cells & cell organelles cell theory the cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it...
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Cells & Cell Organelles
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Cell Theory• The cell theory is the unifying
theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things.– All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.– Cells are the smallest living units of all
living organisms.– Cells arise only by division of a
previously existing cell.
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Cell Characteristics• Cells contain specialized structures to
perform functions necessary for life.
• Cellular activities necessary for life include chemical reactions that facilitate:– acquiring energy– reproduction– adaptation– maintaining homeostasis
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Cell Characteristics• The basic processes necessary for living
things to survive are the same for a single cell as they are for a more complex organism.
• A single-celled organism has to conduct all life processes by itself.
• A multi-cellular organism has groups of cells that specialize to perform specific functions.
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Cell Characteristics• All cells contain:• Genetic material
– single circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes
– double helix located in nucleus in eukaryotes
• Cytoplasm jelly-like substance that fills the cells interior
• Plasma membrane encloses the cell– – phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipids
Membraneproteins
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Cell Types• Cell structure is one of
the ways in which organisms differ from each other.– 2 Types of Cells
•Prokaryote•Eukaryote
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Prokaryotic Cells
• Earth’s first cells were prokaryotes.
• The simplest life forms are the prokaryotes.
• Prokaryotic cells exist in two major forms: eubacteria and archaebacteria.
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
• Bacteria and related microorganisms are prokaryotes
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Generalized Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryote•Eukaryotes arose from
prokaryotes and developed into larger more complex organisms.
•Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Eukaryote• Can be both
unicellular or multi-cellular
• Examples of eukaryotes are:
– All fungus, plant, and animal cells
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Generalized Eukaryotic Cell
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Cell size comparison
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
most bacteria 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns
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Visualizing Cells
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Why study cells?
• Bodies Cells – bodies are made up of cells– cells do all the work!
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• What jobs have to be performed for an organism to live…– breathe– eat– make energy– remove wastes – respond to environment– growth & development– reproduction
The Work of Life
these are the same jobs your cells have to do!these are the same jobs your cells have to do!
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Cells gotta live! • What jobs do cells have to do?
– make energy• for daily life
• for growth
– build more cells• growth
• reproduction
• repair
– make proteins• proteins control every
cell function
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Making Proteins
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Proteins do all the work!
cellsDNA proteins
one of the major job of cells is to make proteinsone of the major job of cells is to make proteins
proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!
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Building Proteins• Organelles involved
– nucleus– ribosomes– endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)– Golgi apparatus– vesicles
nucleus ribosome ERGolgi
apparatusvesicles
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Nucleus• Stores genetic material• Contains DNA• site where RNA is made• Nucleolus: Chromatin and ribosomal
subunits• Nuclear envelope:
– Double membrane with pores• Largest organelle• BRAIN of the cell – controls protein
synthesis
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Nucleus
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smallsubunit
largesubunit
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
• Function– protein factories: build proteins
• Structure – RNA & proteins– 2 subunits
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RibosomesThey can be found alone
in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.– Alone in cytoplasm-
makes proteins for use within the cell
– Attached to RER- makes proteins for export out of the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Function
– duct work or hallways of cell
– processing of proteins– membrane factory
• Structure– rough ER
• ribosomes attached
– smooth ER
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Endoplasmic reticulum– transports materials through the cell
•Rough ER - studded with ribosomes–Attached to nuclear membrane–site of protein synthesis and processing
•Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes–site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles
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• rough ER– ribosomes
attached
• smooth ER
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
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transport vesicles
secretoryvesicles
• Function– like UPS headquarters
• “shipping & receiving department”
– finishes, sorts, tags & ships proteins– ships proteins in vesicles
• membrane sacs• “UPS trucks”
Golgi Apparatus
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proteins
transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
vesicle
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear porenucleus
ribosome
cellmembrane protein secreted
cytoplasm
Making proteins
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Making Energy
ATP
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Cells need power! • Making energy
– take in food & digest it
– take in oxygen (O2)
– make ATP– remove waste
ATP
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Lysosomes• Function
– little “stomach” for cell• digests food
– “clean up crew” of the cell• cleans up broken down
organelles
• Structure– pockets of digestive
enzymes
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Lysosomes
white blood cells attack & eat invading germs =
digest them in lysosomes
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Lysosome function• Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
– digest nutrients for the cell
vacuole
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When things go bad… • Diseases of lysosomes are fatal
– digestive enzyme not working in lysosome– picks up food, but can’t digest it
• lysosomes fill up with undigested material
– grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function
• example:Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells
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But sometimes cells need to die…• Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they
are supposed to be destroyed– some cells have to die for proper development in an
organism• ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog
• ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers during fetal development
– “auto-destruct” process• lysosomes break open and kill cell
• cell “suicide”
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Making energy • Mitochondria
– make energy from sugar
• sugar (glucose) ATP
• Chloroplasts– make energy & sugar from sunlight
• sunlight ATP & sugar– ATP = active energy
– sugar = stored energy
ATP
ATP
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Mitochondria• "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular
metabolism• Structure- outer and inner
membranes, cristae• Found in both plant and animal
cells• Very active cells have more
mitochondria
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Chloroplasts•Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria
•Contain green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight in the first step of photosynthesis
•Found ONLY in PLANTS
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The Great ENERGY Circle of Life
sun
ATP
Photosynthesis
Respiration
O2glucosesugarCO2 H2O+ +
plants
animals & plants
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Food & water storageplant cellsplant cells
central vacuole central vacuole
contractilevacuole
contractilevacuole
food vacuoles food vacuoles
animal cellsanimal cells
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Major organelles• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Vacuoles & vesicles
• Lysosome
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
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Cell Membrane•controls what enters and leaves the cell
•Found in ALL cells
•Phospholipid bilayer with transport proteins, and cholesterol (for flexibility)
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Cell Wall
•provides support
•Found in PLANT and BACTERIA cells
•Made from cellulose
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Centrioles•Cylindrical structures found near the nucleus •Made of hollow, tubular structures arranged in bundles •Important in cell division•Found ONLY in ANIMAL cells
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Plant vs. Animal CellsPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Cell membraneMitochondria
Golgi apparatusNucleus
CytoskeletonRibosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
HAVE:Cell Wall
LARGE vacuolesChloroplasts
DO NOT HAVE:Centrioles
HAVE:Centrioles
DO NOT HAVE:Cell Wall
LARGE vacuolesChloroplasts
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Cell Differentiation• Cell specialization occurs during the
development of a multi-cellular organism.
• The genetic information necessary for all cellular functions remains in each cell but may not be used.