2008 annual report wood utilization research center

Wood UtilizationReseaRch centeR

Forest and Wildlife Research CenterMississippi State University

2008 ANNUAL REPORT

IntroductionThe global demand for forest products is increasing. This increase in demand coincides with diminished wood supplies in many established wood-producing countries of the world. Restrictions on harvesting from public forest lands in the United States (U.S.), particularly in Washington, Oregon, and California, have predictably exacerbated global timber supply shortfalls and increased demands on forests of the Southern U.S.

The Southern U.S. region is well positioned in terms of long-term timber supply and the forest products manufacturing infrastructure to meet a portion of the projected increase in demand. In fact, the South produces approximately 60 percent of the nation’s timber products, almost all of it from private forests. The South produces more timber than any other single country in the world and is projected to remain the dominant producing region for years to come.

A major challenge for the Southern U.S. is to extend the available wood resource by developing more efficient methods of processing and utilizing this wood and by developing new uses for that portion of the forest resource, including mill residues and unmerchantable trees, that currently is unused. The Forest and Wildlife Research Center (FWRC) receives funds to support a special research program on timber harvesting and wood utilization opportunities for the southern region. These funds provide opportunities for graduate students to complete their studies.

Results from the FWRC’s Wood Utilization Research Program are made available to the public and specialized user groups through publications in appropriate journals, short courses and conferences, and meetings with industry groups. Each year, thousands of inquiries (letters, telephone questions, facsimile and e-mail) are answered based on research funded by this program.

Discrimination based upon race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or veteran’s status is a violation of federal and state law and MSU policy and will not be tolerated. Discrimination based upon sexual orientation or group affiliation is a violation of MSU policy and will not be tolerated.

Research ProgramThe Office of Technology Assessment Report presented to Congress in August 1983 states policy options “designed to enhance the advantage of U.S. producers in international markets, to provide research and development in forest management, environmental effects of forestry and wood materials science, and to improve the productivity of the U.S. forests.” An important recommendation of this assessment was to establish Centers for Wood Utilization Research (WUR). Congress authorized the program and appropriated funds in 1985. Currently there are 12 universities that participate in the WUR program. The Departments of Forest Products and Forestry within Mississippi State University’s Forest and Wildlife Research Center were selected as program participants. Summaries of all current projects funded by the WUR program are included in this report.

www.fwrc.msstate.edu

05-34158-1644206-34158-1758008-34158-19493

The research supported here was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, Wood Utilization Research Program. Agreement numbers include:

Wood Utilization Research Center |1| 2008 Annual Report

Wood Utilization Research Center

2008 Annual Report

Table of ContentsTimber Harvesting and Transportation ........................................................................................................................ 1

Lumber Manufacturing and Processing ....................................................................................................................... 7

Wood-Based Composite Materials ........................................................................................................................... 15

Protection and Preservation of Wood ....................................................................................................................... 25

Wood Chemistry ...................................................................................................................................................... 37

Economic Evaluation and Technology Transfer .......................................................................................................... 47

Publications ............................................................................................................................................................. 63

Wood Utilization Research Center |1| 2008 Annual Report

Timber Harvesting and Transportation

The objective of the timber harvesting and transportation research activity conducted by the Department of Forestry is to provide timely information on trends, technologies and economic factors affecting the logging industry and the indus-trial wood supply system.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT• Logging is an important economic contributor to the State’s economy. During tough economic times, it is important

that loggers maximize their productivity while continuing to deliver the resources needed. A study is identifying the characteristics that define the wood supply system performance and develop measures to monitor those characteristics over time. Data collected during this project was used to support a proposal to reduce sales tax on logging equipment, resulting in a significant savings for all Mississippi logging contractors.

Wood Utilization Research Center |2| 2008 Annual Report Wood Utilization Research Center |3| 2008 Annual Report Wood Utilization Research Center |3| 2008 Annual Report

Timber Harvesting and TransportationProject

NumberProject Title Project Investigator

Project Duration

065430C

The economic impact of implementing carbon sequestration management strategies on timber supply and the forest products industry in Mississippi and the southern region

R.K. Grala 9/15/05–9/14/08

065480F Improving the performance of the wood supply systemL.A. Grace W.B. Stuart

9/1/06–8/31/08

Wood Utilization Research Center |3| 2008 Annual Report Wood Utilization Research Center |3| 2008 Annual Report

The economic impact of implementing carbon sequestration management strategies on timber supply and the forest products industry in Mississippi and the southern region

R.K. Grala September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008065430C

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the feasibility of storing additional amounts 1. of carbon through manufacture of long-life wood products with emphasis on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and better utilization of processing, harvesting and thinning residuals.Assess technological capabilities of converting facilities 2. to utilize larger-diameter logs and manufacture new wood products in response to predicted changes as well as examine economic feasibility of implementing potential technological adaptations.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Due to data availability and format the initial goal of determining quality and dimensions of standing timber in relation to mill location and identifying required technological modifications has been modified. Carbon sequestered in standing timber has been quantified for representative loblolly and white oak stands. Carbon dioxide sequestered in harvested wood products has been quantified for those stands as well as for entire state of Mississippi. Geographic information on location of Mississippi mills was used to determine availability of logging residues for electricity generation and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Potential for increased carbon sequestration within the forest sector was evaluated in three ways. Carbon dioxide sequestered in standing timber was quantified for representative pine and oak stands in Mississippi. The analysis was conducted for pre-selected harvest ages and silvicultural treatments. The financial trade-off analysis was conducted for three stand management scenarios: management for timber, management for carbon sequestration only, and joint management for timber and carbon. The trade-offs were evaluated at two carbon credit prices and three discount rates. At age of 50 years, loblolly pine plantation sequestered 352 tons of carbon dioxide per acre, whereas a thinned plantation sequestered only 134 tons per acre. In contrast, at harvest age of 80 years, an unthinned white oak stand sequestered 349 tons of carbon dioxide per acre, whereas a thinned stand sequestered167 tons per acre. Managing stands for carbon sequestration only lengthened stand rotation by 20 years for loblolly pine plantation and 10 years for white oak stand.

Carbon dioxide sequestered in wood products harvested from pine and oak stands in Mississippi was estimated. A total amount of carbon accumulated in harvested wood products harvested from Mississippi forests was also


estimated. Sequestered amounts of carbon dioxide were determined both for wood product type and wood end use. At harvest age of 50 years an unthinned loblolly plantation sequestered 139 tons of carbon dioxide per acre in harvested wood products, whereas a thinned plantation sequestered 91 tons per acre. An unthinned white oak stand sequestered 150 tons of carbon dioxide per acre in harvested wood products, whereas a thinned stand sequestered 188 tons per acre. About four billion tons of carbon dioxide can potentially be accumulated in wood products harvested from Mississippi forests by 2093.

Reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by using logging residues to generate electricity by mills located in Mississippi. Six hauling distances, four mill gate prices for logging residues, and three procurement and transportation cost scenarios were analyzed to determine potential reduction levels in carbon dioxide emissions.

It was determined that in the most optimistic scenario carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by 1.3 million tons if logging residues are utilized to generate electricity instead of coal. The amount of electricity generated in this scenario is sufficient to provide energy for 100,000 houses during one year. Estimated reduction in carbon dioxide emissions potentially represents value from $1.3 to $6 million, whereas carbon dioxide sequestered in wood products by 2093 in Mississippi potentially represents $34 to $152 million (at prices of $1 and $4.50 per carbon credit).

TARGET AUDIENCES: Forest landowners, forest products industry, logging industry, government agencies, economic development organizations, and researchers.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One doctoral student worked on this project.

The economic impact of implementing carbon sequestration management strategies on timber supply and the forest products industry in Mississippi and the southern region (continued)

R.K. Grala September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008065430C


Improving the performance of the wood supply system

L.A. Grace, W.B. Stuart September 1, 2006–August 31, 2008065480F

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this research are to:1. Identify characteristics that define wood supply system performance and develop measures to monitor those characteristics over time, emphasizing transparency, consistency, and quality of product, productivity, quality of work life, innovation, and most importantly profitability.2. Conduct a critical analysis of the entire system to identify points where costs have been built in that: are artifacts of earlier wood supply structures and unnecessary in today’s world, are constraints that were implemented to counter earlier challenges, and that serve functions outdated by modern technology. OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: The contractors serving the cooperating mill have all seen an improvement in their business performance as measured by production, with increases year to year significant at the 95 and 99% level. In addition, variability in production has decreased

which has resulted in decreased inventory costs for the manufacturing firm. It is difficult to reveal dollar value gains because of confidentiality agreements with the cooperating firm and cooperating contractors. Some of the data collected during this project was used by participants and target audiences to support a proposal to reduce sales tax on logging equipment, resulting in a significant savings for all Mississippi logging contractors.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Independent logging contractors, forest products manufacturing firms, and legislative audiences. Partner organizations including the Wood Supply Research Institute; 53 independent logging businesses; and four County Forestry Associations.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Four graduate students and four undergraduate students worked on this project.


Lumber Manufacturing and Processing

Researchers in the Department of Forest Products are using cutting edge technology to search for solutions to upgrade lumber products and strengthen their market value.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT• Hazardous air pollutants are a concern in the drying of wood. To reduce pollutants and save lumber manufacturers’

expense in monitoring, a commercially viable miniature gas chromatograph has been developed. The sensor provides inexpensive, user-friendly, real-time air pollutant data. The design of a dehumidification kiln that utilizes high temperature refrigerant is also in development. This design has the potential to be a major breakthrough technology with respect to reduced air pollution.


Project Number Project Title Project Investigator Project

Duration

065430F Wood drying research and breakthrough technology R. Shmulsky 9/15/05–9/14/08

065480C Classification of hazardous air pollutants from drying southern pine lumber

R. Shmulsky L.L. Ingram Jr. 9/1/06–8/31/09

Proposed for 2009 Creating a standard test for the durability and strength on construction, pipeline, and dragline mats

P.D. JonesR.D. Seale 9/01/09–8/31/11

Proposed for 2009 Bio-products stabilization review and evaluation S.C. Kitchens 9/01/09-8/31/11

Lumber Manufacturing and Processing


Wood drying research and breakthrough technology

R. Shmulsky September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008065430F

OBJECTIVES: 1. Research and develop commercially viable technology

to significantly reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from pine lumber drying so that major pine lumber producers would fall below pollution source threshold levels, i.e., 100 tons per year.

2. Research and develop technology that vastly and fundamentally improves dimensional stabilization during wood drying thereby eliminating costly warp especially as crook and twist.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: A pre-commercial prototype restraint device has been designed, fabricated and tested. The results from restrained drying have been analyzed and disseminated. The commercial alternative technology has

been adopted and a commercially viable sensor for VOC and other air pollutants was developed by SeaCoast and AMEC. Research on emissions from pine poles has also been conducted. As a result of this research, a polymer restraing strapping is being utilized at MidSouth Lumber Company.

TARGET AUDIENCES: U.S. EPA, state-level departments of environmental protection/quality, Environmental consultancies and non-governmental organizations, wood processing facilities, associated equipment manufacturers.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One graduate student worked on this project.


Classification of hazardous air pollutants from drying southern pine lumber

R. Shmulsky, L.L. Ingram Jr. September 1, 2006 – August 31, 2009

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this research are to:1. Determine if methanol, acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, formaldehyde, or phenol occur in measurable concentrations in green southern pine.2. Determine if there is a concentration difference of these compounds in heartwood v. sapwood.3. Determine if storage duration or conditions impact these compound emission during drying.4. Determine if drying schedule impacts the emission levels of these compounds.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Collaborative development with SeaCoast Science and AMEC North America of an air pollution sensor that measures and speciates hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in real time has been completed. A commecially viable sensor array is now available through SeaCoast Science. Tested emissions from round wood pole sections have been completed. At the national scale it is not known whether or not pole kilns should be treated like lumber kilns with respect to emissions and permitting. To begin to address this issue, several charges of pole sections have been dried and their emissions

measured. Work is ongoing with respect to evaluation of storage time, heartwood/sapwood ratio, and drying schedule on the emissions of HAPs. The wood pole manufacturing industry has strongly supported this work. One of the greatest outcomes of this work is that a commercially viable miniature gas chromatograph has been developed. This sensor provides inexpensive, user friendly, real time air pollutant data. Another significant impacts is our proposal for the design of dehumidification kiln that utilizes high temperature refrigerant. That design has the potential to be a major breakthrough technology with respect to reduced air pollution.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Lumber manufacturers, government agencies, non governmental agencies and associations, related trade associations, peer level university and federal research laboratories, state level departments of environmental quality.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Three graduate students have worked on this project.

065480C


Creating a standard test for the durability and strength on construction, pipeline, and dragline mats

P.D. Jones, R.D. Seale September 1, 2009 – August 31, 2011Proposed for 2009

Energy exploration, infrastructure upgrades, and utility expansions all require an important wooden element. Whether called “construction,” “pipeline,” or “dragline” mats (hereafter referred to as construction mats) they are timber boards joined together to protect the soil from heavy equipment. National testing standards are not available on construction mats to assure the end-user of strength or lifespan. Much of the machinery that travels temporary roads produced from these mats weigh in an excess of 550 tons and move on metal tracks. The objective of this project is to create a standard for testing the durability and strength of construction mats. This

will help increase the safety and longevity of mats being produced.

The objectives of this study are: 1. Develop a testing regime for construction mats for strength and stiffness. 2. Develop and test a protocol for the determination of construction mat durability.3. Produce a standard for both the manufacturer and the end-user of construction mats.


Bio-products stabilization review and evaluation

S.C. Kitchens September 1, 2009 - August 31, 2011Proposed for 2009

This project will review the history of bio-product stabilization through a literature review and product evaluation. This project will identify a number of wood stabilizing agents (WSA’s) and will identify the qualities necessary to implement into a commercial product. These samples will be evaluated on appearance, strength, biological durability, water repellency and corrosion as compared to untreated samples. A complete review and evaluation of these groups of products will lay the foundation for future work and application in the furniture, lumber production, log protection, railroad, utility, wood protection and building products industries. Different types of wood are utilized for a variety of products and uses. It is critical to keep wood stable to minimize aesthetic and structural degrade due to wood moving. When wood moves, it can cause the product to be weakened through cracks and splits caused by internal and external stresses applied. The major variable that causes wood to move is moisture intrusion or digress. This movement of water in or out of the wood will cause dimensional changes within the product. By stabilizing the wood, these challenges can be minimized and the wooden product will provide a long and safe life cycle. Wood supplies have changed over the years and the

dimensional stability of certain species such as Southern Yellow Pine (SYP) has decreased which causes a number of issues for both product quality and work force economy. As the quality of the product is reduced, the utilization of the raw material supply is not maximized. Also, the traditional uses for this product such as house framing is losing ground to wooden products that are imported from other countries and to non-wood products like steel, concrete and vinyl. This trend has a tremendous impact on job retention in the U.S. and increases the dependency on imported products. Two problem areas for SYP is framing used for structures and decking and fencing material. Due to the dimensional changes in SYP currently produced, many consumers are using alternative imported species or alternative products such as plastic or composite materials. There has been and continues to be a tremendous amount of SYP planted in the U.S. and the loss of these two areas of use can and is having a large economic impact on the Southern U.S. Other areas also have dominant species such as Red Maple in the Northeast that has dimensional stability challenges. A successful dimensional stability program has the potential of salvaging current markets and establishing new markets for the forest products industry in the U.S.


The objectives of this project are to:1. Develop a body of knowledge that summarizes the historical and current use of wood stabilizing agents.2. Evaluate different wood stabilizing agents as it relates to overall aesthetic appearance of products treated.3. Evaluate different wood stabilizing agents as it relates to overall strength properties of products treated.4. Evaluate different wood stabilizing agents as it

relates to overall biological durability of products treated.5. Evaluate different wood stabilizing agents as it relates to overall water repellency of products treated.6. Evaluate different wood stabilizing agents as it relates to overall corrosion of fasteners.

Bio-products stabilization review and evaluation (continued)

S.C. Kitchens September 1, 2009 - August 31, 2011Proposed for 2009


Wood-Based Composite Materials

Researchers of wood-based composite materials continue their work to improve adhesive systems, gather data on fatigue damage and perform extensive tests on engineered wood.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT• The most environmentally friendly material in the world is wood. It is renewable and biodegradable. Engineered

wood or wood composites extend the use of wood and can provide alternatives to other materials which require fossil fuels in manufacturing. A study is investigating the development of a wood fiber thermoplastic composite. The technology developed from this research will allow the natural wood fibers to be used in high end applications, such as automotive structural components.



Duration

065430EEffect of high temperatures on adhesive bond durability in engineered wood products as well as its effect on the production of toxic chemical compounds in the smoke emitted

S.Q. Shi,L.L. Ingram Jr. 9/15/05–9/14/08

065430HMechanical property enhancement of wood-plastic composites using carbon nanotubes and ceramic nanoparticles

J. Zhang H. Toghiani C. Pittman

Y. Xue S. Shi

M.G. Kim

9/15/05–9/14/08

065480B Development of novel wood-polyurethane composite foam products (wood-pu foam) for high-end applications

S.Q. ShiR.D. SealeJ. Zhang

9/1/06–8/31/09

065520C Dielectric behavior modeling of OSB compositesJ. Zhang

P.H. SteeleB. Martin

8/15/08–8/14/10

065520F Inorganic nanoparticle impregnated wood fibers for wood thermoplastic composites

S.Q. ShiH.M. Barnes

S. Lee8/15/08–8/14/10

065520I Rendering hardwood fiber utilizing the TimTek™ processR.D. Seale

H.M. BarnesS. Shi

8/15/08–8/14/10

Proposed for 2009 Moisture absorption performance of natural fiber sheet molding compound (smc) composites

S.Q. ShiH.M. Barnes 9/01/09 –8/31/11

Wood-Based Composite Materials


Effect of high temperatures on adhesive bond durability in engineered wood products as well as its effect on the production of toxic chemical compounds in the smoke emitted

S.Q. Shi, L.L. Ingram Jr. 065430E September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the elevated-temperature behavior of 1. the adhesives used in EWP.

2. To identify the chemical compounds contributed to the smoke by the adhesives used in EWP.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: The understanding of the dynamic properties of the cured adhesive film as affected by the elevated temperatures was established. The toxic emissions in the smoke of wood and resin as affected by the pyrolysis temperatures was investigated to provide more understanding on how the incorporation of the adhesive in wood affects the toxic emissions. The research has provided an understanding of the temperature effect on the structural adhesive performance for the engineered wood products in terms of fire concern. The smoke

toxicity affected by the adhesive was also investigated. The technical information provided through this research effort will have significant impact on the engineered wood industry and adhesive industry for producing better products in terms of fire concerns.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One graduate student has worked on this project.


Mechanical property enhancement of wood-plastic composites using carbon nanotubes and ceramic nanoparticles

J. Zhang, H. Toghiani, C. Pittman, Y. Xue, S. Shi, M.G. Kim September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008065430H

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this proposed research are:

1. To investigate the reinforcement effects of nanosized materials, including carbon nanotubes and nanofibers on the mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites, and

2. To develop processing methods to disperse properly these small reinforcing phases into the plastic and then produce wood-plastic products for structural applications. Organic resin/carbonfiber nanocomposites used in wood-plastic materials may exhibit superior stiffness and creep resistance properties.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: The reinforcement effect of vapor-grown carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the stiffness of wood flour (WF)/polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated. Experimental results indicated that vapor-grown CNFs can substantially enhance the stiffness of wood-plastic composites. The surprise is the magnitude of this enhancement (90% increases in stiffness) when only 0.6 to 1% CNFs was added. Clearly, the use of CNFs, with an entirely different size scale than that of WF, can exhibit rather remarkable effects. The origin of this enhancement is not yet understood. Varying the

interfacial shear strength (CNF-to-PP), polymer matrix viscoelastic properties, WF-to-PP adhesion, loading rate and other such factors may cause unexpected property changes when CNFs are added. The current state of understanding in this field is still primitive. Understanding or predicting any general patterns of synergism between fibers of different size scales, moduli and surface properties and the properties of their dual fiber composites is not known. Results of this study simply demonstrate the potential. However, the research has already yielded promising results. The enhanced wood flour/polypropylene/vapor-grown carbon nanofiber composites will be expected to be used in higher value added applications such as vehicle components. The investigation indicated that process-related factors affected the mechanical properties of the composites considerably. These technical issues need to be well addressed in order to produce high performance natural fiber-based polymer composites for advanced applications.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Wood-plastic material manufacturers and researchers.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One graduate student worked on this project.


OBJECTIVES: The specific objectives of this research are:To investigate an appropriate process to incorporate 1. wood flours into the polyurethane foam products for high-end applications;To study the effect of incorporation of wood on the 2. durability, flammability, and other properties required by the high-end application for the developed wood- polyurethane foam products. Further work is being proposed on using recyclable polyurethane for the raw material for fabricating polyurethane woodfoam products.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Initial polyurethane wood foam products have been made by incorporating wood fiber/powders and/or nanoparticles into rigid polyurethane products. The effect of wood particle size on the compressive strength properties of the polyurethane wood foam have been studied. Three different types of nanoparticles—rod like carbon nanotubes, platelet nanoclay and cage structure polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)—have also been selected to be incorporated into polyurethane foam. Soy-based polyurethane /clay, soy-based polyurethane /POSS, soy-

based polyurethane/carbon nanotubes and soy-based polyurethane /wood flour foam with different wood flour contents have been fabricated. Soy-based polyurethane/nanoclay/wood flour foam with different wood flour and nanoclay contents have also been synthesized. The mechanical properties have been evaluated through compression test, flexural test and tensile test. The density and property relationship of soy-based polyurethane composites have been investigated. Morphology of the foams has been investigated by a scanning electron microscope. Research has found that the compressive, flexural and tensile properties of soy-based polyurethane foams are improved by incorporating nanoparticles and wood flour. This project will expand the wood utilization market.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Wood industry, polymer industry, especially for the polyurethane industry. GRADUATE STUDENTS: Three graduate students worked on this project.

Development of novel wood-polyurethane composite foam products (wood-polyurethane foam) for high-end applications

S.Q. Shi, D. Seale, J. Zhang September 1, 2006 – August 31, 2009065480B


Dielectric behavior modeling of oriented strand-board composites

J. Zhang, P.H. Steele, B. Martin 065520C August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this proposed research are:

To experimentally measure the dielectric properties 1. of composite building blocks considering effects of wood chip sizes, specific gravity, moisture content, adhesive, and other add-ons; To develop 3D macroscopic numerical models 2. characterizing dielectric properties of wood chip orientations and geometric structures of wood composites; andTo experimentally verify the developed 3D models.3.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Dielectric properties of an individual flake as functions of its specific gravity, moisture content, and geometry will be studied. Effects of flake grain orientation, flatness (warping) in a composite mat on RF signals will be measured and studied. The simulation model for prediction of OSB mat moisture content and specific gravity will be created and validated using single flake and mat data.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Southern yellow pine oriented strand-board flakes were obtained from Norbord Inc. Effects of different moisture content of 6-inch thick flake mats on the radio frequency (RF) signals, phase shift and attenuation, were measured and evaluated. Preliminary study results showed that phase shift was very sensitive to moisture changes. A RF numerical simulation model was created to visualize the interaction of electromagnetic field with the composite. This model will assist in the design of RF sensor shape and optimize the sensor size and spacing. Results from this study will build a knowledge base for RF simulation analysis of effects of moisture and density of oriented strand-board composites on RF responses. This will allow for the refinment of an optimized RF scanning sensor system, which is still under development.

TARGET AUDIENCES: OSB manufacturers and OSB equipment manufacturers.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Two graduate students worked on this project.


OBJECTIVES: The objective of this project is to develop a framework for inorganic nanoparticle impregnation into the wood cell wall structure to make wood fiber - thermoplastic composites. The specific objectives are to:

Develop inorganic nanoparticle impregnation 1. technology in wood cell wall using two ionic salts;Examine the compatibility (such as attraction 2. force) at the interphase between the nanoparticle impregnated wood fibers and the hydrophobic polymer matrix;Explore the nanoparticle efficiency on the property 3. enhancement of nanoparticle impregnated wood fiber thermoplastic composites; andEvaluate the durability of the resultant composites.4.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Scientists will investigate the function of the inorganic nanoparticle at the cellulose fiber and polymer interface. Several tools, such as DCA analyzer and pore size analyzer will be used to determine the pore size and surface characteristics for the fibers. Kenaf bast fiber are being used for the experiments.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: A chemical process on the inorganic nanoparticle impregnation has been established. A preliminary study has been conducted on the inorganic nanoparticle process, surface morphology of the impregnated fibers, and hardness and modulus of the fibers. Composites from impregnated fiber have also been fabricated and tested. The preliminary research results indicate that the composites with inorganic nanoparticle impregnation had 10% property improvement. The technology developed from this research will allow the natural cellulose fibers to be used in high end applications, such as automotive structural components.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Wood industry, pulp and paper industry, agriculture industry, polymer industry.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: A doctoral student is working on this project.

Inorganic nanoparticle impregnated wood fibers for wood thermoplastic composites

S.Q. Shi, H.M. Barnes, S. Lee August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010065520F


Rendering hardwood fiber utilizing the TimTek™ process

R.D. Seale, H.M. Barnes, S. Shi 065520I August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this project is to evaluate rendering fiber from hardwood raw material sources that could subsequently be used to produce either panels or engineered lumber products. The rendering process will be evaluated on major hardwood species found in north Mississippi and will include red oak, white oak, sweet gum, sycamore, and cottonwood.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: The rendering process has been evaluated with several species and significant differences have been observed. Species that have been rendered

include basswood, aspen, yellow poplar, hybrid poplar, soft maple, sweet gum and pine. A few of the species tested yielded very good scrim. Further investigation may be warranted to see if useful products can be produced from the rendered fiber and if converting costs warrant the building of industrial processes to capture potential value added from these forest resources.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Wood and lumber Industry, wood professionals and researchers.


Moisture absorption performance of natural fiber sheet molding compound (smc) composites

S.Q. Shi, H.M. Barnes Proposed for 2009 September 1, 2009 – August 31, 2011

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing natural cellulosic fibers to replace synthetic glass or carbon fibers to fabricate sheet molding compound (SMC) composites for automobile structural component design. Compared with the synthetic fibers, cellulosic fibers are light weight (energy saving), low cost (economical), biodegradable (easy disposal), and environmentally friendly. The US Department of Energy established a program called FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies, from which the development of lightweight materials for cars and trucks is a major goal. The project “Natural Fiber Composites for Structural Component Design”, is one of the important segments in the program. Through this project, a process has been developed to fabricate kenaf bast fiber based SMC products of which the mechanical properties can be equivalent to the commercial SMC products reinforced with glass fibers. However, compared to fiber glass SMC products, the moisture resistant properties may be a concern since the incorporation of the hygroscopic characteristics of natural fibers cause dimensional instability and moisture-induced degradation of the composites. The proposed research is to evaluate the moisture absorption behavior of the

new developed natural fiber SMC products, and also investigate the effect of different product formulations on the moisture resistant and the durability performance of the products. Moisture absorption process at two moisture vapor conditions (95% and 80%) at room temperature, as well as the water soaking condition, will be tested using the humidity chamber and the lab water immersion container. The weight gain as a function of time will be determined for the natural fiber SMC samples. The simple moisture absorption model will be applied to quantify the moisture absorption behavior for the composites. The effect of different processing parameters, such as natural fiber loading, natural fiber type and fiber treatments on the moisture absorption process of the composites will also be evaluated.

The objective is to:1. To evaluate the moisture induced degradation and durability properties of the cellulosic fiber SMC products for automotive or aerospace structural component applications; and 2. To investigate the effect of natural fiber type and treatment on the moisture resistant property of the composites.


The Department of Forest Products is targeting research and development of safer and longer lasting preservatives that will enhance the marketability and performance of lumber and wood composites.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT• It is estimated that 10% of the timber cut each year in the United States is used to replace deteriorated wood.

Deterioration costs homeowners more than $5 billion annually. Wood preservatives extend the life of wood products, however, many preservatives have proven to be harmful to the environment. Scientists are developing an economical and environmentally-benign totally organic system to prevent fungal and termite deterioration of wood.

Protection and Preservation of Wood



Duration

065430ADefining moisture and temperature limits for decay in wood-based composites for use in developing service-life models

H.M. Barnes T.L. Amburgey

S. Shi J.E. Winandy

9/15/05–9/14/08

065480A Molecular explorations into the expression and inhibition of wood decay enzymes

S.V. Diehl M.L. Prewitt D. Braasch

D.D. Nicholas

9/1/06–8/31/09

065520D Development of near infrared spectroscopy for rapid assessment of wood decay

P.D. JonesD.D. Nicholas 8/15/08–8/14/10

065520E Inhibition of enzyme and mucilage production by wood decay fungi

M.L. PrewittS.V. Diehl

D.D. NicholasH. Borazjani

8/15/08–8/14/10

065520H Development of environmentally-benign organic wood preservative systems T.P. Schultz 8/15/08–8/14/10

Proposed for 2009 Efficacy of wood treated with micronized versus soluble copper wood preservatives

T.P. SchultzD.D. Nicholas 9/01/09 – 8/31/11

Proposed for 2009 Understanding the copper tolerance mechanism of a brown rot fungus through transcriptomics

S.V. DiehlJ. Tang

C.A. ClausenF. Green

9/01/09 – 8/31/11

Protection and Preservation of Wood


Defining moisture and temperature limits for decay in wood-based composites for use in developing service-life models

H.M. Barnes, T.L. Amburgey, S. Shi, J.E. Winandy September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008065430A

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this project is to develop data to understand and predict the relationship between moisture content and temperature and their interactive effect on the long-term serviceability of wood-based materials. This project addresses a major national need for improving long-term service-life of wood products and homes. It will improve the ability to accurately relate materials performance with building serviceability and will allow engineers to more effectively identify, then design to avoid conditions conducive to deterioration and effectively mitigate wood deterioration if it occurs. It will also result in better performance of U.S. housing during man-made and natural disasters, such as inappropriate humidity control, moisture leaks or ingress, and floods.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Because of equipment malfunction, the decay portion of the study was delayed. OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: The study on impact of moisture cycling on the vertical density profile and internal bond strength was completed. A total of 120 oriented-strand boards representing 40 unique combinations of boards were evaluated. Variables included layup, type of resin, rate of resin application, and percentage of wax. Samples were prepared from each board, and were coated with

an end seal mixture to prevent thickness swell. All samples were introduced to a relative humidity (RH) chamber at 50% RH and 20°C. The samples remained in the chamber until equilibrium conditions were reached. Following equilibrium, a set of samples were recorded for measurements of weight, moisture content, and thickness then tested with a vertical density profile (VDP) machine. After VDP testing, each set was tested for internal bond strength. For the remaining samples, the humidity in the chamber was raised to 95% and samples were monitored until they again reached equilibrium. Another set of samples was then removed and the humidity was lowered to 50% to repeat the cycle. Equilibrium conditioning continued until all sets of samples were tested. Samples from boards with a single layer setup with an isocyanate resin, a 100% resin application rate and 0.5% wax yielded the highest IB strength following moisture cycling. These samples also showed the least effect of moisture cycling on the vertical density profile.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Researchers in the composites field, producers of wood composites.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Two graduate students and two undergraduate students have worked on this project.


OBJECTIVES: Expression and Regulation of Decay GenesThe overall objective is to develop the expertise to track the differential expression of genes involved in wood decay on treated and untreated wood in the complex soil environment. Immediate objectives are to:

Develop the methodology for detection and 1. quantification of the wood decay genes by reverse transcription real-time PCR; Evaluate the Beckman-Coulter GenomeLab GEXP 2. system for use in expression profiling of wood decay genes; and To test one expression profiling technique in a more 3. complex, yet controlled environment such as the laboratory accelerated decay test system.

Knock out Tecnology for the Regulation of Lignin Degradation by Phanerochaete ChrysosporiumThe goal is to evaluate knock out technology as a plausible means for reducing wood decay caused by the white and brown rot fungi. To achieve this goal, scientists intend to utilize both antisense technology as well as RNA interference or quelling to inhibit the genes that are responsible for generating lignin peroxidase enzymes. The research plan will proceed in three phases.

Optimize transfection conditions for delivering 1. exogenous nucleic acids into Phanerochaete chrysosporium, using fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides and fluorescence microscopy. Identify good target sequences within the transcript 2. genes involved in the lignin degradation pathway. Develop siRNA expression vectors based on the 3. sequences elucidated in phase 2. The progress of knockout targets will be evaluated by RT2-PCR and biochemical enzyme assays for the specific genes of interest.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Gene expression of decay related genes using Real-time RT-PCR is on-going in two additional research projects and is an integral part of two pending proposals. The gene silencing work is continuing and should be completed by the beginning of the year.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Expression and Regulation of Decay GenesReal-time RT-PCR was used to assess the effects of interspecific microbial interactions on the expression of genes associated with five lignolytic enzymes. Only lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and alcohol oxidase were actively expressed in colonized wood after 30 days

Molecular explorations into the expression and inhibition of wood decay enzymes

S.V. Diehl, M.L. Prewitt, D. Braasch, D. Nicholas September 1, 2006 – August 31, 2009065480A


incubation under optimal conditions. Expression levels of genes were quantitated in one-, two- and multiple-organism interaction tests with the basidiomycetes Trametes elegans, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Gloeophyllum trabeum. Compression strength loss was measured for each decay sample and correlated with gene expression data for each species. Soil microflora actively producing lignolytic enzymes during wood decay were also assessed and identified using degenerative PCR coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, cloning and cycle sequencing. Differential expression was detected in three genes in the two-organism interaction tests: manganese peroxidase in T. elegans interactions, lignin peroxidase A in P. chrysosporium interactions and alcohol oxidase in G. sepiarium interactions. A positive linear correlation was observed between lignin peroxidase A expression and compression strength loss in P. chrysosporium interactions. Soil microflora strongly inhibited the growth of P. chrysosporium, G. sepiarium and G. trabeum in the multiple-organism interaction tests and inhibited the expression of manganese peroxidase I in T. elegans to below detectable levels. No discoloration or mycelial growth was visible on any multiple-organism interaction test sample, indicating that the mechanism of inhibition

was a form of chemical antagonism rather than hyphal interference, mycoparasitism or gross mycelial interaction. The T. elegans strain used in this study was isolated from the same site as the soil used in the multiple-organism interaction tests, potentially explaining why T. elegans alone survived to colonize the test wafers in the presence of unsterilized soil. The lack of manganese peroxidase production by this fungus in the presence of the soil microflora from which it was isolated illustrates the complexity of transcriptional patterns in environmental microbial communities.

Knock out Tecnology for the Regulation of Lignin Degradation by Phanerochaete ChrysosporiumDwaine Braasch, a co-Pi responsible for the gene silencing, resigned in April 2008 which greatly affected the work. Azure B and veratryl alcohol assay methods for determination of lignin peroxidase (LiP) were established. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was put under stress to produce lignin peroxidase enzyme by introducing oxygen to inoculated media. RNA from purged and un-purged samples was extracted, converted into cDNA and screened for the presence of the P. chrysosporium LiP gene. Results indicated that the LiP gene was present in the oxygen purged samples but very little in the un-purged

Molecular explorations into the expression and inhibition of wood decay enzymes (continued)



samples. Short interference oligos were designed and purchased to inhibit expression of the LiP gene.

Wood decay costs over $5 billion annually and 10% of the annual production of forests go toward replacement of decayed products. The current global wood preservative market is $120 million. Although quite a bit is known about some of the decay enzymes in select wood decay fungal species, very little is known about regulation of these enzymes during the process of decay and what other metabolic events are occurring that are integral to the decay process. The new wood preservatives being developed are based on organic biocides that, in general, exhibit high levels of activity against wood decay fungi. This high level of activity permits the use of very low levels

of these compounds, but their biological activity is not as broad. This creates gaps in the control where some fungi may exhibit tolerance or resistance to the biocide. In this regard, it is imperative that we have a much better understanding of the wood decay process and what triggers the decay enzymes. Without this knowledge, the successful development of new environmentally benign wood preservatives will be seriously handicapped.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Homeowners, wood products retailers, and wood protection industry.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Two master’s students and one undergraduate student are working on this project.

Molecular explorations into the expression and inhibition of wood decay enzymes (continued)



Development of near infrared spectroscopy of rapid assessment of wood decay

P.D. Jones, D.D. Nicholas 065520D August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to:Determine whether near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) 1. can be used to measure the extent of wood decay in a soil block test.Determine whether controlling the moisture content 2. and temperature of above ground test samples will accelerate wood decay.Compare dynamic MOE, static bending and NIR as 3. methods for evaluating wood decay in an accelerated above ground decay test.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Continue the soil block tests and fully evaluate by NIR. Compare the results of the soil block tests with the other means of accelerated decay such as the dynamic MOE and static bending.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Wood samples have been procured and cut. Samples have been exposed to varying

types of decay conditions. Both control samples and samples exposed to decay have been scanned with the NIR. Work is ongoing with respect to determining the extent to which variables influence the accelerated decay test and the extent to which NIR can detect the decay. Final results are not yet available but results to date indicate that the methodology is effective and the NIR is producing meaningful and reliable data. Investigators anticipate that further progress will continue without undue delay.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Users of wood products

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One master’s student worked on this project.


OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of Brefeldin A and cytochalasin on the inhibition of mucilage and enzyme production (through protein expression) and wood decay by selected wood decay fungi. The hypothesis for this study is that exposure of these compounds to wood decay fungi will reduce/inhibit mucilage and enzyme production and wood decay.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Work will begin with evaluating a method for quantifying production of mucilage and separation and identification of known proteins.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Supplies are being ordered and experimental design is started. If these compounds are effective in reducing mucilage production, the impact would be great in the field finding alternative wood preservatives.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Wood preservation industry and wood decay researchers GRADUATE STUDENTS: One doctoral student has been retained to work on this project.

Inhibition of enzyme and mucilage production by wood decay fungi

M.L. Prewitt, S.V. Diehl, D.D. Nicholas, H. Borazjani August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010065520E


Development of environmentally-benign organic wood preservative systems

T.P. Schultz August 15, 2008–August 14, 2010065520H

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this research are to:Conduct laboratory AWPA E-l termite tests with other 1. selected antioxidant compounds; help inspect the outdoor self-funded field termite studies installed last year at Saucier, MS, and install additional termite outdoor wood-protection and soil-perimeter tests as appropriate.Inspect and pull depletions samples installed at 2. Saucier, MS and Hilo, HI for analysis to determine the effect of additives on biocide efficacy and depletion in ground-proximity tests.Approach commercial entities to determine interest in 3. licensing these technologies.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: The antioxidants and non-oxidant analogues for the termite E-1 test have been run. The gallic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole compounds fit the proposed hypothesis that termite feeding behavior and mortality are affected by antioxidants but not antioxidant analogues; however, the flavonoid compounds did not. Specifically, quercetin had no effect on the termites. This was surprising, as prior literature articles reported that quercetin has excellent antioxidant properties and effectively repelled for Formosan termites. Two additional flavonoids are currently being run to verify

the results. It was found that the additives, the antioxidant BHT and the metal complexing resin acids, reduced depletion of the organic biocides DCOI and the azole combination of propiconazole/tebuconazole. The best results were obtained with both additives. Unfortunately, the samples treated with DCOI showed excess leaching, and it was found that the particular formulation employed had slight water solubility. One company is conducting licensing discussions with the MSU Patent Office, and a second company are proposing funding further field tests. This work may help develop an economical and environmentally-benign totally organic system to prevent fungal and termite deterioration of wood. Termites cost about $6 billion annually in damage, replacement and prevention costs. It is estimated that replacement of wood products due to fungal decay represents about 10% of the annual timber harvest.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Researchers working on termites and natural durability and new, environmentally-benign repellents.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One graduate student is working on this project.


Efficacy of wood treated with micronized versus soluble copper wood preservatives

T. P. Schultz, D. D. Nicholas September 1, 2009 – August 31, 2011Proposed for 2009

The current wood preservative systems for residential applications, the major market for treated wood, are a combination of copper (II) and an organic co-biocide to control copper-tolerant fungi and well as other microorganisms. Initially, the copper was formulated as a soluble amine system, but starting in early 2007, a new formulation based on micronized copper particles dispersed in water was introduced to the market. Subsequently, considerable controversy has arisen over the effectiveness of soluble versus micronized copper preservatives.

The objective of this study will be to: Conduct field studies to determine the long-term 1. ground-contact efficacy of wood commercially-treated with soluble versus micronized copper systems; Run laboratory soil-block studies to determine if an 2. alternative test methodology to the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) E10/E22 Standard is necessary to test the efficacy of micronized copper systems; and Conduct laboratory AWPA E22 soil-block studies on 3. untreated wood to determine the effect of soil pH on wood deterioration.


Understanding the copper tolerance mechanism of a brown rot fungus through transcriptomics

S.V. Diehl, J. Tang, C.A. Clausen, F. Green September 1, 2009 – August 31, 2011Proposed for 2009

Copper-based preservatives remain the primary biocide used to protect wood from ground-contact exposure. The current global wood preservative market is $120 million per year. The active copper component provides most of the protection against wood decay fungi and insects. Certain brown rot fungi are tolerant of copper-based preservatives, and can decay the wood treated at normally effective preservative levels. The mechanism of copper tolerance is still in question. In order to understand how the fungus adapts to the presence of copper, it is necessary to know what the fungus is doing and where the copper is going. Understanding how a fungal species biochemically overcomes the presence of copper-based preservatives would greatly help in formulating the organic additives directed toward shutting down the copper tolerance mechanism. This proposal will use transcriptomics to identify genes that are differentially expressed by Meruliporia incrassata when grown in the presence or absence of copper. Since each gene plays a particular role in a cell, transcriptomics sequencing should lead to a better understanding of the biochemical pathways used by

the fungus to protect itself from the toxic effects of copper. At the same time, it should be able to help determine the genetic mechanisms underlying enzymatic and non-enzymatic brown rot decay, most of which are unknown.

The objective of this proposal is to determine how the copper tolerant brown rot fungus, Meruliporia incrassata, overcomes the copper found in current wood preservatives. The specific objectives are to

Extract RNA from M. incrassata on untreated and 1. copper- preservative treated wood,Convert RNA into cDNA and prep the cDNA for next 2. generation sequencing, Once sequenced, annotate and compare the 3. transcriptomics sequences to the M. incrassata genome, Determine which genes are unique to the copper 4. tolerance mechanism as well as the wood decay mechanism, and Potentially discover novel genes involved in wood 5. decay and copper tolerance.


Wood Chemistry

Scientists in the Department of Forest Products are researching ways to use wood to develop fuel. With increased demand for fuel and reliance on foreign supplies, the need to develop fuel from natural resources is a top priority. Scientists also are studying ways to clean-up wood preservatives in ground and water sources.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT• As Americans become more environmentally-concerned, recycling of materials is important in reducing landfills

and lowering dependence of fossil fuels. This is especially true with plastic materials which degrade slowly and require petroleum products in their manufacture. Scientists are researching the use of plastic and wood mixtures in the manufacture of bio-oil. Scientists have successfully produced bio-oils from a wood/plastic mixture with reduced oxygen content and increased hydrogen content. This indicates potential for utilization of waste plastics in production of bio-oils from wood. These findings will stimulate plastics separation and utilization efforts in recycling of municipal solid wastes.



Duration

065430BDevelopment of immobilized sequence-specific oligonu-cleotide probes (SSOPs) for rapid identification of impor-tant wood-inhabiting fungi

S.V. Diehl M.L. Prewitt W.J. Diehl

9/15/05–09/14/08

065430G Development of fuels and value-added chemicals from pyrolysis of wood/waste-plastic mixtures

P.H. SteeleL.L. Ingram Jr. 9/15/05–9/14/08

065480D Fuels and chemicals from catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oils

P. SteeleL.L. Ingram Jr.

M. Kim S. Fernando

9/1/06–8/31/08

065520A Regulation of selective delignification

S.V. DiehlM.L. Prewitt

D.D. NicholasW.J. Diehl

8/15/08–8/14/10

065520B Evaluation of using biological treatment for clean-up of wood extractive process water.

H. BorazjaniM.L. PrewittS.V. DiehlR.D. Seale

8/15/08–8/14/10

Proposed for 2009

Accelerated composting of hardwood bark with poultry litter and ammonium nitrate for horticultural applications

H. BorazjaniC. Sloan 9/01/09–8/31/11

Proposed for 2009

Up-regulation of lignin degrading enzymes as a pretreat-ment for woody biomass utilization

M.L. PrewittD. Peterson 9/01/09–8/31/11

Wood Chemistry


Development of immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOPs) for rapid identification of important wood-inhabiting fungi

S.V. Diehl, M.L, Prewitt, W.J. Diehl September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008065430B

OBJECTIVES: The objectives are to:Align and design species -specific oligonucleotide 1. probes (SSOPs) for important wood decay fungi based on ITS sequences, Develop identification membranes for specific field 2. sites containing the SSOPs for fungi important to that site and Develop functional gene specific oligonucleotide 3. probes for important enzymes associated with decay or biocide deactivation for specific fungal species.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: This study focused on isolation important wood decay fungi from two field sites in Mississippi. Southern Yellow Pine samples of various types and treatments including Cu8, CuOm, ACQ, PCP, proprietary organic biocide and untreated wood was collected and fungi isolated. DNA was extracted from pure culture and the Internal Transcribed Region (ITS) amplified and sequenced. A total of 68 fungi were isolated from 196 samples. Thirteen basidiomycetes were identified with Veluticeps fimbriata occurring most often. The white-rot ascomycete, Daldinia fissa, was also common. Species specific probes were designed; however, attempts to attach the poly (dt) tails to the probes were unsuccessful. Four different species of brown rot basidiomycetes were found, while 8 different

white rot basidiomycetes were isolated. There were more basidiomycete species isolated from the southern field site, compared to the mid-state field site.

The new wood preservatives being developed are based on organic biocides that, in general, exhibit high levels of activity against wood decay fungi. This high level of activity permits the use of very low levels of these compounds, but their biological activity is not as broad. This creates gaps in the control where some fungi may exhibit tolerance or resistance to the biocide. In this regard, it is imperative that we have rapid knowledge of the types of microorganisms that are colonizing the wood and identifications of the microbes involved in wood preservative breakdown. Without this knowledge, the successful development of new environmentally benign wood preservatives will be seriously handicapped.

TARGET AUDIENCES: International wood protection industry and university/ federal employees that work on wood decay and wood protection.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One graduate student, one doctorate student, and three undergraduate students worked on this project.


Development of fuels and value-added chemicals from pyrolysis of wood/waste-plastic mixtures

P.H. Steele, L.L. Ingram Jr. September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008065430G

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research project is to develop improved fuels and value-added chemical products from the co-pyrolysis of plastic and wood mixtures.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Temperature of 450°C with 10 s residence time and 10°C/ms heating rate were applied by py-GC/MS to co-pyrolyze wood and plastic in 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0 wood-to-plastic mass ratios to determine the influence on evolution and distribution of chemical products due to variable wood to plastic ratios. Results indicated that chemical species are generally produced relative to the proportions of wood and plastic ratios. The co-pyrolysis of wood and plastic produced an upgraded raw bio-oil. Based on the Py-GC/MS results, 50:50 mass ratios of pine wood and three different plastics (polystyrene, high density polyethylene and polypropylene) were copyrolyzed separately to bio-oil in a 2 kg/hr laboratory scale auger reactor. The auger reactor pyrolysis temperature ranged from 500 to 575°C depending on various feedstocks. Elemental analyses of the three different biooils indicated the higher carbon content and significantly lower oxygen content compared to the pine bio-oil. However, the hydrogen content of the PS/pine and HDPE/pine 50:50 (wt/wt) biooils were not changed considerably compared to the pine biooil.

A dramatic increase of hydrogen content, however, was observed in the PP/pine 50:50 (wt/wt) biooil. Heat of combustion values of these biooils were also higher than the pine biooil. Wood/plastic pyrolysis oils also have lower water contents, acid values and densities that indicate bio-oil upgrading from the copyrolysis of plastic with wood. The bio-oils produced from co-pyrolysis of wood and plastics were upgraded with reduced oxygen content and, in one case, significantly increased hydrogen content. This indicates potential for utilization of waste plastics in production of bio-oils from wood. Reduced oxygen and increased hydrogen content are a key to production of fuels from upgraded bio-oils. These findings will stimulate plastics separation and utilization efforts in recycling of municipal solid wastes.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Municipal solid waste recyclers, biofuels producers.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Three graduate students worked on this project.


fuels and chemicals from catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oils

P.H. Steele, L.L. Ingram Jr., M.G. Kim, S. Fernando September 1, 2006–August 31, 2008

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this project are to:Develop techniques for both mild hydrogenation 1. and HDO treatments of bio-oils to a quality suitable for refining. Various catalysts and temperature and pressure regimes will be tested. Refine the hydrogenated bio-oils to develop light, 2. medium and heavy distillate fractions suitable as fuels or value-added products.Test the fuel values and analyze and explore the 3. potential for producing value-added chemicals from the distillate fractions.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Additional catalysts will be tested to attempt to increase yields and to allow flexible selectivity to specific fuels, particularly for jet fuel. An industrial partner will be sought to commercialize this technology.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Catalysts and methods were developed to produce a high quality hydrocarbon mix from a 2-stage HDO treatment in a batch reactor. This product is water clear, indicating removal of all coke and phenol compounds. Acid value is near zero at 0.5;

oxygen value is also near zero with less than 0.1% oxygen content. Other values, including HHV at 45.2 Mj/kg are nearly equivalent to petroleum diesel. Energy yield on a carbon basis is approximately half the value of that of the dry biomass from which the fuel is produced and 72% of the energy value contained in the original raw bio-oil. Both FTIR spectra and simulated distillation indicate that the HDO bio-oil has properties approximately between gasoline and diesel. This fuel can be distilled into its equivalent petroleum component weights and blended or it can be input as a biocrude into current petroleum refineries for refining to the standard combination of petroleum distillates. Production of liquid transportation fuels from biomass is a high national research priority. This technology will be one component that will make this goal a reality in the near future.

TARGET AUDIENCES: The main target audiences are scientific researchers, farming and forestry industry, forestry associations, farming associations.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Three doctoral students worked on this project.

065480D


Regulation of selective delignification

S.V. Diehl, M.L. Prewitt, D.D. Nicholas, W.J. Diehl August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010065520A

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this research are to better understand the wood decay fungi’s regulatory mechanisms involved in selective delignification versus simultaneous decay and to lay the foundation for future studies in this area.

To determine what proteins are uniquely expressed 1. by Phanerochaete chrysosporium undergoing selective delignification versus simultaneous decay; To compare levels of expression of the decay enzymes 2. by Phanerochaete chrysosporium undergoing selective delignification versus simultaneous decay to the protein results; To track the changes that occurs when a fungus 3. switches from delignification to decay; To confirm the levels of lignin removal by NIR (if 4. possible) and scanning electron microscopy.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Several isolates of Phanerochaete chrysosporium have been obtained. They will be screened for growth under environmental conditions conducive for selective decay and simultaneous decay. Primers for the decay enzymes in this species have already been designed and purchased. Wood and other plant

biomass are currently the only worldwide sustainable sources of fuel and materials. DOE’s Research Roadmap Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol states that “lignocellulose recalcitrance to bioprocessing is the core and limiting factor in creating ethanol production from lignocellulose.” The best biological system for understanding novel lignocellulose metabolism is the microbial wood decay community. Additionally, the global wood preservative market is a $120 million industry. Understanding the regulation of the decay process will allow for development of environmentally safe wood protection systems that could target the production or activity of enzymes and not simply act as a broad spectrum pesticide. Knowledge gained from this work could lead to improved regulation of pretreatment enzymes used in the conversion of biomass into fuels, improved biopulping and improved utilization of biomass for economic importance.

TARGET AUDIENCES: International wood protection industry, biomass utilization industry, pulp and paper industry and university/ federal employees.


Evaluation of using biological treatment for clean-up of wood extractive process water

H. Borazjani, M.L. Prewitt, S.V. Diehl, R.D. Seale August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010

OBJECTIVES: Identify/characterize compounds in process water and evaluate treatment technologies such as biotreatment, co-composting, and phytoremediation using aquatic plant species.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: Six month co-composting of woodwastes with process water will be conducted with the following treatments: woodwaste + DI water, woodwaste + process water, woodwaste + DI water + chicken manure, and woodwaste + process water + chicken manure. Weight loss, carbon/nitrogen ratio, toxicity, and compost maturity test will assist in evaluating the quality of finished product.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Glucose screening results revealed no detectable concentration in the process water. However, screening of the TimTek process water revealed a high BOD of 5190 mg/L and COD of 6135 mg/L. Suspended solids were measured at 235 mg/L and TKN content as 10 mg/L. Filtration of the Timtek waste water through filter columns packed with kenaf and fiberglass reduced the BOD reading by approximately 50% to 2610 mg/L and reduced the suspended solids by nearly 85% to 35 mg/L. Filtration had no measurable

effect on COD or TKN levels. The pH of the waste water was determined to be weakly acidic, with a pH of 4.5. Metal analysis for antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, and thallium showed no detectable amount or very low concentration. Zinc was the only tested metal present in process water with 16mg/L concentration level. Initial screening of the process water using duckweed grown in a 1:4 dilution of process water with deionized water resulted in plant wilting and biofilm formation that eventually killed duckweeds. It was determined that this concentration was too high for successful growth of the aquatic plants. Forest product companies with high BOD process water can produce a value added product on-site from their effluent and woodwastes. The most important part of this research will be achieved by transferring the increased knowledge gained by researchers on this subject to classrooms. This actually represents the ultimate impact since students represent the future of our science.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Industry, consultants and state agencies

065520B


A quickly made compost that incorporates hardwood residue, poultry litter, and chemical fertilizer waste to an improved container media or soil amendment and will be utilized by the nursery, greenhouse, and landscape industries. Results from this research could be of a great value to over 350 certified nurseries and 568 landscape maintenance contractors in Mississippi.

The objective of this research is to:To compare organic nitrogen source (poultry litter) 1. to ammonium nitrate in reduction of hardwood bark composting process time.To evaluate plant growth responses for the following 2. media: a. container nursery media (8 month growth cycle),b. greenhouse bedding media (2 month growth

cycle),andc. homeowner potting soil (12 month growth cycle).

Accelerated composting of hardwood bark with poultry litter and ammonium nitrate for horticultural applications

H. Borazjani, C. Sloan September 1, 2009 – August 31, 2011Proposed for 2009


One goal of the biodeterioration research program is to increase the knowledge of how microorganisms degrade treated or untreated wood, in order to acquire a food source. Microorganisms secret enzymes that degrade the cellular components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) of wood. White rot fungi secret enzymes coded as small fragments in the DNA called genes, that uniquely degrade lignin, the three dimensional polymer that surrounds the hemicellulose and cellulose. These lignin degrading enzymes include lignin and manganese peroxidase and because of their powerful oxidative abilities have been used to degrade environmental pollutants. In order to get a more complete picture of how microorgansms use

enzymes to degrade wood requires blocking some genes and enhancing others. This research will attempt to induce production of lignin peroxidase for the purpose of determining the effect of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase enzymes on lignin degradation.

The objectives of this proposal are: To evaluate the use of DNA up-regulation technology 1. to increase the production of selected lignin degrading enzymes in a white rot fungus and To determine the effect of increase of these enzymes 2. on lignin degradation in wood and To determine the effect on the cellulose structure.3.

Up-regulation of lignin degrading enzymes as a pretreatment for woody biomass utilization

M.L. Prewitt, D.Peterson September 1, 2009 – August 31, 2011Proposed for 2009


Economic Evaluation and Technology Transfer

The Forest and Wildlife Research Center is a significant channel for transferring technical and economic information to the diverse members of the wood industry enabling them to become more efficient and more profitable.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT• Determining the availability of forest resources is important for forest products-based industries to expand or locate

in an area. This is especially true with the potential new bio-energy manufacturing facilities which are expected to expand in the next few years. Scientists have developed a decision support system for the state of Mississippi to assess optimal locations for forest products and bio-energy manufacturing facilities. The system provides availability and sustainability of forest feedstocks and also includes biomass and carbon estimates.



Duration

065430DAn analysis of the structure, performance, capacity and future of the production forestry economic sector of Mississippi: A tool for economic development

R. Grala R. Shmulsky

L. Grace R.D. SealeW. Stuart

9/15/05–9/14/08

065480E Development of design loads for upholstered furniture frames

J. Zhang Y. Xue

S. Hunter9/1/06–8/31/09

065480G Domestic and global competitiveness of the U.S. wood products industry: A general equilibrium analysis

I.A. Munn A. Hussain 9/1/06–8/31/08

061130 Development of large-area inventory techniques for measuring forest landscape change

E.B. SchultzT.G. MatneyR.C. ParkerD.L. EvansK.L. Belli

9/1/06–8/31/08

065520G Production of bio-energy feed stocks from forest understory vegetation

P.H. SteeleL.L. Ingram Jr.

E. HassanD.L. Grebner

8/15/08–8/14/10




Duration

065520J

A web-based decision support system to assess optimal locations for forest products and bio-energy manufacturing facilities and the availability and sustainability of forest feedstocks

E.B. SchultzT.G. MatneyD.L. Evans

D.L. GrebnerR.C. Parker

J. Fan

8/15/08–8/14/10

065520K An economic analysis of the potential establishment of bio-refinery plants in Mississippi

D.L. GrebnerI.A. Munn

C. Sun8/15/08–8/14/10

Proposed for 2009 Separation and characterization of hemicelluloses from biomass for chemicals and biopolymer applications

E. HassanM.G. KimP.H. Steele

9/01/09 – 8/31/11

Proposed for 2009 Development of high-value carbon materials from biomass

J. ZhangF. Yu 9/01/09 – 8/31/11



An analysis of the structure, performance, capacity and future of the production forestry economic sector of Mississippi: A tool for economic development

September 15, 2005–September 14, 2008065430D

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this effort was to pull together existing and develop new information on the structure, performance, capacity and coordination of the production forestry sector that would have utility in economic development. Monitoring the above changes and trying to develop an understanding of their intermediate and long-term effects on production forestry in the U.S. Southern Region has been of particular interest in this era of rapidly changing forest ownership and economic turmoil.

The manner in which the type, quality, and availability of the raw material, the marketing system, and production forces combine to capture that raw material and route it to the most appropriate manufacturing facility was of particular interest.

PROJECT MODIfICATIONS: As the proposal stated, this work intended to examine mill types and timberland ownership patterns. During the time interval between when the work was proposed and the project was awarded, Hurricane Katrina struck the gulf coast and drastically changed the timber-based landscape. As a means of rapidly responding to the altered conditions, the work was modified to include aspects of change

alteration in response to the hurricane. In this manner, both the initial goals and objectives as well as the pressing Hurricane Katrina-related issues were addressed.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: During the course of this work, information was generated and disseminated with respect to the strengths and weaknesses associated with varying timber ownership patterns, corporate vertical integration level, geographic impacts, and hardwood versus softwood markets in response to major weather-related and similar disturbances.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Timberland land owners, timber conversion facilities, loggers’ associations and associated scientists, professionals, and key individuals who can disseminate this research results throughout other states and locations that are prone or susceptible to major weather or other natural disturbance events.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One master’s students and one doctoral student have worked on this project.

R.K. Grala, R. Shmulsky, L.A. Grace, R.D. Seale, W.B. Stuart


Development of design loads for upholstered furniture frames

J. Zhang, Y. Xue, S. Hunter September 1, 2006 – August 31, 2009

OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this research is to develop frame structural design loads for upholstered furniture industries, which will be enable them to achieve significant cost savings through product engineering. The detailed objectives are:

Development of analysis methods and procedures, 1. Frame structural modeling and analysis, 2. Derive cycle load schedules for all structural 3. components, Deriving fatigue life curves based on available 4. experimental data for structural components, Deriving design loads, and 5. Performing structural design and carrying out frame 6. performance tests for verifications.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: The engineering data obtained from this research such as frame design loads and cycle load schedules for durability evaluation of furniture frame structural components will help furniture manufacturers to optimize their frame design in selection of frame materials and connections to meet frame testing standards such as the General Services Administration.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Furniture industry, suppliers.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One doctoral student worked on this project.

065480E


Domestic and global competitiveness of the U.S. wood products industry: A general equilibrium analysis

I.A. Munn, A. Hussain September 1, 2006–August 31, 2008

OBJECTIVES: The overall goal of this research is to contribute to a sound basis for the revival and recovery of the forest products sector while conserving the natural resource base. The objective is to analyze factors determining the sector’s international competitiveness and prospects for development. This objective will be accomplished through the following goals:

Formulate a general equilibrium model of U.S. major 1. regions (e.g., PNW, Southeast, Southwest, Northeast, Midwest) juxtaposed in relation to the world major trading regions (e.g., Pacific-Asia, Scandinavia-Russia, Europe, Canada, South America, rest of world), that allows for appropriate representation of inter-industry linkages and associated transactions. Simulate the impact of a set of policy scenarios 2. including changes in corporate taxes, technological change, environmental regulations, and trade liberalization on U.S. forest products competitiveness. Construct indices of net regional welfare, and discuss 3. alternative management and marketing strategies that would optimize economic gains from forest products international trade.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: This research used the Global Trade Model (GTAP) to simulate the impact of a 2%

reduction in a) intermediate input cost, and b) unskilled labor cost of the U.S. forest products industry. The base data were for 2004 which is the latest version of the data maintained by the Global Trade Model. The data base pertains to 113 countries and 87 industries (sectors). Given our focus on U.S. forest products trade, the 113 countries were aggregated into 7 regions: U.S., Canada, remainder of North and South America, Japan, China and Hong Kong, remainder of East Asia, European Union, and remainder of the World. The 87 industries were aggregated into 7 groups: agriculture, extractive industries, wood products, pulp and paper, light manufacturing, heavy manufacturing, and services. U.S. trade in wood products and pulp and paper products is concentrated in three regions: Canada, remainder of Americas, and European Union. In 2004, the U.S. imported $1.094 trillion worth of goods and services, whereby wood products and pulp and paper products respectively accounted for $9.4 and $24.06 billion. U.S. trade in wood products and pulp and paper products is essentially with three regions: Canada, European Union, and rest of the Americas because 78 percent of the wood products and 70 percent of the pulp and paper came from these three regions. Considering U.S. exports, in 2004, the country exported $1.064 trillion worth of goods and

065480G


Domestic and global competitiveness of the U.S. wood products industry: A general equilibrium analysis(continued)

I.A. Munn, A. Hussain September 1, 2006–August 31, 2008065480G

services. The share of wood products and pulp and paper was $8.654 billion and $22.613 billion, and like imports were concentrated geographically because 79 percent of the wood products and 71 percent of the pulp and paper products were exported to the same countries/regions. However, Canada dominated U.S. trade of wood products and pulp and paper both in terms of imports as well as exports. China and Japan constituted the next important region because the shares of these regions both in U.S. imports and exports were as large as the rest of the world treated as a separate region. A comparison of the U.S. and its global competitors in terms of the cost structure of wood products and pulp and paper products indicate distinct patterns. In particular, the share of unskilled labor in total cost in the U.S. is greater than any of its global trading partners. For instance, the share of unskilled labor in U.S. wood products cost is 25.2 percent whereas in Canada it is 16.5 percent; the corresponding figures for the remainder of the Americas, European Union, China and Japan are 22.7, 13.2, 10.7, and 15.4 percent, respectively. This indicated that U.S. unskilled workers earn comparably higher wages than its trading partners and suggested that U.S. wood products firms need to be concerned about unskilled workers cost of production. U.S. output of wood products and exports increases under

each scenario but more so under the assumed unskilled labor efficiency gains than intermediate wood input use. In contrast, U.S. imports of wood products decreases more under the assumed intermediate wood input use by the U.S. wood products sector. Increased exports and reduced imports by the U.S. results in reduced U.S. trade balance in the wood products sector. However, U.S. trade balance gets worse in all other U.S. sectors due to reduced net exports. U.S. welfare under both scenarios increases by 0.014 percent; in terms of dollars, the equivalent change is over $1.4 billion. By quantifying the outcomes of various policy scenarios, this project will enable industry and government policy makers to develop appropriate domestic and trade regulations to enhance the competitiveness of the US forest products industry in the global market.

TARGET AUDIENCES: State and federal legislators, forest products industry management and administration personnel, state and federal forestry agency personnel, forestry and forest products professional organizations, other forestry and forest products NGOs, and forest policy analysts.


Development of large-area inventory techniques for measuring forest landscape change

E.B. Schultz, T.G. Matney, R.C. Parker, D.L. Evans, K.L. Belli September 1, 2006–August 31, 2008061130

OBJECTIVES: Investigate multi-spectral and Light Detection and 1. Ranging (LiDAR)-based change detection procedures that will generate statistically efficient strata based on age and stand density classes for optimally allocating a random sample in a large-area inventory.Develop models to accurately predict change caused 2. by hurricane damage and describe its spatial extent using analyses of pre- and post-storm remotely sensed and GIS data.Estimate below- and above-ground forest carbon 3. sequestration for the promotion of carbon management as it relates to mitigating CO2 emissions and influencing global climate change.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Stand measurements derived from LiDAR data were examined by comparing them to field data. Three stand types were studied with 15 field plots associated with each stand type. Two independent LiDAR missions were flown in approximate orthogonal directions. Field plots were established where the missions overlapped. ERDAS IMAGINE was used to visually match trees identified in the LiDAR data to those that were stem mapped in the field. Overall tree recognition accuracy on mature pine plots was 86% and 88% respectively on N-S

versus E-W LiDAR flight lines. Tree recognition accuracy was 64% versus 74% in immature pine and 69% versus 72% in mature hardwood for N-S versus E-W lines. New software has been purchased for ground determination in LiDAR use in change detection for inventory assessments. It allows more user input into ground determination and therefore, will lead to better refinement and evaluation of ground layers than previous techniques. This should contribute to better assessments of tree heights based on revised LiDAR tree-finding models also under investigation. These revised models will be applied to the plantation stand data of this study to determine if it can improve on recognition of closely spaced trees as compared to prior model versions. A high resolution satellite image was used to examine forest characteristics such as stem density and crown density for stratification to aid in volume estimations for a regional inventory program. Seven different forest classes were generated. The mixed classes were separated into the pine and hardwood classes by using plurality of stocking by basal area at the plot level. Supervised classification based on the plot level field information was used and produced an overall accuracy of 87% with a Kappa of 0.8416. The classification with extracted mean band data and percent of forested pixels was used along with field measurements


such as average basal area and stem density in regression analysis to predict forest characteristics such as stem density and crown closure; possible indicators of volume variability from the high resolution imagery. The MIFI statewide forest inventory is being analyzed to assess bias in tree height estimates on field inventory plots. Field procedures specify ocular estimates of tree height on all trees on the plot with the first two trees being objectively measured at the end of the tally. Height bias differences between field crews and species for four inventory regions of the State are being assessed. A multiple scene forest stand structure parameter estimation model for inventory pre-stratification is being developed. Linear regression models have been completed and logistic regression models are currently being developed for the southwest region of Mississippi. Once the best performing model is established, the model will be applied to other regions of Mississippi to determine if recalibration of the models is needed. When the model building procedure is complete for all regions of Mississippi statistical analysis will be performed to determine the statistical gain achieved by stratification over random sampling. This project demonstrated that LiDAR is suitable and accurate for tree identification and height measurements in mature timber. Direction of flight line apparently does not significantly

influence tree identification and measurements. Tree identification and measurements in immature timber still present challenges. Overall, these findings support operational use of LiDAR in basic forest measurements under situations represented by this study. High resolution satellite data can be used to accurately map forest cover in the mid-south. Derivation of parameters from high resolution and LandSat data can be used to make significant gains in inventory stratification even though the overall strength of relationships between field and remote sensing variables is modest.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Eleven graduate students have worked on this project.

Development of large-area inventory techniques for measuring forest landscape change (continued)

E.B. Schultz, T.G. Matney, R.C. Parker, D.L. Evans, K.L. Belli September 1, 2006–August 31, 2008061130


OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this project is to quantify volumes of understory biomass available on plantation pine sites of various ages just prior to first and second thinnings and final harvest. Regrowth of the vegetative understory will be measured at one-year intervals for two years to determine the potential for sustained yields of understory biomass as related to stand age at time of understory biomass harvest. For sustainable harvest of understory biomass, the removal for bioenergy must not decrease the long-term fertility of the timber land. To determine potential fertility decrease from understory biomass harvest, soil tests will be performed at harvest and at one-year intervals on harvest sites.

PROJECT MODIfICIATIONS: Replicated physical, chemical and elemental analyses will be performed on the understory biomass and bio-oils. Bio-oil characteristics will be related to understory biomass characteristics and also compared to forestry biomass and bio-oils of other types. Hydrocarbons will be manufactured by hydrodeoxygenation and fuel characteristics compared to those from hardwood and softwood clear wood HDO fuels. Projections of the value of understory harvest for fuel production will be made.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Understory biomass was harvested from five 10’ by 10’ sampling grid locations on southern pine plantation stands for each of a first, second, and final clearcut type stands at least one year prior to the application of the thinning or clearcut treatment. Understory biomass yields were computed on a per-acre basis and compared to earlier study results. The understory biomass was chipped, dried and pyrolyzed to bio-oil with yields and mass balances computed. The bio-oils from each treatment are being chemically and physically analyzed. The biomass was analyzed for elemental chemicals: C, H and O. While understory biomass is a small component of the forestry biomass available from which to produce liquid fuels it may be a significant fraction in the search for untapped forestry biomass for liquid biofuels production. Results of this study will shed light on the promise in terms of volume and potential product from this biomass source.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Research community and scientists.

GRADUATE STUDENTS: One master’s student worked on this project.

Production of bio-energy feed stocks from forest understory vegetation

August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010065520GP.H. Steele, L.L. Ingram Jr., E. Hassan, D.L. Grebner


A web-based decision support system to assess optimal locations for forest products and bio-energy manufacturing facilities and the availability and sustainability of forest feedstocks

E.B. Schultz, T.G. Matney, D.L. Evans, D.L. Grebner, R.C. Parker, J. Fan August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010065520J

OBJECTIVES: The specific objectives are to:Enhance an existing Web-based forest inventory DSS 1. by integrating: I) forest products manufacturing and bio-energy production facility specifications and raw material requirements (garnered from the user) 2) a geospatially-based forest inventory and feedstock projection system, and 3) a transportation network and cost database into a mathematical programming optimization model. Models will provide the minimum raw material procurement cost and sustainability of feedstocks and will be presented in a Windows interface format for use by industry, policy makers, forester managers, and private landowners.Characterize the impact of a woody biomass 2. liquid fuel market on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration management, and fossil fuels displacement.

OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: Creation of age and forest type GIS layers for five state inventory regions is in progress. One of five state inventory regions has been completed. Computer code for analyzing transportation networks and estimating biomass by tree components have been

completed. The biomass estimation code was linked to existing DSS inventory software. Users of the Web-based inventory DSS can now obtain biomass/carbon estimates for user-selected areas of Mississippi. The DSS helps assure the sustainable utilization of the State’s forest resources and encourages industry investment (new or expansions). To date, the Mississippi Institute for Forest Inventory has used the DSS for: 97 installation or analytical support requests; 71 detailed analyses; 26 species product, diameter distributions, growth/drain ratios and spatial distribution analyses; 22 cellulosic facilities and several pellet facilities pursuing capital funding for locating mills in Mississippi; two traditional forest products company poised to locate in Mississippi; and seven electrical generation from biomass facilities.

TARGET AUDIENCES: Bio-fuel and other forest-based industry, Mississippi Institute for Forest Inventory, forest managers, governmental policy makers, forest landowners

GRADUATE STUDENTS: Two master’s students and two doctoral students worked on this project.


An economic analysis of the potential establishment of bio-refinery plants in Mississippi

D.L. Grebner, I.A. Munn, C. Sun August 15, 2008 – August 14, 2010

OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential impacts generated by recent market and policy programs oriented to increase ethanol production from woody biomass. Specific objectives are to:1. Determine the economic impacts of the potential establishment of a cellulosic ethanol manufacturing plant on other industrial sectors of the state.2. Determine the contribution of ethanol industries to the public revenues of the state, county, and local governments.3. Determine the contributions of ethanol plants to total employment, income, value-added, and value of shipments. These multipliers will be used to evaluate the incremental contribution to the state’s economy from per unit changes in the number of ethanol plants. OUTPUTS/IMPACTS: A graduate student will be employed to update published works. World instability and the United States’ heavy dependence on oil imports

from the Middle East make it extremely important to investigate alternative sources of liquid fuels and other bioenergy opportunities. Mississippi’s abundance of woody biomass, high profile forest sector, and location gives it an important position in developing a wood-based bioenergy market. The results from this study will provide important information pertinent to Mississippi policy makers evaluating the viability of this energy source as an alternative fiber market for both industrial and non-industrial forest landowners, and communities around the state. In addition, the results from this study will serve as a framework for addressing region wide issues on this topic.

TARGET AUDIENCES: This information will be targeted at community developers at the county and state level as well as policy makers and other natural resource professionals and researchers.

065520K


Separation and characterization of hemicelluloses from biomass for chemicals and biopolymer applications

E. Hassan, M.G. Kim, P.H. Steele September 1, 2009 – August 31, 2011

In 2007, petroleum accounted for 95 percent of the transportation total energy consumption in the U.S. Transportation fuels derived from petroleum have disadvantages such as pollution, source depletion, and greenhouse gas emission. Therefore, there is a growing worldwide effort toward using alternative, sustainable energy resources. Ethanol produced from biomass is a unique form of renewable energy with advantages of very low greenhouse gas emission and production potential in many countries that have limited petroleum resources such as the U.S. Currently, however, most of ethanol production in the U. S. uses corn as the feedstock and the extra demand for corn creates tighter supply of corn in food production to result in higher prices of food. Therefore, research on using non-food lignocellulosic biomass for production of ethanol has been intensively pursued, however, there are difficulties in making the process competitive.

Research on pretreatment methods of biomass and on the methods of isolating hemicellulose components from various pretreatment streams are needed to improve

the overall conversion process economy of biomass to ethanol. Hemicelluloses are also a promising renewable raw material for various chemicals and biopolymers useful in medical and pharmaceutical applications. Research on separating the hemicellulose components from southern pine wood and characterization and evaluation of them in various value-added applications is proposed.

The objective of this project is to increase the economic feasibility of ethanol production processes of pine wood through:

Development of pretreatment methods that allow the 1. hemicellulose components of southern pine wood to be fractionated into relatively pure products.Development of separation methods of hemicellulose 2. components from the optimum pretreatment process streams.Characterization of the isolated hemicellulose 3. components using various chemical and polymer analytical methods.Development of utilization of the hemicellulose 4. components as sources of chemicals and biopolymers.

Proposed for 2009


Development of high-value carbon materials from biomass

J. Zhang, F. Yu September 1, 2009 – August 31, 2011

Recent developments in the thermal conversion of biomass to carbonatious gas and in carbon nanotube production provide an innovative platform for the development of radically new products of high market value. We propose to develop a cost-effective, continuous, and environmentally-friendly process that integrates thermal chemical conversion with carbon nanomaterial synthesis technology to produce high-value carbon nanomaterials from biomass such as wood. To achieve this goal, we have to overcome some critical elements. Therefore four tasks have been planed as following: biomass thermal conversion to CO and CH4; syngas cleanup; gas separation and purification; and nanomaterial synthesis.

Development of this innovative process for carbon nanotube production from biomass feedstock would open a new market for low-value agricultural and forest

products. Using biomass to replace petroleum-based feedstocks also reduces dependence on foreign oil imports. As this technology is commercially realized, the end result will include a significant economic impact, translating into new companies and job creation.

The objective of this project is to:Study the effects of biomass thermo-chemical 1. conversion process variables on the quality and quantity of their products and by-products with the intention of process optimization; Develop cost-effective and environmentally-friendly 2. cleanup and separation processes for mixture gases from the thermo-chemical conversion processes; and Develop processes to synthesize high-value carbon 3. nanomaterials using carbonaceous gases generated from the biomass thermo-chemical conversion processes.

Proposed for 2009


PublicationsAltizer, C.B. 2007. An introduction to the Southern US wood supply system: A value chain approach. Pages 150-159 in Proceedings of Southern Forest Economics Workshop 2007: Global Change and Forestry: Economic and Policy Implications.

Bhatttacharya, P., M.G. Kim, P.H. Steele, L.L. Ingram, C. Pittman Jr. 2007. Fast pyrolysis of waste plastics with woody biomass. Proceedings of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations. Taipei, Taiwan. November, 2007.

Bhatttacharya, P., P.H. Steele, L.L. Ingram, C. Pittman Jr. 2007. Co-pyrolysis of pine wood with three waste plastics. Proceedings of the 61st International Meeting of the Forest Products Society. Knoxville, TN. June, 2007.

Bhattacharya, P., P.H. Steele, L.L. Ingram Jr., C.U. Pittman Jr. 2008. Development of fuel and value-added chemicals from pyrolysis of wood/waste plastic mixture. American Chemical Society Division of Fuel Chemicals 53(1):340-342.

Bucci, R.J. 2008. Molecular based identification of wood decay fungi from two field sites in Mississippi. Thesis, Department of Forest Products, Mississippi State University, 66 pages.

Crosby, M., T.G. Matney, E.B. Schultz. 2008. Multi-state forest carbon storage estimates: Baselines, balances, and catastrophic losses. Proceedings of the 2008 Society of American Foresters National Convention. Reno, NV.

Dahlen, J., R. Shmulsky. 2008. Grade improvement during drying with a pre-commercial prototype restraint device of two-by-fours sawn from loblolly pine thinnings. Forest Products Journal 58(3):91-94.

Dahlen, J., R. Shmulsky, T. Mlsna, S. Millar. 2008. VOC and HAP monitoring via MEMS chemical sensors during pine lumber drying. Proceedings of the Panel and Engineered Lumber Expo and Conference. February, 2008. Atlanta, Georgia.

Dahlen, J., R. Shmulsky, T. Mlsna, S. Millar. 2007. VOC monitoring via MEMS chemical sensors during pine lumber drying. Proceedings of the 61st International Meeting of the Forest Products Society. Knoxville, TN.


Dai, L, J. Zhang, and F. Quin. 2008. Lateral and tensile resistances of glued face-to-face and end-to-face joints in pine plywood and oriented strandboard. Forest Products Journal 58(3):50-54.

Dai, L., J. Zhang. 2006. Fatigue behavior and design of wood composites as furniture components. Proceedings of the SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics. St. Louis, MO. June, 2006.

Grace, L.A. 2008. Effect of changing road weight limits on Monroe County stumpage values. MSU Extension Service, Mississippi State University.

Grace, L.A. 2008. Effect of changing road weight limits on Tishomingo County stumpage values. MSU Extension Service, Mississippi state University.

Grebner, D.L., A.J. Londo, C. Sun, S.C. Grado, D.C. Sumerall, J.C. Dewey, B.F. Nero, R.P. Maiers. 2007. Potential carbon sequestration opportunities and issues for bottomland hardwood afforestation in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters National Convention. Portland, OR. October, 2007.

Grebner, D.L., A.J. Londo, C. Sun, S.C. Grado, D.C. Sumerall, J.C. Dewey, B.F. Nero, R.P. Maiers. 2008. Potential carbon sequestration opportunities and issues for bottomland hardwood afforestation in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Forum of Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table 3(4):305-312.

Grebner, D.L., G. Perez-Verdin, C. Sun, I.A. Munn, E.B. Schultz, T.G. Matney. 2008. Woody biomass feedstock availability, production costs and implications for bioenergy conversion in Mississippi. Chapter 12 in Solomon and Luzadis, eds., Renewable Energy from Forest Resources in the United States. Routledge: London. 330p.

Henderson, J.E., I.A. Munn. 2008. The Mississippi furniture industry and its economic impacts to the state economy. Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Research Bulletin FO371, Mississippi State University. 18 pp.

Henderson, J.E., I.A. Munn, G. Perez-Verdin, D.L. Grebner. 2008. Forestry in Mississippi: The impact of the forest products industry on the post-Katrina Mississippi Economy: An input-output analysis. Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Research Bulletin FO 374, Mississippi State University. 31pp.

Publications


Ingram, L.L., D. Mohan, P.H. Steele, D. Strobel, B. Mitchell, J. Mohammad, K. Cantrell, C.U. Pittman Jr. 2008. Pyrolysis of wood and bark in an auger reactor: Physical properties and chemical analysis of the produced bio-oils. Energy and Fuels 22(1): 614-625.

Lee, S., J. Shi, S.Q. Shi, H.M. Barnes. 2008. Inorganic nanoparticle impregnated kenaf fibers as reinforcement for polypropylene matrix composites in automobile applications. Proceedings of the International Congress of Nano-Bio Clean Tech. San Diego, CA. October, 2008.

Lee, S., S.Q. Shi, H.M. Barnes, J. Shi. 2008 Inorganic nanoparticle impregnated kenaf fibers for natural fiber polymer composites. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Advanced Engineered Wood & Hybrid Composites. Bar Harbor, Maine. July, 2008.

McConnell, T.E. 2007. The effects of Hurricane Katrina on the structure, performance, capacity, and future of the lumber industry. Thesis, Department of Forest Products, Mississippi State University.

McConnell, T.E., R. Shmulsky. 2008. The effects of Hurricane Katrina on the structure, performance, capacity, and future of the lumber industry. Proceedings of the Forest Products Society International Convention. St. Louis, MO. June, 2008.

Mlsna, T., S. Patel, R. Shmulsky, J. Dahlen, S. Millar. 2008. Continuous monitoring of VOCs during kiln-drying with MEMS chemical sensors based mini-GC. Proceedings of the Forest Products Society Quality Drying for the 21st century, Energy and Market Realities Conference. Bellingham, WA. November, 2006.

Mitchell, B.K., L.L. Ingram Jr., J.A. Soria, P.H. Steele, D. Strobel. 2008. Chemical and physical characteristics of bio-oils from pine and oak feedstocks. Pages 33-38 in proceedings of Woody Biomass Utilization: Challenges and Opportunities, Forest Products Society.

Parker, R.C. , D.L. Evans. 2008. LiDAR forest inventory with single-tree, double- and single-phase procedures. Proceedings of the 2008 SilviLaser Conference. Edinburgh, Scotland, September, 2008.

Publications


Peng, Y., S.Q. Shi, M.G. Kim. 2008. Effect of temperature on the dynamic mechanical properties of resin films and wood. Forest Products Journal 58(12):68-74.

Perez-Verdin, G., D.L. Grebner, C. Sun, I.A. Munn, E.B. Schultz, T.G. Matney. 2008. Woody biomass feedstock supplies and management for bioenergy in Mississippi. Proceedings of the 2008 Southern Forest Economics Workshop. Savannah, GA.

Perez-Verdin, G., D.L. Grebner, I.A. Munn, C. Sun, S.C. Grado. 2008. Economic impacts of woody biomass utilization for bioenergy in Mississippi. Forest Products Journal 58(11):75-83.

Schultz, E.B., T.G. Matney, S.C. Grado, W.T. Jones, D.L. Grebner, P. Glass. 2008. A carbon estimation system: Rural and urban forest case studies. Proceedings of the 2008 Society of American Foresters National Convention. Reno, NV.

Shi, J, J. Zhang, H. Toghiani, C. Pittman, Jr, Y. Xue. 2008. Preliminary study on stiffness enhancement of wood-plastic composites using carbon nanofibers. Holz Roh Werkst 66:313-322.

Shi, J., S. Lee, S.Q. Shi, H.M. Barnes. 2008. Inorganic nanoparticle impregnation for kenaf bast fibers. Proceedings of the Forest Products Society 62nd International Convention. St. Louis, Missouri. June, 2008.

Shi, S.Q., S. Lee, J. Shi. 2008. Lamination process for chemical retted kenaf fiber/thermoplastic polymer composites. Proceeding of the 23rd Annual American Society for Composites Technical Conference. Memphis, TN. September, 2008.

Shmulsky, R., J.M. Dahlen. 2008. Laboratory scale VOC emissions testing of air-dried basswood lumber. Forest Products Journal 58(4):94-96.

Shmulsky, R., J. Dahlen. 2008. Southern pole emissions during kiln drying. Proceedings of the American Wood Preservers Association Annual Meeting. Portland, OR. May, 2008.

Shmulsky, R., J.M. Dahlen. 2008. Acrolein and selected HAPS from southern pine a comparison of four mills. Proceedings of the Forest Products Society Quality Drying for the 21st century, Energy and Market Realities Conference. Bellingham, WA. November, 2006.

Publications


Stuart, W.B., L.A. Grace, C.B. Altizer. 2006. Preliminary 2004 logging cost indices. Seventh Quarterly Report to the Wood Supply Research Institute. 15pp.

Wilkinson, D.W., R.C. Parker, D.L. Evans. 2008. Change detection techniques for use in a statewide forest inventory program. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 74(7):893-901.

Zhang, Y., J. Zhang, J. Shi, H. Toghiani, Y. Xue, C.U. Pittman Jr. 2008. Flexural properties and micromorphologies of wood flour/carbon nanofiber/maleated polypeopylene/polypropylene composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Engineering 40(6/7):948-953

Publications

Rubin ShmulskyHead, Forest Products

Box 9820Mississippi State, MS 39762

[email protected]

Andrew EzellHead, Forestry

Box 9681Mississippi State, MS 39762

[email protected]

George M. HopperDirector

Forest and Wildlife Research CenterBox 9680

Mississippi State, MS 39762662-325-2953

[email protected]

www.fwrc.msstate.edu

2008 annual report wood utilization research center

Documents