cells and how they work
TRANSCRIPT
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7/25/2019 Cells and How They Work
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CELLS AND HOW T
W
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CELL THEORY
1. Every organism is composed o one or moce!!s
". T#e ce!! is $#e sma!!es$ %ni$ #aving $#eproper$ies o !ie
&. A!! ce!!s come rom pre'e(is$ing ce!!s
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ALL CELLS HA)E THREE TH*N+SCO,,ON
1.Ce!!-!asma mem/rane
".DNA
&.Cy$op!asm
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TWO KINDS OF CELLS:PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTE
ro0aryo$es no$#ing separa$es$#e DNA rom o$#er in$erna! ce!!par$s
E%0aryo$es cy$op!asm #asmem/rane'/o%nd sacs2organe!!es3 s%c# as $#e n%c!e%s4#ic# con$ains DNA.
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MEMBRANES ENCLOSE CELLS ANDORGANELLES
Lipid /i!ayer
,ade %p o p#osp#o!ipids
Hydrop#i!ic 2p#osp#a$e3
#ead o%$ Hydrop#o/ic 2a$$y acid3 $ai!s
in
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PLASMA MEMBRANE Se!ec$ive!y permea/!e
Con$ro!s $#e movemen$ o s%/s$ances in$o and o%$ o $#e ce!!s.
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ORGANELLES
Compar$men$s $#a$separa$e reac$ions ands%/s$ances 4i$#in $#ecy$op!asm
Eac# organe!!e #as aspeci5c %nc$ionnecessary or $#e s%rviva!o $#e ce!!
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NUCLEUS ,as$er con$ro! cen$er
Enc!oses $#e DNA
DNA con$ains ins$r%c$ions or coding pro$eins 2RNA3 ro$eins de$ermine $#e ce!!6s s$r%c$%re and %nc$ion
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Assem/!e !ipids 2Smoo$# Endop!asmic Re$ic%!%m3 and prod%ce 5na!
pro$eins 2Ro%g# ER3
,odi5es7 sor$s and s#ips $#ese mo!ec%!es $o vario%s des$ina$ions 2+
SER no ri/osomes
RER 4i$# ri/osomes
Ri/osomes p!a$orm or
/%i!dingpro$eins
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LYSOSOME AND PEROXISOME
Lysosome specia!i8ed or diges$ion
' con$ains en8ymes $#a$ /rea0do4n pro$eins7
s%gars7 n%c!eic acids and !ipids
Peroxsome /rea0 do4n a$$y acids and amino acids
' prod%ce #ydrogen pero(ide2H"O"3
$#en conver$ i$ $o 4a$er 2H"O3 and
o(ygen 2O"3 or
/rea0 do4n a!co#o!(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting
Lysosome contains
active hydrolytic
enzymes
Food vacuol
fuses with
lysosome
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Digestive
enzymes
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MITOCHONDRIA
rod%ces AT 4#ic# is$#e energy or ce!!ac$ivi$ies
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CYTOSKELETON
Ce!!6s in$erna! rame4or0
*n$erconnec$ed 5/ers7 $#readand !a$$ice in $#e cy$op!asm
+ives s#ape7 in$erna!
organi8a$ion and a/i!i$y $omove
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MO!EMENT OF SUBSTANCESACROSS THE CELL: D*99:S*ONAND OS,OS*S
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OSMOSIS
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MO!EMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACMEMBRANES"Dre#$D%&so' (No $r)'s*or$ *ro$e' (No ATP 'ee+e+
"P)ss,e
Tr)'s*or$-F)#.$)$e+ D%&so'/
(Tr)'s*or$ *ro$e' s&se+ (No ATP 'ee+e+
"
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ENDOCYTOSIS ANDEXOCYTOSIS
"$r)'s*or$ o0 .)r1emo.e#&.es )'+*)r$#.es )#ross $2emem3r)'e $2ro&12,es#.es
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TWO TYPES OF METABOLICPATHWAYSMe$)3o.sm c#emica! reac$ions in $#e ce!!
A')3o.sm
- Sma!! mo!ec%!es Larger mo!ec%!es 2+!%cose S$arc#3
- Energy is s$ored in $#e c#emica! /onds 2rod%c$s are %se
C)$)3o.sm
- Large mo!ec%!es Sma!!er mo!ec%!es 2S$arc# +!%cose
- Disassem/!e mo!ec%!es re!easing componen$s or %se /y
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EN4YMES
En8ymes are ca$a!ys$s speed %pc#emica! reac$ions /%$ are no$%sed %p so $#ey can /e %sed overand over
,a0e reac$ions occ%r 1;;( $o
1;;;;;;( as$er
Eac# en8yme in$erac$s on!y 4i$# aspeci5c s%/s$ra$e
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END