cell introduction prokaryotic cell: a cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organelles prokaryotic...
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Cell IntroductionCell Introduction
• Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking : A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organellesa nucleus and most organelles
• Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a : A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. membrane bound organelles.
• OrganellesOrganelles: “mini-organ” part of the : “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job. cell with a specific job.
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells• A cell that lacks a nucleusA cell that lacks a nucleus
• Still has Genetic information (DNA) just Still has Genetic information (DNA) just not contained in the nucleusnot contained in the nucleus
• Bacteria and archaea are two types of Bacteria and archaea are two types of prokaryotic cellsprokaryotic cells
• These appear to be the earliest These appear to be the earliest organisms on earth. organisms on earth.
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells• A cell with a membrane bound A cell with a membrane bound
nucleus and membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organellesorganelles..
• Genetic material is contained in Genetic material is contained in the nucleusthe nucleus
• These are broken up into Plant These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cellscells and Animal cells
Two Basic types Cell membrane
cytoplasm
Cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
Cell organelles
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneRibosomesCell wall
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomesVacuolesMitochondriaCytoskeleton
Compare and Contrast
Animal cell -Eukaryote
Plant cell - Eukaryote
Cell TheoryCell Theory• The generalization that: The generalization that:
• all living things are all living things are composed of cellscomposed of cells
• cells are the cells are the basic unit of basic unit of structure and function structure and function in in living things.living things.
• All cells come from All cells come from existing cellsexisting cells
Cell OrganellesOrganelle: “Mini” organ
Nucleus• A large organelle that contains the cells genetic material (DNA)
• The “brain” of the cell
• Nuclear Envelope: a pair of membranes that surrounds the nucleus
• Nuclear pores: Holes or pores in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to leave the nucleus.
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Pore
Nucleus
Two membranesof nuclear envelope
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
Ribosome• A small organelle used to change DNA into proteins
• The “assembly line” of the cell
• Made up of proteins and nucleic acids
• Ribosomes are found on the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and others are found floating in the cell.
Ribosome
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
An extensive network of membranes that builds cell materials
Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough E.R. Has ribosomes attached to the outside
of the membrane
Creates proteinsSmooth E.R.
Does Not have ribosomes attached to the membrane
Creates enzymes and lipids
Transport vesiclebuds off
Ribosome
Polypeptide
Glycoprotein
Sugarchain
Rough ER
Secretary(glyco-) proteininside trans-port vesicle
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle made up of a series of membrane sacks
Makes changes and directs the materials created by the E.R.
Like a shipping store that packs, directs, and ships materials.
“Receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus
Transportvesiclefrom ER
New vesicleforming
“Shipping”side of Golgiapparatus
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
Plasmamembrane
Rough ER
Lysosomes
Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes)
Golgiapparatus
Engulfmentof particle
“Food”
Foodvacuole
Digestion
Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle
Vacuole
A large membrane bound sack found inside of the cell
Contractile Vacuole: Used to pump out excess water in cells
Central Vacuole: Stores chemicals and helps plant growth.
LM
650
Centralvacuole
Nucleus
Contractilevacuoles
Nucleus
ChloroplastC
olo
rize
d T
EM
8,7
00
LysosomesMembrane bound sack that contains
digestive enzymes
Lysosomes are used to break down macromolecules Breaks down incoming food Destroy harmful bacteria Recycle damaged organelles
ChloroplastA photosynthetic organelle found
in plant cells
Converts sunlight and CO2 into sugar and oxygen
ChloroplastStroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Intermembranespace
TE
M 9
,750
MitochondriaThe organelle that
creates energy for cells
Uses glucose to create chemical energy (ATP)
Found in plant and animal cells
Creation of energy happens on the membranes inside of the mitochondria
Mitochondrion
Intermembranespace
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix
CytoplasmThe entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
A fluid filled space
Flagella and Cilia
Flagella: a long, thin, whip-like structure
Created with microtubules that allow a cell to move
Cilia: smaller, and more numerous hair-like structures
Created with bundles of microtubules
Outer microtubuledoublet
Centralmicrotubules
Radial spoke
Dynein arms
Plasmamembrane
FlagellumElectron micrographsof cross sections:
Flagellum
Basal body
TE
M 2
06,5
00
Basal body(structurallyidentical tocentriole)
TE
M 2
06,5
00
Plasma Membrane
A thin outer layer of a cell
Regulates the flow of molecules into and out of the cell
Made up of a Phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates embedded.
Outer microtubuledoublet
Centralmicrotubules
Radial spoke
Dynein arms
Plasmamembrane
FlagellumElectron micrographsof cross sections:
Flagellum
Basal body
TE
M 2
06,5
00
Basal body(structurallyidentical tocentriole)
TE
M 2
06,5
00
Cell Wall
A strong layer outside of the plasma membrane, used to maintain shape in plant cells
Cell wall is found only in certain bacteria and plant cells.