cellular transport, cells & organelles...cellular transport, cells & organelles vocabulary...

Cellular Transport, Cells & Organelles Silber Science Biology Packet 2

Important Dates to remember:

Cellular Transport Vocabulary Quiz Thursday, October 3, 2019

Cellular Transport Quiz: Friday, October 4, 2019

Naked Egg Lab Conclusion Paragraph Due: Monday, October 7, 2019

Cells Vocabulary Contract Due: Monday, October 7, 2019

Cells, Organelles and Transport Unit Test Review: Monday, October 7 2019

Cells, Organelles and Transport Unit Test: Tuesday, October 8, 2019

DO NOT THROW AWAY THIS PACKET! IT WILL BE VITAL TO STUDY FROM AND REVIEW

FOR THE ENTIRE YEAR. KEEP IT SOMEWHERE SAFE!

Table of Contents: Cover Cover

Table of Contents Page 1

I Can Statements/ Standards

Smart Goals Page 2

Cellular Transport, Cells & Organelles Vocabulary Chart Page 3

Review of Organelles Page 6

Selective Permeability Introduction Page 7

Selective Permeability Anticipation Guide and Reading Page 8

Passive Transport Notes Page 10

Solutes, Solvents and Tonicity Page 14

The Naked Egg Lab Page 16

Active Transport Page 20

Study list for Transport Page 22

Packet Summary Page 22

Silber Science Biology Packet 2: Cellular Transport, Cells & Organelles 1

Directions:

● Place a ✔ in the box if you know the concept well enough to teach it to another ● Place an O in the box if you know it KINDA but aren’t really sure. ● Place an ✘if you’ve never heard of it before!

Before Learning

I Can After

Learning

1 I can identify cell organelles and state their functions.

2 I can define homeostasis

3 I can explain how cellular organelles function in maintaining homeostasis

4 I can identify how a cell would be affected if various organelles are missing or damaged

5 I can demonstrate and explain how osmosis, diffusion, endocytosis, and exocytosis are involved in maintaining homeostasis and why it is important

6 I can recognize and differentiate between active and passive transport

7 I can explain why cell membranes are selectively permeable

8 I can investigate how factors like size, charge, concentration, and temperature affect the rate of cellular transport and how the cell membrane is useful to the movement of

molecules across the concentration gradient as well as what a concentration gradient is.

9 I can compare and contrast how plant and animal cells respond to various tonicities and predict the movement of water into or out of the cell depending upon the tonicity of its

external environment. .

10 I can describe the parts of a solution and distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

B20 Standards Addressed in this Packet

1- SB1a Construct an example of how cell structures and organelles interact as a system to maintain homeostasis

4- SB1d Plan and carry out investigations to determine the role of cellular transport (i.e. active, passive and osmosis) in maintaining

homeostasis.

List your SMART Goal Below!

Silber Science Biology Packet 2: Cellular Transport, Cells & Organelles

2

Cellular Transport Vocabulary Chart

Vocab Word

Definition

Image

Osmosis (p. 262)

**passive transport

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Diffusion (p. 260)

**passive transport

Process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

Facilitated Diffusion (p. 261)

**passive transport

The process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels

Active Transport

(264-65, 284

**active transport

The movement of materials against a concentration gradient. REQUIRES ENERGY.

Concentration Gradient

any imbalance in concentration. Moving down a gradient means that the particle is trying to be evenly distributed everywhere, like dropping food coloring in water.

Passive Transport

(p. 260-263)

movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input


Exocytosis (264-65)

**active transport

The membrane of the vesicle or vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell. The removal of water by means of a contractile vacuole is one example of this type of active transport.

Endocytosis (264-65)

**active transport

The process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane. Large molecules, clumps of food, and even whole cells can be taken up in this way.

Pinocytosis (p. 265)

**active transport

The taking up of liquid by the cell. Tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles.

Phagocytosis (p. 265)

**active transport

Type of endocytosis in which extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. The cell then engulfs it. White blood cells use this method to remove damaged or foreign cells and destroy them.

Extracellular

Outside of the cell

Intracellular Inside of the cell

Hypotonic (p. 262)

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the LESSER concentration of solutes


Hypertonic

(p. 262) When comparing two solutions, the solution with the GREATER concentration of solute

Isotonic (p. 262)

When the concentration of two solutions is the same

Permeable Allowing liquids or gasses to pass through

Impermeable Not allowing liquid or gas to pass through

Selective Permeability

Property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot, also called semi-permeable membrane.

Phospholipid Bilayer (p. 257)

A double layered sheet called a lipid bilayer gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. Include fatty acid portions that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Fluid Mosaic Model

(p. 257)

Because so many different types of molecules make up the cell membrane, scientists describe the cell membrane as a fluid mosaic. (Fluid because the molecules move along the membrane and mosaic based off of the type of art that involves putting bits and pieces of different colors or materials together).


Cell organelles

No. Organelle Function/role No. 1 Ribosome Site of respiration and production of ATP. Contains the

cristae (folded membrane) and the matrix (fluid).

2 Nuclear envelope Involved in the production of lipids. No ribosomes present.

3 Cytoskeleton Site of photosynthesis (light energy into chemical energy). Contains grana, thylakoids and stroma.

4 Nucleus Small sacs in the cytoplasm that contain enzymes for breaking down substances.

5 Cell membrane A network of protein fibers that maintain and stabilize the cell’s shape.

6 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Protein fibers involved in cell division and the production of spindle fibers.

7 Flagella/cilia Site of protein synthesis (mRNA -> amino acids). 8 Nucleolus

Hair-like extensions that can move.

9 Mitochondria Modifies and packages proteins. Then places them into vesicles for transportation.

10 Centrioles Largest organelle in a cell and contains the genetic material (chromatin) of the cell.

11 Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Large organelle used to maintain cell stability. Filled with fluid and other storage materials to help support the cell.

12 Golgi apparatus Made of strands of cellulose that create a rigidity to help support the cell.

13 Chloroplast Double membrane surrounding the nucleus containing nuclear pores to allow substances in and out.

14 Vacuole Makes RNA and ribosomes and sends them to the cytoplasm.

15 Lysosome Covered in ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis then their transport.

16 Cell wall Known as the phospholipid bilayer and is responsible for the control of substances moving in and out of the cell.


Selective Permeability Introduction

Directions: Using your previous knowledge of the word “permeable” from your vocabulary activity, circle the images that you think water can pass into/through (what is permeable):

Pots and Pans The skin of a human being Bottles and other plastics

Plants and their roots Cotton clothing Bread

Glass items Paper items Vinyl Raincoat Define the word Permeable in your own words:


Selective Permeability Anticipation Guide

Directions:

1. After reading each of the statements below, circle “true” if the statement is true or “false” if the statement is false.

2. Then proceed to read the article on the following page and check if any of your answers are incorrect.

3. Correct the statement by underlining the word that can change to make the statement correct

4. Write the correct word in the margin. #: Before

Reading Statement

After

Reading Corrected Word

1

T F

The plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer. T F

2

T F

At body temperature, the membrane is solid. T F

3

T F

The proteins and other substances, such as cholesterol, embedded in the cell give it a “mosaic” look.

T F

4

T F

They hydrophilic heads only point outside of the cell. T F

5

T F

Water is only found OUTSIDE of the cell. T F

6

T F

The hydrophobic tails of the plasma membrane touch the outside the cell.

T F

7

T F

Other cells can be found embedded in the bilayer of the membrane.

T F

8 T F

Everybody in the world has the same carbohydrate chains

attached to their cell membranes. T F


The Fluid-Mosaic Model of the Cell Plasma Membrane

The fluid-mosaic model describes

the plasma membrane of animal cells. The plasma membrane that surrounds these cells has two layers (a bilayer) of phospholipids (fats with phosphorous attached), which at body temperature are like vegetable oil (fluid). And the structure of the plasma membrane supports the old saying, “Oil and water don’t mix.”

Each phospholipid molecule has a

head that is attracted to water (hydrophilic: hydro = water; philic = loving) and a tail that repels water (hydrophobic: hydro = water; phobic = fearing). Both layers of the plasma membrane have the hydrophilic heads pointing toward the outside; the hydrophobic tails form the inside of the bilayer.

Because cells reside in a watery solution (extracellular fluid), and they contain a watery solution inside of them (cytoplasm), the plasma membrane forms a circle around each cell so that the water-loving heads are in contact with the fluid, and the water-fearing tails are protected on the inside.

Proteins and substances, such as

cholesterol, become embedded in the bilayer, giving the membrane the look of a mosaic. Because the plasma membrane has

the consistency of vegetable oil at body temperature, the proteins and other substances are able to move across it. That’s why the plasma membrane is described using the fluid-mosaic model.

The fluid-mosaic model of plasma membranes.

The molecules that are embedded in the plasma membrane also serve a purpose. For example, the cholesterol that is stuck in there makes the membrane more stable and prevents it from solidifying when your body temperature is low. (It keeps you from literally freezing when you’re “freezing.”) Carbohydrate chains attach to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of each cell. These carbohydrates are specific to every person, and they supply characteristics such as your blood type.

Literature sourced from: http://www.dummies.com/education/science/biology/the-fluid-mosaic-model-of-the-cell-plasma-membrane/


Transport Part 1: Passive Transport

Do Now

Let’s Review: The cell membrane is

selectively permeable . This means...

The function of the cell membrane is

The cell membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis by:

Now that we know what the cell membrane does. We are going to learn about how the cell membrane does this!


I. Movement across the cell membrane is determined by the concentration of solute and

solvent molecules on either side of the membrane.

A. Solute:

i.e.: salt, sugar

B. Solvent:

i.e.: water

II. Diffusion: the movement of particles down a gradient

A. Gradient: any imbalance in concentration. Moving down a gradient means that

the particle is trying to be evenly distributed everywhere, like dropping food

coloring in water.


III. Passive Transport: This process NEVER requires________________________

A. There are THREE types of PASSIVE TRANSPORT:

i. Simple Diffusion: ii. Facilitated Diffusion iii. Osmosis:

molecules move down the gradient

through the membrane. Molecules

that do this must be small.

this type of diffusion uses

glycoproteins in the cell membrane

to help molecules pass into and out

of the cell. This is still considered

diffusion since the molecules are

still moving from an area of high

concentration to an area of low

concentration.

This is what we call the simple

diffusion of water. It is the passive

movement of water molecules

through a selectively permeable

membrane from a region of high

water concentration to low

concentration. A low water

concentration can mean a high

concentration of solutes. Water

moves towards the hypertonic

side.


Transport Part 1: Passive Transport Exit Ticket

Directions: You will have 5 minutes ONLY to complete this exit ticket to the best of your ability based on the topics we covered in today’s lesson.

1. True or False. Osmosis is a type of diffusion.

2. True or False Osmosis is simple diffusion.

3. Why is it called “facilitated diffusion” ?

4. What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

5. True or False. Moving down a gradient means that the particle is trying to be everywhere. Provide

an example of gradient that we talked about in class:

Transport Part 2: Solutes, Solvents and Tonicity

Do Now:

Let’s Review:

1. True or False: Osmosis is the simple diffusion of water.

2. Define Solute:

3. Define Solvent:

4. In passive transport, molecules move from (high/low) concentration to a (high/low) concentration

(up/down) a gradient.

5. The cell membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis by:

Homeostasis: a set of internal conditions in which an organism functions at its best.


Passive Transport

Continued:

a. Tonicity

a. Isotonic: the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell. Water

molecules move equally in both directions.

b. Hypotonic Solution: The solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell. A net

movement of water molecules into the cell causes it to swell.

c. Hypertonic: the solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell. A net movement

of water molecules out of the cell causing it to shrink.

Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

Turgor can be caused by osmosis: Turgor is


The Naked Egg Data Sheet- Day 1

Background Information: Over the next 3 class periods, we will be tracking the journey of the naked egg. Our class has decided to name the egg ___________________ We will track ___________________’s journey using these data sheets to make hypotheses, descriptions, and measurements. Be as descriptive as possible . Attempt to make your drawing as accurate as possible. You are also welcome to snap a picture of it and bring it in printed out to paste to your data sheet at our next meeting.

Day 1: The Raw Egg *Nothing has been done to the egg on this day

Draw an image of the egg in the box to the left. Write a Verbal Description below (include texture, temperature, color, weight, and anything else you believe will be of value to this experiment)

At the end of day 1, gently place the egg in a container of white vinegar. Be sure to cover it with a ladle or other object to keep the egg below the liquid’s surface.

Description of the vinegar (color, smell, viscosity, etc.):

Write a hypothesis of what you believe will happen to the egg after sitting in the vinegar for

24 hours. You may wish to include: color change, weight loss/gain, smell, temperature change, textural change, etc).



The egg has just completed 24 hours of soaking in vinegar Was your hypothesis from Day 1 correct?Why or why not?

Day 2: The Vinegar Egg


At the end of day 2, gently place the egg in a container of corn syrup. Be sure to cover it with a ladle or other object to keep the egg below the liquid’s surface.

Description of the corn syrup (color, smell, viscosity, etc.):

Write a hypothesis of what you believe will happen to the egg after sitting in the corn syrup for 24 hours. You may wish to include: color change, weight loss/gain, smell, temperature

change, textural change, etc).



The egg has just completed 24 hours of soaking in corn syrup Was your hypothesis from Day 2 correct? Why or why not?

Day 3: The Corn Syrup Egg


At the end of day 3, gently place the egg in a container of MYSTERY LIQUID. Be sure to cover it with a ladle or other object to keep the egg below the liquid’s surface.

Description of the MYSTERY LIQUID (color, smell, viscosity, etc.):

Write a hypothesis of what you believe will happen to the egg after sitting in the MYSTERY

LIQUID for 24 hours. You may wish to include: color change, weight loss/gain, smell, temperature change, textural change, etc).


What can you conclude about the membrane of an egg based on the journey it has just taken

through the various liquids?

Write a paragraph including the terms passive transport, osmosis, exocytosis, endocytosis, diffusion, cell membrane, semipermeability, concentration gradient, tonicity, phospholipid

bilayer, homeostasis.


Transport Warmup: What is the definition of passive transport: What are the different types of passive Transport: What are the three types of tonicities? Which tonicity

Transport Part 3: Active Transport

Active Transport: the

active movement of molecules across a membrane into a region of HIGHER

concentration. ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES___________________________

Exocytosis: the active release of molecules from a cell.

Endocytosis: The process by which cells take in various molecules and particles by forming new vesicles made from the plasma membrane. There are three types:


Phagocytosis:

“Cell Eating” The engulfing of large particles. The cell membrane wraps around the particles and encloses them, forming a vacuole. i.e.: white blood cells engulfing bacteria and dead cells

Pinocytosis: “Cell Drinking” The uptake of molecules. The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of a small vesicle from the cell membrane.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis:

Enables a cell to take up very large quantities of a substance. Extracellular materials bind on the surface of a cell membrane and are drawn into vesicles. This is the way in which body cells take up cholesterol from the blood.

Sodium- Potassium Pump: carries particles or ions across a membrane

AGAINST the gradient. Uses______________. Since these types of transport is so costly in terms of

energy, they are relatively rare.


Study List for Transport: ● Solutes and Solvents ● Gradients and Concentrations ● Definition of:

○ Diffusion ○ Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions

● Passive transport DOES NOT require energy ○ Three types: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis ○ Molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration along a gradient

● Active Transport REQUIRES energy. ○ Six examples: exocytosis and endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated

endocytosis, sodium potassium pump.

How does the cell membrane help to maintain homeostasis within the cell?

● Maintains a fluid phospholipid structure

● Regulates osmosis ● Maintains specific concentrations of

ions inside and outside the cell

Packet Summary: Can you:

1. Identify the Organelles in a model and state their functions and how they help to maintain homeostasis in addition to how the cell would be affected if the organelle was missing or damaged.

2. Define Homeostasis 3. Explain how osmosis, diffusion, endocytosis, and exocytosis are involved in maintaining homeostasis and why

it is important 4. Recognize and differentiate between active and passive transport 5. Explain why cell membranes are selectively permeable 6. Investigate how factors like size, charge, concentration and temperature affect the rate of cellular transport

and how the cell membrane is useful to the movement of molecules across the concentration gradient. 7. Explain what a concentration gradient is 8. Compare and contrast how plant and animal cells respond to various tonicities and predict the movement of

water into or out of the cell depending upon the tonicity of its external environment 9. Describe the parts of a solution and distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.


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