cell: the smallest unit of life discovery of cells 1665- robert hooke was the first to identify and...
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Cell: the smallest unit of life
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Discovery of Cells
• 1665- Robert Hooke was the first to identify and name cells.
• 1674- Anton van Leeuwenhoek made better lenses and observed cells in greater detail.
• 1838- Mathias Schleiden noted that plants are made of cells
• 1839- Theodor Schwann concluded that all living things are made of cells
• 1855- Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells come from other cells
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Cell Theory
• All organisms are made of cells
• All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
• The cell is the most basic unit of life.
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Prokaryotic cells
• Simple cells
• No nucleus
• Ex: bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
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Prokaryotic Cell
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E Coli BacteriaEnterococcus
faecalis Bacteria
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Eukaryotic Cells
• More complex
• Have a true nucleus
• Make up all living cells other than bacteria
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Nerve cellNerve Cell
Hair CellFingernail
White and Red Blood Cells
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Similarities and differences between the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Cell size 1-10 micrometers 10-100 micrometers
Cell membrane? Yes Yes
Membrane-bound organelles?
No Yes
Have nucleus? No Yes
Have cytoplasm? Yes Yes
Have DNA Yes, in cytoplasm Yes, in nucleus
Examples Bacteria Fungi, plants, animals
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Cells use three different methods to move themselves or debris
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Flagella: long hairlike filaments used by some prokaryotes to move
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Flagellum
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Cilia: short hairlike projections that some cells use for movement
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Pseudopod: false foot
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Picture Quiz
• Identify the cells as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
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Eukaryotic- Mushroom Cell
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Eukaryotic- Red blood cells
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Prokaryotic- Lactobacilli bacteria
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Eukaryotic- fish egg cell
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Prokaryotic- MRSA
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Prokaryotic- Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria
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Eukaryotic- Fern leaf cell
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Eukaryotic- taste bud cell
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Eukaryotic- Osteocyte (bone cell)
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Eukaryotic- cartilage cells
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Cell Organelles• Specialized cell parts that carry out many
different processes and functions.
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Cell membrane• Barrier around the cell that controls what goes in
and out• Security Guard
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Nucleus
• Controls most of the cell’s processes
• Stores DNA
• Control center or ‘brain’
Nuclear Membrane
• Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell
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Nucleolus
• Darker portion inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes
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Cytoplasm (cytosol)
• Jelly-like fluid inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
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Ribosome
• Small organelles that float in the cytoplasm or on the ER that build proteins
• Cell workers
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Produces and transports materials such as proteins
• Assembly line
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Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body)
• Packages and distributes proteins and lipids
• Shipping and handling department
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Lysosome
• Stores enzymes and removes worn-out organelles. Mainly in animal cells.
• Waste disposal unit
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Mitochondria
• Provides energy for the cell
• Powerhouse or powerplant
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Cytoskeleton• Thin protein fibers that helps keep the
cell’s shape
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Centrioles
• Only found in animal cells that are important for cell division
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Cell wall
• Found only in plant and fungus cells.
• Provides extra shape, support and protection.
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Chloroplast• Found only in plant cell. They contain
chlorophyll used for photosynthesis
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Vacuole
• Stores water, salts, and wastes. Plants have larger ones
• Storage unit
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Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Cells Animal Cells
Have a Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and Endoplasmic Reticulum?
YES YES
Have a Cell Wall? YES NO
Have Lysosomes? NO (rarely) YES
Have Vacuoles? YES None or Small
Have Chloroplasts? YES NO
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Cellular Differentiation
• 250 different kinds of cells in the human body
• Through cellular differentiation, different types of cells are created to carry out specific tasks or functions.
• In animals the “starter” cells that differentiate are called stem cells
• In plants those cells are called meristematic cells
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Cellular Organization
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
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