cells andtissues power point

8/20/2019 Cells andTissues Power Point

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 3.1 – 3.19

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 3

Cells and Tissues

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. oo!


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Cells and TissuesCells and Tissues

Slide 3.1Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Carry out all chemical activities neededto sustain life

• Cells are the building blocks of all livingthings

• Tissues are groups of cells that aresimilar in structure and function


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Anatomy of the Cell Anatomy of the Cell


• Cells are not all the same

• All cells share general structures

•

Cells are organized into three mainregions

•Nucleus

•Cytoplasm

•Plasma membrane

Figure 3.a


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The NucleusThe Nucleus


• Control centerof the cell

• Contains genetic

material !"NA#

• Three regions

• Nuclearmembrane

• Nucleolus

• Chromatin Figure 3.b


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Nuclear $embraneNuclear $embrane


• %arrier of nucleus

•Consists of a double phospholipidmembrane

• Contain nuclear pores that allo& for

e'change of material &ith the rest of thecell


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NucleoliNucleoli

Slide 3.5 Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli

• (ites of ribosome production

• )ibosomes then migrate to the

cytoplasm through nuclear pores


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ChromatinChromatin


• Composed of "NA and protein

• (cattered throughout the nucleus

• Chromatin condenses to formchromosomes &hen the cell divides


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Plasma $embranePlasma $embrane

Slide 3.7aCopyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• %arrier for cell contents

• "ouble phospholipid layer

•*ydrophilic heads•*ydrophobic tails

• +ther materials in plasma membrane

•Protein

•Cholesterol

•

,lycoproteins


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Plasma $embranePlasma $embrane

Slide 3.7bCopyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.-


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Plasma $embrane (pecializationsPlasma $embrane (pecializations


• $icrovilli

•Fingerlikepro/ections thatincrease surface

area for absorption

Figure 3.3


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Plasma $embrane (pecializationsPlasma $embrane (pecializations


• $embrane

/unctions

•Tight /unctions

•"esmosomes

•,ap /unctions

Figure 3.3


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CytoplasmCytoplasm


• $aterial outside the nucleus and insidethe plasma membrane

•

Cytosol•Fluid that suspends other elements

•+rganelles

•$etabolic machinery of the cell

• 0nclusions

•Nonfunctioning units


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Cytoplasmic +rganellesCytoplasmic +rganelles


Figure 3.1


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• )ibosomes

•$ade of protein and )NA

•(ites of protein synthesis

•Found at t&o locations

•

Free in the cytoplasm• Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum


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•

2ndoplasmic reticulum !2)#• Fluidfilled tubules for carrying substances

• T&o types of 2)

•)ough 2ndoplasmic )eticulum• (tudded &ith ribosomes

• (ite &here building materials of cellularmembrane are formed

•(mooth 2ndoplasmic )eticulum

• Functions in cholesterol synthesis andbreakdo&n fat metabolism and deto'ification

of drugs


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• ,olgi apparatus

•

$odifies and packages proteins•Produces different types of packages

•(ecretory vesicles

•Cell membrane components

•4ysosomes


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Figure 3.5


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• 4ysosomes

•Contain enzymes that digest nonusablematerials &ithin the cell

• Pero'isomes

•$embranous sacs of o'idase enzymes

•

"eto'ify harmful substances•%reak do&n free radicals

!highly reactive chemicals#

•

)eplicate by pinching in half


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• $itochondria

• 6Po&erhouses7 of the cell

• Change shape continuously

• Carry out reactions &here o'ygen is used

to break do&n food• Provides ATP for cellular energy


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• Cytoskeleton

•Net&ork of protein structures that e'tendthroughout the cytoplasm

•Provides the cell &ith an internal frame&ork


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• Cytoskeleton

•

Three different types• $icrofilaments

• 0ntermediate

filaments• $icrotubules

Figure 3.8


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• Centrioles

•)odshaped bodies made of microtubules

•"irect formation of mitotic spindle duringcell division


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Cellular Pro/ectionsCellular Pro/ections


• Not found in all cells

• 9sed for movement•Cilia moves materials across the cell

surface

•Flagellum propels the cell


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Cell "iversityCell "iversity


Figure 3.:; -


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Figure 3.:; 3


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Slide 3.19c Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.:; 1 5


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Slide 3.19d Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 3.:; 8 :

l f h l


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Slides 3.20 – 3.37

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 3

Cells and Tissues



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Cellular Physiologyuired• Active transport

•The cell must provide metabolic energy


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(olutions and Transport(olutions and Transport


• (olution = homogeneous mi'ture of t&oor more components

•(olvent = dissolving medium

•(olutes = components in smaller >uantities&ithin a solution

• 0ntracellular fluid = nucleoplasm and

cytosol

• 0nterstitial fluid = fluid on the e'terior ofthe cell


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(elective Permeability(elective Permeability


• The plasma membrane allo&s some

materials to pass &hile e'cluding others• This permeability includes movement

into and out of the cell


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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes


• "iffusion•Particles tend to distribute themselves

evenly &ithin a solution

•$ovement isfrom highconcentrationto lo&

concentrationor do&n aconcentrationgradient

Figure 3.?


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• Types of diffusion

•(imple diffusion

•9nassisted process

•(olutes are lipidsoluble materials or

small enough to pass through membranepores


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• Types of diffusion

•+smosis = simple diffusion of &ater

•*ighly polar &ater easily crosses theplasma membrane

•Facilitated diffusion

•(ubstances re>uire a protein carrier forpassive transport


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"iffusion through the Plasma"iffusion through the Plasma

$embrane$embrane


Figure 3.@


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• Filtration

•ater and solutes are forced through amembrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure

• A pressure gradient must e'ist

•

(olutecontaining fluid is pushed from ahigh pressure area to a lo&er pressurearea


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Active Transport Processes Active Transport Processes


•Transport substances that are unable to passby diffusion

• They may be too large

•

They may not be able to dissolve in the fat coreof the membrane

• They may have to move against a concentrationgradient

• T&o common forms of active transport

• (olute pumping

• %ulk transport


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• (olute pumping

• Amino acids some sugars and ions aretransported by solute pumps

• ATP energizes protein carriers and in mostcases moves substances against

concentration gradients


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Figure 3.B


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• %ulk transport

•2'ocytosis

•$oves materials out of the cell

•$aterial is carried in a membranous vesicle

•esicle migrates to plasma membrane

•esicle combines &ith plasma membrane

•$aterial is emptied to the outside


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Figure 3.


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• %ulk transport

•2ndocytosis

•2'tracellular substances are engulfed bybeing enclosed in a membranousvescicle

•

Types of endocytosis•Phagocytosis = cell eating

•Pinocytosis = cell drinking


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Figure 3.-


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Cell 4ife CycleCell 4ife Cycle


• Cells have t&o ma/or periods

• 0nterphase

•

Cell gro&s•Cell carries on metabolic processes

•Cell division

•Cell replicates itself

•Function is to produce more cells forgro&th and repair processes


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"NA )eplication"NA )eplication


• ,enetic materialduplicated andreadies a cell fordivision into t&o cells

• +ccurs to&ard theend of interphase

• "NA uncoils andeach side servesas a template

Figure 3.3


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2vents of Cell "ivision2vents of Cell "ivision


•$itosis•"ivision of the nucleus

•)esults in the formation of t&o daughter

nuclei• Cytokinesis

•"ivision of the cytoplasm

•%egins &hen mitosis is near completion

•)esults in the formation of t&o daughtercells


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(tages of $itosis(tages of $itosis


• 0nterphase

•No cell division occurs

•The cell carries out normal metabolicactivity and gro&th

• Prophase

•First part of cell division

•Centromeres migrate to the poles


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• $etaphase

•(pindle from centromeres are attached tochromosomes that are aligned in the centerof the cell


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• Anaphase

•"aughter chromosomes are pulled to&ardthe poles

•The cell begins to elongate

• Telophase

•"aughter nuclei begin forming

• A cleavage furro& !for cell division# beginsto form


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Figure 3.1;


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Figure 3.1; -


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Protein (ynthesisProtein (ynthesis


• ,ene = "NA segment that carries ablueprint for building one protein

• Proteins have many functions

•%uilding materials for cells

•

Act as enzymes !biological catalysts#• )NA is essential for protein synthesis



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y y gy


Slides 3.38 – 3.54

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 3

Cells and Tissues



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• ,ene = "NA segment that carries ablueprint for building one protein

• Proteins have many functions

•%uilding materials for cells

•

Act as enzymes !biological catalysts#• )NA is essential for protein synthesis


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)ole of )NA)ole of )NA


• Transfer )NA !t)NA#

•Transfers appropriate amino acids to theribosome for building the protein

• )ibosomal )NA !r)NA#

•*elps form the ribosomes &here proteinsare built

• $essanger )N

•Carries the instructions for building aprotein from the nucleus to the ribosome


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Transcription and TranslationTranscription and Translation


• Transcription

•Transfer of information from "NADs basese>uence to the complimentary base

se>uence of m)NA

• Translation

•%ase se>uence of nucleic acid is translatedto an amino acid se>uence

• Amino acids are the building blocks ofproteins


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Figure 3.5


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%ody Tissues%ody Tissues


• Cells are specialized for particular functions• Tissues

•,roups of cells &ith similar structure and

function•Four primary types

•2pithelium

•Connective tissue

•Nervous tissue

•$uscle


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2pithelial Tissues2pithelial Tissues


• Found in different areas•%ody coverings

•%ody linings

•,landular tissue

• Functions

•Protection

• Absorption

•Filtration

•

(ecretion

2 i h li Ch i i


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2pithelium Characteristics2pithelium Characteristics


• Cells fit closely together

• Tissue layer al&ays has one free

surface• The lo&er surface is bound by a

basement membrane

• Avascular !have no blood supply#

• )egenerate easily if &ell nourished

Cl ifi ti f 2 ith li


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Classification of 2pitheliumClassification of 2pithelium


• Number of cell layers

•(imple = one layer

•(tratified = more thanone layer

Figure 3.8a

C f fCl ifi ti f 2 ith li


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Classification of 2pitheliumClassification of 2pithelium


• (hape of cells

•(>uamous = flattened

•Cuboidal = cubeshaped

•Columnar = columnlike

Figure 3.8b

(i l 2 i h li(i l 2 ith li


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(imple 2pithelium(imple 2pithelium


• (imple s>uamous

•(ingle layer of flatcells

•9sually formsmembranes

•4ines body

cavities

•4ines lungs andcapillaries Figure 3.:a

(i l 2 ith li(i l 2 ith li


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• (imple cuboidal

•(ingle layer ofcubelike cells

•Common inglands and theirducts

•

Forms &allsof kidney tubules

•Covers theovaries Figure 3.:b



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• (imple columnar

•(ingle layer of tallcells

•+ften includesgoblet cells &hichproduce mucus

•4ines digestivetract

Figure 3.:c



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•

Pseudostratified• (ingle layer but

some cells areshorter than others

• +ften looks like adouble cell layer

• (ometimes ciliated

such as in therespiratory tract

• $ay function inabsorption or

secretion

Figure 3.:d

(t tifi d 2 ith li(t tifi d 2 ith li


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(tratified 2pithelium(tratified 2pithelium


• (tratified s>uamous•Cells at the free edge

are flattened

•Found as a protectivecovering &herefriction is common

• 4ocations

•(kin

•$outh

•2sophagusFigure 3.:e



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• (tratified cuboidal• T&o layers of cuboidal cells

• (tratified columnar

• (urface cells are columnar cellsunderneath vary in size and shape

• (tratified cuboidal and columnar

• )are in human body

• Found mainly in ducts of large glands



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• Transitionalepithelium

•(hape of cellsdepends upon theamount of stretching

•4ines organs of theurinary system

Figure 3.:f

,l d l 2 ith li,l d l 2 ith li


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,landular 2pithelium,landular 2pithelium


• ,land = one or more cells that secretes aparticular product

• T&o ma/or gland types

•2ndocrine gland•"uctless

•(ecretions are hormones

•2'ocrine gland

•2mpty through ducts to the epithelial surface

• 0nclude s&eat and oil glands

C ti TiConnecti e Tiss e


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Connective TissueConnective Tissue


• Found every&here in the body

• 0ncludes the most abundant and &idely

distributed tissues• Functions

•%inds body tissues together

•(upports the body

•Provides protection

C ti Ti Ch t i tiConnective Tissue Characteristics


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Connective Tissue CharacteristicsConnective Tissue Characteristics


• ariations in blood supply

•(ome tissue types are &ell vascularized

•(ome have poor blood supply or areavascular

• 2'tracellular matri'

•Nonliving material that surrounds livingcells



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Slides 3.55 – 3.73

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 3

Cells and Tissues


2 tracell lar $atri2'tracellular $atri'


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2'tracellular $atri'2'tracellular $atri'


• T&o main elements•,round substance = mostly &ater along

&ith adhesion proteins and polysaccharide

molecules•Fibers

•Produced by the cells

•

Three types•Collagen fibers

•2lastic fibers

•)eticular fibers

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types


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•%one !osseous tissue#•Composed of<

•%one cells in lacunae

!cavities#•*ard matri' of calcium

salts

•4arge numbers ofcollagen fibers

•9sed to protect andsupport the body

Figure 3.?a



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• *yaline cartilage

•$ost commoncartilage

•Composed of<

• Abundant collagenfibers

•)ubbery matri'

•2ntire fetal skeletonis hyaline cartilage Figure 3.?b



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• 2lastic cartilage

•Provides elasticity

•2'ample< supports the e'ternal ear



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• Fibrocartilage

•*ighly compressible

•2'ample< formscushionlike discs

bet&een vertebrae

Figure 3.?c



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•

"ense connectivetissue

•$ain matri' elementis collagen fibers

•Cells are fibroblasts

•2'amples

•

Tendon = attachmuscle to bone

• 4igaments = attachbone to bone

Figure 3.?d



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• Areolar connectivetissue

•$ost &idelydistributedconnective tissue

•(oft pliable tissue

•Contains all fibertypes

•Can soak up e'cessfluid

Figure 3.?e



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•

Adipose tissue•$atri' is an areolar tissue in &hich fat

globules predominate

•

$any cells containlarge lipid deposits

•Functions

•

0nsulates the body• Protects some organs

• (erves as a site offuel storage Figure 3.?f



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•)eticularconnective tissue

• "elicate net&ork ofinter&oven fibers

• Forms stroma!internal supportingnet&ork# oflymphoid organs

• 4ymph nodes

•(pleen

•%one marro& Figure 3.?g



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• %lood

•%lood cellssurrounded by fluid

matri'

•Fibers are visibleduring clotting

•Functions as thetransport vehiclefor materials

Figure 3.?h

$uscle Tissue$uscle Tissue


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$uscle Tissue$uscle Tissue


• Function is to produce movement

•

Three types•(keletal muscle

•Cardiac muscle

•(mooth muscle

$uscle Tissue Types$uscle Tissue Types


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• (keletal muscle

•Can be controlledvoluntarily

•Cells attach toconnective tissue

•Cells are striated

•Cells have more thanone nucleus

Figure 3.@b



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•

Cardiac muscle• Found only in the

heart

•

Function is to pumpblood !involuntary#

• Cells attached toother cardiac musclecells at intercalateddisks

• Cells are striated

• +ne nucleus per cellFigure 3.@c



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• (mooth muscle

• 0nvoluntary muscle

•(urrounds hollo&organs

• Attached to othersmooth muscle cells

•No visible striations

•+ne nucleus per cell Figure 3.@a

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue


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Nervous TissueNervous Tissue


• Neurons andnerve supportcells

• Function is tosend impulses toother areas of

the body• 0rritability

•Conductivity Figure 3.-B

Tissue )epairTissue )epair


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Tissue )epair Tissue )epair


•

)egeneration•)eplacement of destroyed tissue by the

same kind of cells

•Fibrosis•)epair by dense fibrous connective tissue

!scar tissue#

• "etermination of method•Type of tissue damaged

•(everity of the in/ury

2vents in Tissue )epair2vents in Tissue )epair


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2vents in Tissue )epair 2vents in Tissue )epair


• Capillaries become very permeable

•

0ntroduce clotting proteins•all off in/ured area

• Formation of granulation tissue

• )egeneration of surface epithelium

)egeneration of Tissues)egeneration of Tissues


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)egeneration of Tissues)egeneration of Tissues


• Tissues that regenerate easily• 2pithelial tissue

• Fibrous connective tissue and bone

• Tissues that regenerate poorly

• (keletal muscle

• Tissues that are replaced largely &ith scar

tissue• Cardiac muscle

• Nervous tissue &ithin the brain and spinal cord

"evelopmental Aspects of Tissue"evelopmental Aspects of Tissue


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"evelopmental Aspects of Tissue"evelopmental Aspects of Tissue

• 2pithelial tissue arises from all threeprimary germ layers

• $uscle and connective tissue arise fromthe mesoderm

• Nervous tissue arises from the

ectoderm• ith old age there is a decrease in

mass and viabililty in most tissues

cells andtissues power point

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