tance to radial water transport in sapwood of Douglas-fir. Presentation. IAWA Pan-American Regional GroupMeeting, July 13–17, Portland, OR.

Hansen, E. 2003. Innovation in the North American forestindustry. IUFRO All Group 5, March 10–16, Rotorua,New Zealand.

Hansen, E. 2003. Competitiveness through innovation:Beyond process efficiency. New Hampshire TimberOwners Association Annual Meeting, September 26,Manchester, NH.

Hansen, E. 2003. Competitiveness through innovation:Beyond process efficiency. Wood Science and Engi-neering Graduate Seminar, October 15, Corvallis, OR.

Hansen, E. 2003. Innovation in the forest productsindustry. Linking Healthy Forests and Communities:Successful Strategies and Future Direction, October19–21, Anchorage, AK.

Baker, ES 2002. Analyzing Manufacturing SystemChanges Using Discrete Event Simulation. MS inWood Science and Mechanical Engineering. OregonState University, Corvallis.

Dancer, E. 2003. Life Cycle Inventory of LaminatedVeneer Lumber and Composite I-joist Manufacturing.MS thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis.

DeVallance, DB. 2003. Influence of Veneer Roughness,Lathe Check, and Annual Ring Characteristics onGlue-bond Performance of Douglas-fir Plywood. MSthesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Khasawneh, MA. 2003. Natural and Semi-syntheticCompounds with Biocidal Activity against Arthropods

Theses

Amann, JR. 2003. An analysis of forest road sedimentgeneration in the Upper Oak Creek Watershed of theOregon Coast Range. Forest Engineering DepartmentWinter Seminar Series.

Anderson, R, and E Hansen. 2003. Exploring the relation-ship between innovation and firm performance. Poster.Forest Products Society 57th Annual Meeting, June22–25, Bellevue, WA.

Boston, KD. 2003. Description of a primary forestproducts supply chain management system. Presenta-tion. Annual meeting of the Council on Forest Engi-neering, September 7–10, Bar Harbor, ME.

Boston, KD. Coordinating author and member of IUFROTask Force focusing on the role of information andcommunication technology in forestry. Book chapterunder development describes the future role forinformation and communication technology in supplychain performance.

Gartner, BL. 2003. Effects of reaction wood on watertransport. 4th International Plant BiomechanicsConference, July 21–26, East Lansing, MI.

Gartner, BL. 2003. Replacing lost leaders: theoreticalaspects of balancing growth, mechanical support, andhydraulics in conifers and broadleaves. Invitedpresentation. Annual Meeting of the American Societyof Consulting Arborists, December 5, Lake Tahoe, NV.

Gartner, BL. 2003. The structural characteristics of cell

of Public Health Importance. PhD dissertation.Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Pavia-Jones, JK. 2003. Wood Treatment by Double-diffusion Using Copper Sulfate and Sodium Fluoride.MS thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis. 82 pp.

Scott, RJ. 2003. Lateral Force Resisting Pathways in LogStructures. MS thesis. Departments of Wood Scienceand Engineering and Civil, Construction, and Environ-mental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Solmie, DK. 2003. Comparing Field MeasurementStrategies for Operational Planning and Layout. MFpaper. Department of Forest Engineering, OregonState University, Corvallis.

Technology Transfer Activities: Presentations and Posters


Hansen, E. 2003. New product development in thesawmilling industry. Southern Forest Products Asso-ciation EXPO, June 25–27, Atlanta, GA.

Hansen, E, and R Anderson, co-instructors. 2003.Innovation in the Forest Products Industry: NewProcesses, Business Systems, and Products, October17, Corvallis, OR.

Kellogg, LD. 2003. FE 371 Harvest Process Engineer-ing. Department of Forest Engineering, College ofForestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Kellogg, LD. 2003. FE 471 Harvesting Management.Department of Forest Engineering, College ofForestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Kellogg, LD. 2003. Fire salvage harvest planning andmethods. Invited presentation. Conference on Post-fireRestoration & Salvage Harvesting: Applying OurKnowledge and Experience, October 21, Bend, OR.

Langlois, JD, R Gupta, and TH Miller. 2001. Invitedpresentation. Fall meeting, Structural EngineersAssociation of Oregon, Portland, OR.

Langlois, JL, R Gupta, and TH Miller. 2003. Referencedisplacement effects and damage accumulation inwood shear walls subjected to the CUREE protocol.Poster. Earthquake Engineering Research InstituteAnnual Meeting, February 6–8, Portland, OR.

Langlois, J, R Gupta, and TH Miller. 2003. Referencedisplacement effects and damage accumulation inwood shear walls subjected to the CUREE protocol.Poster. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,55th Annual Meeting, February 5–8, Portland, OR.

Lebeda, D, R Gupta, DV Rosowsky, and D Dolan. 2003.The effect of hold-down misplacement on the strengthand stiffness of wood shear walls. Poster. EarthquakeEngineering Research Institute, Annual Meeting,February 6–8, Portland, OR.

Leichti, RJ, and DV Rosowsky. 2003. The EngineeringDurability in Wood Structural Systems project made itpossible for the principal investigators to collaborateon a proposal to a university funding resource for thepurpose of hosting a seminar series on the subject ofdurability engineering in wood-frame structures. Thegrant was awarded and funds the seminar series ofeight speakers on a wide range of durability issues.The seminars are advertised and open to interestedparties.

Lippke, B, L Mason, E Hansen, and R Anderson, Co-instructors. 2003. Innovation for survival of the NWforest sector: an integrated approach. November 18,Puyallup, WA.

Marshall, H, G Murphy, and MC Bolding 2003. Optimallybucking a stand of trees to meet order book con-straints. Presentation. Forest Products SocietyConference, June, Seattle, WA.

Murphy, G. 2003. Early experience with aroma taggingand electronic nose technology for log and woodproduct tracking. Presentation. 2nd Precision Forestry

Conference, June, Seattle, WA.Murphy, G. 2003. FASTBUCK: optimal bucking software

written in Visual Basic for optimally bucking singlestems while meeting order book constraints at thestand level.

Murphy, G, and H Marshall. 2003. Costs and benefits offour procedures for scanning on mechanical proces-sors. Presentation. 2nd Precision Forestry Confer-ence, June, Seattle, WA.

Murphy, G, H Marshall, and B Hock. 2003. Meeting orderbook constraints by adaptive control of bucking onharvesters. Paper. Symposium on Systems Analysisfor Forest Resources, October, Stevenson, WA.

Reeb, JE. 2003. An introduction to optimizing decisionsusing linear programming. 2003 Forest ProductsMachinery and Equipment Exposition, SouthernForest Products Association and Forest ProductsSociety, June 25–27, Atlanta, GA.

Reeb, JE. 2003. Studying your mill processes withoutinterrupting your day-to-day activities. 2003 ForestProducts Machinery and Equipment Exposition,Southern Forest Products Association and ForestProducts Society, June 25–27, Atlanta, GA.

Reeb, JE. 2003. Taking into account different learningmodalities when teaching adults complex subjectmatter: An example for improving manufacturing.Methodology of Extension Practices, 6th ExtensionWorking Party Symposium: Building Capacity ThroughExtension Best Practices, September 28–October 3,International Union of Forestry Research Organiza-tions (IUFRO), Troutdale, OR.

Reeb, JE, ES Baker, and WF Reiter. 2003. Analyzingmanufacturing system changes using discrete eventsimulation. Advanced Information Technology Systemsfor Predictive Modeling of Wood Composite Proper-ties Technical Interest Group, Forest Products Society57th Annual Meeting, June 22–25, Bellevue, WA.

Reeb, JE, ES Baker, and WF Reiter. 2003. Usingdiscrete event simulation to measure impact ofchanging from traditional manufacturing to cellmanufacturing in a value-added wood processingfacility. Portland International Conference on Manage-ment of Engineering and Technology, July 20–24,Portland State University, Portland, OR.

Scott, R, R Leichti, and T Miller. 2003. Lateral forceresisting pathways in log structures. Technical poster.Forest Products Society, International Meeting, June22–25, Seattle, WA.

Sessions, J. 2003. Planning for fire-killed timber salvageconsidering economic values and environmental risks.Presentation, Oregon Forest Resource Institute-sponsored seminar on Managing Forest Risk, August,Medford, OR; the Society of American Foresters-sponsored Restoration Workshop, September, Bend,OR; 6th Annual Business Economics Outlook Forum,December, Roseburg, OR.


Skaugset, AE, and JJ McDonnell. 2003. Presentation onthe Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study to theOregon Board of Forestry during a field trip to HinkleCreek for their monthly meeting, July 24, 2003. JeffMcDonnell and members of his lab toured HinkleCreek to encourage cooperation and solicit research,October 17.

Skaugset, AE, and JJ McDonnell. 2003. Presentation tothe Advisory Committee of the Watersheds ResearchCooperative regarding progress on the hydrology andwater quality component of the Hinkle Creek PairedWatershed study, December 4.

Skaugset, AE, and JJ McDonnell. 2003. Presentation tothe Oregon Forest Resource Institute Board ofDirectors regarding the status of Hinkle Creek,December 12.

Skaugset, AE, and JJ McDonnell. 2003. The ecologicaland watershed staff of the Bureau of Land Manage-ment toured Hinkle Creek, December 18. Approxi-mately 65 high school students and 20 adults (teach-ers and chaperones) from Roseburg High Schoolspent the day learning about forests, forest manage-ment, water, and watersheds as part of the HinkleCreek outreach program in October.

Skaugset, AE, E Gilbert, E Marbet, K Ellingson, E Toman,and J Amann. 2003. The hydrology of forest roads.Presentation to the LTER group, Forestry SciencesLab, PNWFRES, December 5, Corvallis, OR.

Skaugset, AE, JJ McDonnell, RF Keim, and EM Toman.2003. Use of stable isotope tracers as a diagnostictool for determining connectedness of road runoff tostream peak flows in disturbed forest environments.Poster. Annual meeting of the American GeophysicalUnion, December 11, San Francisco, CA.

Skaugset, AE, and MR Pyles. 2003. Putting environmen-tal engineering into forestry’s engineers. 26th AnnualMeeting of the Council on Forest Engineering,September 7–10, Bar Harbor, ME.

Solmie, D, L Kellogg, J Kiser, and M Wing. 2003.Strategies to complete corridor layout. Council onForest Engineering, September 7–10, University of

Maine, Orono.Solmie, D, L Kellogg, M Wing, and J Kiser. 2003.

Comparison of techniques for measuring forestedareas. Precision Forestry Symposium, June 15–18,University of Washington, Seattle.

Taylor, AM. 2003. A change of heart? The future of woodquality. Invited presentation. Council of Regents, June12, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Taylor, AM. 2003. The nature and nurture of heartwoodformation. Invited presentation. Forest ProductsSociety, Willamette Valley Chapter, May 22, Corvallis,OR.

Taylor, AM. 2003. The nature and nurture of heartwoodformation. Invited presentation. Wood ResearchDepartment, Weyerhaeuser Company, WeyerhaeuserTechnology Center, February 21, Federal Way, WA.

Toman, EM. 2003. Forest road hydrology: The magnitudeand timing of runoff from forest roads relative tostream flow at live stream crossing culverts. ForestEngineering Department Winter Seminar Series.

Wilson, J. 2003. Determining the cost of drying lumber:The role energy plays in this cost. Talk. Lumber DryingCourse, December 9, Oregon State University,Corvallis.

Wilson, J. 2003. An environmental justification for woodproducts–Modeling the plywood process. Talk.Plywood Manufacturing Course, April 28, OregonState University, Corvallis.

Wing, MG. 2003. FE 308—Forest Surveying. Departmentof Forest Engineering, College of Forestry, OregonState University, Corvallis.

Wing, MG. 2003. FE 357—GIS and Forest EngineeringApplications. Department of Forest Engineering,College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Wing, MG. 2003. Introduction to ArcView GIS: Applica-tions in Natural Resources, February 6–7, College ofForestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Wing, MG. 2003. Introduction to ArcView GIS Applica-tions in Natural Resources, April 17–18, College ofForestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

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