cell structures involved in manufacturing
DESCRIPTION
CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING . 4.6 Nucleus. The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center The nucleus controls the cell’s activities and is responsible for inheritance Inside is a complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin , which makes up the cell’s chromosomes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING
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4.6 Nucleus
• The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center• The nucleus controls the cell’s activities and is responsible
for inheritance– Inside is a complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin,
which makes up the cell’s chromosomes– DNA is copied within the nucleus prior to cell division
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4.6 Nucleus
• The nucleolus is in charge of transcribing DNA into RNA for protein synthesis.
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4.6 Nucleus
• The nuclear envelope/ nuclear membrane is a double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus– It is attached to the ER
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Two membranes ofnuclear envelope Nucleus
NucleolusChromatin
Pore
Endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
TEM (left) and diagram (right) of the nucleus.
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4.7 Ribosomes
• Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export– Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus, which is
found in the nucleus– Cells that must synthesize large amounts of protein
have a large number of ribosomes
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4.7 Ribosomes
• Some ribosomes are free ribosomes; others are bound– Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm– Bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) associated with the nuclear envelope
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Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
RibosomesER
Smallsubunit
Diagram of a ribosome
TEM showing ERand ribosomes
Largesubunit
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4.8 Endomembrane system
• The membranes within a eukaryotic cell are physically connected and compose the endomembrane system– Includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum
(ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.
– The endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of materials throughout the cell.
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4.9 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• There are two kinds of ER—smooth and rough. • They are connected.• Smooth ER (lacks attached ribosomes)– Synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
• Rough ER (has attached ribosomes)– Synthesis of proteins, transported in vesicles
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Smooth ER
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosomes
Rough ER
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CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN BREAKDOWN
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4.10 Golgi apparatus (aka Golgi Body) and Vesicles
• The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products from the ER– Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to
the Golgi apparatus– One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a
receiving dock for the product and the other as a shipping dock
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Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus
“Receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus
Transportvesiclefrom ER
New vesicleforming
“Shipping” sideof Golgi apparatus
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
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Protein production Protein delivery
1. Synthesized in Ribosome
2. Folded in ribosome on rough ER
3. Transport vesicle containing protein breaks off of rough ER
4. Transport vesicle brings protein to Golgi.
5. Golgi finishes the process, sorts the proteins, and ships the proteins in another transport vesicle.
6. The vesicle travels to the cell membrane, in which the protein is released and can go on to do its functions.
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Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
GlycoproteinPolypeptide
Ribosome
Sugarchain
Rough ER
1
2
3
4
Synthesis and packaging of a secretory protein by the rough ER.
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Fig. 6-16-1
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Rough ER
Plasma membrane
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Fig. 6-16-2
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Rough ER
Plasma membrane
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
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Fig. 6-16-3
Smooth ER
Nucleus
Rough ER
Plasma membrane
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
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4.11 Lysosomes
• A lysosome is a sac containing digestive enzymes– Digests macromolecules: proteins, carbs, nucleic
acids, lipids– Recycles cell parts by autophagy (means “self-
eating”)
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Digestiveenzymes
LysosomePlasmamembrane
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Digestiveenzymes
LysosomePlasmamembrane
Food vacuole
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Digestiveenzymes
LysosomePlasmamembrane
Food vacuole
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Digestiveenzymes
LysosomePlasmamembrane
Food vacuole
Digestion
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Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
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Lysosome
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
Digestion
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4.12 Vacuoles
• Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell– Central vacuole in plants has hydrolytic functions
(hydrolysis)– Pigment vacuoles in plants provide color to flowers– Contractile vacuoles in protists help to expel water from
the cell
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Nucleus
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
Central vacuole in a plant cell.
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Nucleus
Contractilevacuoles
Contractile vacuoles in Paramecium, a single-celled organism
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4.13 A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown
• The following figure summarizes the relationships among the major organelles of the endomembrane system
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Nucleus
VacuoleLysosome Plasma membrane
Smooth ER
Nuclearmembrane
Golgiapparatus
Rough ER
Transportvesicle
Transportvesicle