cellular respiration and photosynthesis chapter 8
TRANSCRIPT
Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesisand Photosynthesis
Chapter 8Chapter 8
Do NowDo Now
What is energy?What is energy?
What is the ultimate source of What is the ultimate source of energy on earth?energy on earth?
Where do we get our energy from?Where do we get our energy from?
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT identify the laws of 1. SWBAT identify the laws of thermodynamics.thermodynamics.
2. SWBAT differentiate between 2. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions.catabolic and anabolic reactions.
8.1 Energy8.1 Energy
Transformation of Energy Energy
§ -is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics
§ -is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
First law —energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
Ex. Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy
Laws of Thermodynamics
Second law —energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.
Ex. Energy Lost as Heat
Laws of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Second Law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics
EntropyEntropy– Measure of disorder (randomness) Measure of disorder (randomness) – Measure of unusable energyMeasure of unusable energy
Entropy always ___________.Entropy always ___________.
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food.§ -Ex. Chemotrophs:
§ -Ex. Heterotrophs are organisms that
need to ingest food to obtain energy.– Ex.Ex.
MetabolismMetabolism
Metabolism:Metabolism:– All chemical reactions in a cellAll chemical reactions in a cell
Two types of Metabolic Pathways:Two types of Metabolic Pathways:– Catabolic: Release energy by breaking Catabolic: Release energy by breaking
down larger moleculesdown larger molecules– Anabolic: Use energy to build larger Anabolic: Use energy to build larger
molecules from smaller onesmolecules from smaller ones
Think- Pair - ShareThink- Pair - Share
Of the following examples, list which Of the following examples, list which ones are catabolic and anabolicones are catabolic and anabolic– 1. Amino acids becoming polypeptide 1. Amino acids becoming polypeptide
chainchain– 2. Glucose becoming glycogen2. Glucose becoming glycogen– 3. Your body breaking down food3. Your body breaking down food– 4. Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides4. Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides
Cellular respiration —organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell§ -type of process:
Photosynthesis —light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell§ -Type of Process:
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Organisms obtain energy in a Organisms obtain energy in a process called process called cellular respiration.cellular respiration.
The equation for The equation for cellular cellular respirationrespiration is the opposite of the is the opposite of the equation for equation for photosynthesisphotosynthesis..
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible 1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light, absorbance and transmittance.light, absorbance and transmittance.
2. SWBAT measure the separation and 2. SWBAT measure the separation and identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.and xanthrophyll pigments.
3. SWBAT compare and contrast 3. SWBAT compare and contrast chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments. xanthrophyll pigments.
Do NowDo Now
List the following as catabolic or List the following as catabolic or anabolic reactionsanabolic reactions– 1. Burning a candle1. Burning a candle– 2. Swimming in a pool2. Swimming in a pool– 3. Baking a cake3. Baking a cake– 4. New leaves Growing4. New leaves Growing– 5. A car driving (think fuel)5. A car driving (think fuel)
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT differentiate between 1. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions.catabolic and anabolic reactions.
2. SWBAT define ATP and ADP.2. SWBAT define ATP and ADP. 3. SWBAT provide examples of 3. SWBAT provide examples of
different wavelengths of light.different wavelengths of light.
Adenosine Tri Phosphate Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)(ATP)
Structure:Structure:– Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3
phosphate groupsphosphate groups
Adenosine Tri Phosphate Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)(ATP) Function:Function:
– bond breaks between the second and third phosphate groups to release energy
– Creating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.
LightLight
Form of energyForm of energy Travels in Travels in waveswaves Distance Distance betweenbetween waves is called a waves is called a
wavelengthwavelength
WavelengthsWavelengths
Different types of light have Different types of light have different wavelengthsdifferent wavelengths
Visible LightVisible Light
The light we see is visible light.The light we see is visible light.
Which color has….Which color has….
The longest wavelength?The longest wavelength? The shortest wavelength? The shortest wavelength?
LightLight
The light you see is the The light you see is the reflectedreflected light. All other colors are light. All other colors are absorbedabsorbed..
SOOOO….SOOOO….
Why do we see green when we look Why do we see green when we look at a plant?at a plant?
Why is the sky blue?Why is the sky blue?
We can only see Visible We can only see Visible Light.Light.
From 400 – 700 nmFrom 400 – 700 nm ROYGBVROYGBV Red has the longest wavelengthsRed has the longest wavelengths Violet has the shortestViolet has the shortest
Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share
When do we see a rainbow?When do we see a rainbow? How is a rainbow made?How is a rainbow made? Is there an end to a rainbow?Is there an end to a rainbow?
PigmentPigment
Chemical compound that gives a Chemical compound that gives a substance it’s colorsubstance it’s color
Causes certain wavelengths to be Causes certain wavelengths to be absorbed and other to be reflected absorbed and other to be reflected
Pigments are everywhere (clothes, Pigments are everywhere (clothes, flowers, etc.)flowers, etc.)
Ex. Chlorophyll, CarotenoidEx. Chlorophyll, Carotenoid
THINK – PAIR – SHARE THINK – PAIR – SHARE
Using the absorption Using the absorption spectrum of spectrum of chlorophyll…chlorophyll…– What colors does What colors does
chlorophyll absorb?chlorophyll absorb?– What colors does it What colors does it
reflect?reflect?– What color does it What color does it
appear to us?appear to us?
ChlorophyllChlorophyll
A green A green pigmentpigment that aids in that aids in photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Found in leaves (Chlorophyll Found in leaves (Chlorophyll bb and and Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa))
ReflectsReflects::
AbsorbsAbsorbs::
Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share
Using the absorption Using the absorption spectrum of spectrum of carotenoids…carotenoids…– What colors does What colors does
carotenoid carotenoid absorb?absorb?
– What colors does it What colors does it reflect?reflect?
– What color does it What color does it appear to us?appear to us?
CarotenoidsCarotenoids
Accessory Pigment that absorbs blue Accessory Pigment that absorbs blue and green lightand green light
Reflects ____________Reflects ____________ found in most leavesfound in most leaves Usually hidden by chlorophyllUsually hidden by chlorophyll
Do NowDo Now– 1. What colors does this pigment 1. What colors does this pigment
absorb?absorb?
– 2. What colors does it reflect?2. What colors does it reflect?
– 3. What color does it appear to us?3. What color does it appear to us?
– 4. What pigment do4. What pigment do
you think it is?you think it is?
Overall Overall
Structure of a ChloroplastStructure of a Chloroplast
Photosynthesis EquationPhotosynthesis Equation What do you notice about this What do you notice about this
equation? equation?
Photosynthesis occurs in two phases
A. Light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle or Dark Reactions)
B. Light-dependent reactions (AKA Light reactions)
**Smartboard**
ObjectivesObjectives
SWBAT analyze an absorption SWBAT analyze an absorption spectrum.spectrum.
SWBAT identify the inputs and SWBAT identify the inputs and outputs of Calvin cycle.outputs of Calvin cycle.
SWBAT explain the importance of SWBAT explain the importance of Light Reactions. Light Reactions.
Do NowDo Now
What would happen if our sun burned What would happen if our sun burned out?out?– Use the following words in your answer:Use the following words in your answer:– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis– PlantsPlants– Glucose Glucose
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible 1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light, absorbance and transmittance.light, absorbance and transmittance.
2. SWBAT measure the separation and 2. SWBAT measure the separation and identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.and xanthrophyll pigments.
2. SWBAT compare and contrast 2. SWBAT compare and contrast chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments. xanthrophyll pigments.
ObjectiviesObjectivies
SWBAT identify parts of the SWBAT identify parts of the chloroplast.chloroplast.
SWBAT list the inputs and outputs of SWBAT list the inputs and outputs of the calvin cyclethe calvin cycle
SWBAT compare and contrast the SWBAT compare and contrast the calvin cycle and krebs cycle.calvin cycle and krebs cycle.
Let’s try some sample math Let’s try some sample math problems before we beginproblems before we begin
Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars per apple and is selling each dollars per apple and is selling each apple at 7 dollars. How much NET apple at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 apple?apple?
10 apples?10 apples?
Do NowDo Now
1. Explain why plants contain 1. Explain why plants contain different pigments.different pigments.
Do Now – Calvin Cycle Do Now – Calvin Cycle QuestionsQuestions
1. Which contains more energy: one molecule 1. Which contains more energy: one molecule of NADP+ or one molecule of NADPH ? of NADP+ or one molecule of NADPH ?
2. What is the name of the three carbon 2. What is the name of the three carbon molecule that is a product of the Calvin cycle molecule that is a product of the Calvin cycle (“dark” reactions)? (“dark” reactions)?
3. Name the molecule that is taken from the 3. Name the molecule that is taken from the air and that provides the carbon for the air and that provides the carbon for the production of carbohydrates during the Calvin production of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle. cycle.
Do NowDo Now
Define Chemiosmosis:Define Chemiosmosis:
Write a paragraph describing light Write a paragraph describing light reactions.reactions.
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT explain the steps involved 1. SWBAT explain the steps involved in light reactions and answer in light reactions and answer questions based on it. questions based on it.
2. SWBAT watch and listen to an 2. SWBAT watch and listen to an animation of the calvin cycle and light animation of the calvin cycle and light reactions.reactions.
3. SWBAT answer questions on 3. SWBAT answer questions on different parts of the calvin cycle and different parts of the calvin cycle and light reactions light reactions
ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis
Mechanism in which ATP is produced Mechanism in which ATP is produced as a result from the flow of electrons as a result from the flow of electrons down a concentration gradientdown a concentration gradient
Ex. Light ReactionsEx. Light Reactions
Alternative PathwaysAlternative Pathways
LightLight and and WaterWater can limit the can limit the amount of photosynthesis a plant amount of photosynthesis a plant can perform.can perform.
Some plants develop alternate Some plants develop alternate pathways to maximize energy pathways to maximize energy conservationconservation
Ex. CAM and CEx. CAM and C44 Plants Plants
CC44 Plants Plants These plants minimize water lostThese plants minimize water lost Turn COTurn CO22 into a 4 carbon molecule into a 4 carbon molecule
instead of a 3 carbon moleculeinstead of a 3 carbon molecule Keeps Keeps stomatastomata (plant cell pores) (plant cell pores)
closed during hot daysclosed during hot days Ex. Corn and Sugar CaneEx. Corn and Sugar Cane
CAM PlantsCAM Plants
Occurs in water-conserving plants Occurs in water-conserving plants that live in deserts, salt marshes, etc.that live in deserts, salt marshes, etc.
COCO22 only enters leaves at night only enters leaves at night
Turns COTurns CO22 into a “storage molecule” into a “storage molecule” until needed lateruntil needed later
Ex. Orchids, cacti, pineapplesEx. Orchids, cacti, pineapples
Description Calvin C4 CAM
9. The second phase of photosynthesis, in which energy is stored in glucose
10. Pathway(s) that help(s) plants photosynthesize while minimizing water loss
11. Pathway that allows carbon dioxide to enter leaves only at night
12. Light-independent reactions
13. Uses the enzyme rubisco to convert carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used by the cell
14. Type of plant found in hot, dry environments
Do Now – True or FalseDo Now – True or False
1.1. The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is fermentation.absence of oxygen is fermentation.
2.2. The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain comes from the splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.comes from the splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.
3.3. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes is slightly more efficient Cellular respiration in eukaryotes is slightly more efficient than in prokaryotes.than in prokaryotes.
4.4. The Krebs cycle is sometimes called the TCA cycle or the The Krebs cycle is sometimes called the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle.citric acid cycle.
5.5. Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria. Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria.6.6. Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body
cannot supply enough oxygen.cannot supply enough oxygen.7.7. Alcohol fermentation is found in some bacteria and in Alcohol fermentation is found in some bacteria and in
humans.humans.8.8. The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis
result in two Krebs cycles.result in two Krebs cycles.9.9. Electron transport is the first step in the breakdown of Electron transport is the first step in the breakdown of
glucose.glucose.
ObjectivesObjectives
SWBAT answer short answer and SWBAT answer short answer and multiple choice questions on multiple choice questions on photosynthesisphotosynthesis
SWBAT watch animations of light SWBAT watch animations of light reactions and calvin cycle and reactions and calvin cycle and answer questions based on it.answer questions based on it.
Do NowDo Now A. Label the diagram.A. Label the diagram. B. What is the name of the entire B. What is the name of the entire
process?process?
ObjectivesObjectives
1. SWBAT identify inputs and outputs 1. SWBAT identify inputs and outputs to both calvin cycle and light to both calvin cycle and light reactions.reactions.
2. SWBAT work in groups to answer 2. SWBAT work in groups to answer questions on photosynthesis to questions on photosynthesis to review for their upcoming test.review for their upcoming test.
Do NowDo Now
How does our body make energy?How does our body make energy? List some of the key ingredients List some of the key ingredients
needed to create energy in our needed to create energy in our bodies.bodies.
ObjectivesObjectives
SWBAT define Riboflavin and Niacin.SWBAT define Riboflavin and Niacin. SWBAT identify the inputs and SWBAT identify the inputs and
outputs of glycolysis.outputs of glycolysis.
NADH and FADHNADH and FADH22
FADHFADH2 2 (Riboflavin)(Riboflavin)
FADHFADH2 2 FAD + 2 H FAD + 2 H+ + + 2e-+ 2e-
– BB22 Vitamin Vitamin
– Accepts 2 electronsAccepts 2 electrons NADH (Niacin)NADH (Niacin) NADHNADH NAD NAD++ + H + H+ + + 2e-+ 2e-
– BB33 Vitamin Vitamin
– Accepts 2 electronsAccepts 2 electrons
Cellular respiration occurs in Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts.two main parts.
Glycolysis
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Let’s try some sample math Let’s try some sample math problems before we beginproblems before we begin
Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars per apple and is selling each dollars per apple and is selling each apple at 7 dollars. How much NET apple at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 apple?apple?
10 apples?10 apples?
SmartnotebookSmartnotebook
Do NowDo Now
1. If 28 ATP were made in glycolysis, 1. If 28 ATP were made in glycolysis, how many glucose molecules were how many glucose molecules were consumed?consumed?
2. Where does the carbon in carbon 2. Where does the carbon in carbon dioxide come from?dioxide come from?
3. In glycolysis, if 18 NADH are 3. In glycolysis, if 18 NADH are produced, how many ATP are produced?produced, how many ATP are produced?– How many glucose molecules are How many glucose molecules are
consumed?consumed?
Sooo….Sooo….
Why do we breathe oxygen??? We take in oxygen as other forms. Ex. water (H20). BUT WHY MUST WE BREATHE IN OXYGEN GAS????
Do NowDo Now
What happens when we don’t get What happens when we don’t get enough oxygen?enough oxygen?
What does our body do?What does our body do?
ObjectivesObjectives
SWBAT compare and contrast alcohol SWBAT compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.fermentation.
SWBAT design an experiment to try SWBAT design an experiment to try to maximize the amount COto maximize the amount CO22 produced from fermentation. produced from fermentation.
Stand up!Stand up!
Move your arm up and down for Move your arm up and down for three minutes!three minutes!
Do not stop until the time is up!?Do not stop until the time is up!?
What is happening in your arm?What is happening in your arm?
Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
Yeast, People, Bacteria, FungusYeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus Making ATP without oxygenMaking ATP without oxygen Used to make beer, wine, and breadUsed to make beer, wine, and bread
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
– Lactic acid is Lactic acid is associated with the associated with the “burn” associated “burn” associated with heavy exercisewith heavy exercise
– If too much lactic If too much lactic acid builds up, your acid builds up, your muscles give outmuscles give out
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation Inputs:Inputs:
– Glucose, 2ADP Glucose, 2ADP Outputs:Outputs:
– 2ATP, 2 lactic acid 2ATP, 2 lactic acid Ex:Ex:
– Bacteria that help in Bacteria that help in making yogurt.making yogurt.
– Human muscle cells Human muscle cells when out of oxygen. when out of oxygen.
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation Physical Physical
conditioning allows conditioning allows your body to adapt your body to adapt to increased to increased activityactivity– The body can The body can
increase its ability increase its ability to deliver oxygen to to deliver oxygen to musclesmuscles
Long-distance Long-distance runners wait until runners wait until the final sprint to the final sprint to exceed their exceed their aerobic capacityaerobic capacity
Bread and Alcoholic Bread and Alcoholic BeveragesBeverages
Use YeastUse Yeast Carbon dioxide is produced and Carbon dioxide is produced and
ethanolethanol http://www.microbiologybytes.com/vihttp://www.microbiologybytes.com/vi
deo/Scerevisiae.htmldeo/Scerevisiae.html
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
Inputs:Inputs:– Glucose, 2ADPGlucose, 2ADP
Outputs:Outputs:– 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2
COCO22
Ex:Ex:– Yeast in wine and Yeast in wine and
beer production.beer production.
Why don’t you get drunk off Why don’t you get drunk off bread?bread?
Take a minute and pair up with the Take a minute and pair up with the person sitting NEXT to you and person sitting NEXT to you and discuss this question.discuss this question.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic vs. Anaerobic RespirationRespiration
Glycolysis 2 Pyruvic Acid
Glucose
Cell Membrane
TP
O2IF
“Aerobic”
Mitochondria
“Anaerobic”
If NO 02
Lab – Alcohol Fermentation of Lab – Alcohol Fermentation of YeastYeast
Yeast – have a mitochondria and can Yeast – have a mitochondria and can perform aerobic respiration as well.perform aerobic respiration as well.
Yeast – do anaerobic respiration Yeast – do anaerobic respiration (alcohol Fermentation)(alcohol Fermentation)
Outputs: COOutputs: CO22, ATP, and Ethanol, ATP, and Ethanol Sucrose= glucose and fructoseSucrose= glucose and fructose Feedback Inhibition- too much of Feedback Inhibition- too much of
product stops the reactionproduct stops the reaction Yeast- used for bread, and alcoholic Yeast- used for bread, and alcoholic
beveragesbeverages
LabLab
We are trying to get the most Carbon We are trying to get the most Carbon Dioxide production by doing the Dioxide production by doing the MOST anaerobic respirationMOST anaerobic respiration
Using Helium quality balloons Using Helium quality balloons because helium is a smaller atom because helium is a smaller atom than COthan CO22
Do NowDo Now
Why do your muscles burn after you Why do your muscles burn after you exercise?exercise?
Do we do anaerobic or aerobic Do we do anaerobic or aerobic respiration?respiration?
What are the differences between What are the differences between the two?the two?
Do NowDo Now
What is light?What is light?
What are the different forms of light?What are the different forms of light?
What is the kind of light we can see?What is the kind of light we can see?
Do Now – Label the area this Do Now – Label the area this happenshappens
1. Photosynthesis 5. Cholorplast1. Photosynthesis 5. Cholorplast 2. Cellular respiration 6. Mitochondria2. Cellular respiration 6. Mitochondria 3. Glucose 3. Glucose 7. Carbon 7. Carbon
dioxidedioxide 4. Oxygen 4. Oxygen
ObjectivesObjectives
SWBAT compare and contrast SWBAT compare and contrast cellular respiration and cellular respiration and photosynthesisphotosynthesis
SWBAT answer questions to help SWBAT answer questions to help them review for their upcoming test.them review for their upcoming test.