cells · 2018-08-31 · cell theory 1. all living things are made up of one or more cells 2. the...
TRANSCRIPT
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CELLS
CELLULAR COMPONENTS & PROCESES
CELL THEORY
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
2. The cell is the smallest unit of life.
3. All new cells come from pre-existing cells.
There are two types of cells:
1. Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or other membrane bound cell ORGANELLES
2. Eukaryotic- cells with a NUCLEUS & membrane bound cell ORGANELLES
Which is more complicated?
REMEMBER YOU ARE EUKARYOTIC!
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Label the parts of the animal cell.
A. Cytoplasm
B. Cell membrane
C. Golgi Body
D. Lysosome
E. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
F. Nucleus
G. Mitochondria
H. RibosomeImage: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
The answers are …
1 –
2 –
3 –
4 –
5 –
6 –
7 –
8 –
B. Cell membrane
E. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
F. Nucleus
H. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
G. Mitochondria
C. Golgi Body
A. Cytoplasm
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Label the parts of the plant cell.
Image: http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/images/oxed/children/yoes/nature/plantcell.jpg
Cytoplasm Cell Wall Vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Nucleus Mitochondria Cell Membrane Chloroplast
The answers are …
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Cell
Membrane
Cell Wall
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Organelles
The parts of a cell that carry out a function are called cell ORGANELLES:
All cells have the following organelles:
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
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Cell Appendages
Cilia
Short, numerous hairlike structures
Flagella
Longer and less numerous than cilia
Create movement with a whiplikemotion
Eukaryote cells ALSO have:
Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Golgi Body Complex Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuole Lysosome Centrioles (ANIMAL ONLY)
Only Plant Cells have all of the above &: Cell Wall Chloroplast
organelles
little “organs” of the cell
Organelles are present in BOTH plants and animals
Carry out cellular functions!
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Nucleus
Nucleus is the part of the eukaryotic cell that directs cell activities and contains genetic information stored in DNA.
DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes.
Nuclear membrane
surrounds nucleus allowing certain materials to enter and leave
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Nucleolus
Is often seen as a large dark spot in the nucleus of the cell.
usually a pair
The nucleolus makes ribosomes, organelles that are involved in the production
of proteins.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are not surrounded by a cell membrane.
Ribosomes are in the cell’s cytoplasm and can also be attached to a web-like organelle called endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes produce proteins.
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
ER spreads from the nucleus throughout most of the cytoplasm.
ER with ribosomes on its surface is called rough endoplasmic reticulum.
ER without ribosomes on the surfaces are called smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Rough ER is the site for protein synthesis.
Smooth ER makes lipids such as cholesterol.
Smooth ER is important because it removes harmful substances from the cell.
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Cytoplasm (protoplasm)
fluid like material between the cell membrane and the nucleus
over 80 % water
“HOLDS” cell organelles in place
site of most organelles and cellular chemical reactions
Vacuole
Vacuoles are organelles that store food, water and waste material.
Vacuoles are crucial in single-celled organisms
Two Types:
Food vacuole--store and digest ingested food
Contractile vacuole-pumps excess water from cells maintaining homeostasis.
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Lysosome
pouch containing digestive enzymes
digest bacteria and some foods entering the cell
Breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules (SLICE)
breakdown worn out cell organelles
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Mitochondrion
"Powerhouse of the cell"
carries on cellular respiration.
Energy is released (contains respiratory enzymes that make ATP) (energy molecule)
The energy is stored in high energy molecules called ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate
Golgi apparatus (complex)
usually located near the nucleus
synthesizes, packages, and secretes cellular products
Packages waste & harmful materials
Plasma (cell) membrane
The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLE
selectively regulates the flow of materials to and from the cell--thus maintaining chemical homeostasis within the cell
The membrane acts like a BOUNCER only allowing certain things in and out of the cell It is made up of a lipid bilayer
double layer of FAT - "Fat sandwich"
transport through the plasma membrane likely occurs through these globular proteins (Fluid mosaic model)
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Hydrophilic- attracts water
Hydrophobic- repels water
Why is it important that the cell membrane is made up of small phospholipids?
ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES ONLY
Centriole- a cylindrical structure found in the cytoplasm which appears to function during the division of certain animal cells (usually near the nucleus)
Helps animal cells divide
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PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLY
Cell Wall- a nonliving structure which surrounds and supports the cell - composed mostly of cellulose Gives the plant cell structure &
support
Chloroplasts- green in color-double membrane - contain the green pigment chlorophyll which carries on photosynthesis Uses the sun’s energy to make food
for the plant
photosynthesis
the conversion of light energy to chemical energy by chlorophyll in chloroplasts
Overall Net equation for photosynthesis: 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields
glucose + 6 oxygen (when catalyzed by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight)
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Levels of Tissue Organization
cell - unit of structure of all life
tissue - composed of groups of similar cells
organs - composed of groups of tissues functioning together
organ systems - composed of groups of organs functioning together