cell cycle and cell division 181/adobe...cell division in eukaryotes: mitosis • mitosis is the...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cell Cycle and Cell Division
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Why Do Cells Divide?
• Reproduction• Growth and Development• Tissue Renewal
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The Cell Cycle
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What Structures Do Divide When The Cell Divides?
DNA
chrom
osom
es
nucle
us
33% 33%33%
1. DNA2. chromosomes3. nucleus
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What is a Chromosome?
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What is a Chromosome?
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A chromosome is a molecule of DNA
True
False
50%50%
1. True2. False
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How many molecules of DNA are there in one of your skin cells?
23 46 92 12
25% 25%25%25%
1. 232. 463. 924. 12
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Depending on the Arrangement of Chromosomes Organisms are:
• Haploid (n)
• Diploid (2n)
Only one chromosome of each type
Number of chromosomes= n=
Two chromosomes of each type, one from each parent
Number of chromosomes= 2n=
Homologous Chromosomes
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Humans are ___ organisms.
haplo
id
diplo
id
tetra
ploid
33% 33%33%1. haploid2. diploid3. tetraploid
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Chromosomes Duplicate During the S Phase
• During the S phase all the chromosomes duplicate
• When a chromosome duplicates, it produces a replica chromosome referred to as chromatidor sister chromatid
• Sister chromatids are joint at the centromere
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How Human Chromosomes Look After Chromosome Duplication
Human Karyotype
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These chromosomes are ___ and made of ___ sister chromatids.
not d
uplica
ted/ tw
o
dupli
cated
/ two
dupli
cated
/ four
33% 33%33%
1. not duplicated/ two
2. duplicated/ two3. duplicated/ four
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Cell Division: What is it?
Mother Cell
Daughter Cells
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Cell Division in Asexual Reproduction: Binary Fission
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Cell Division in Eukaryotes: Mitosis
• Mitosis is the mechanism by which somatic eukaryotic cells produce identical daughter cells
• Mitosis produces two identical, diploid daughter cells• Mitosis involves partition of both cytoplasmic and nuclear
structures• Mitosis consist of five phases: prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase• After telophase, the mother cell splits into two and
produces two daughter cells by undergoing a process referred to as cytokinesis
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Cell Division in Eukaryotes: Mitosis
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Cell Division in Eukaryotes: Mitosis
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Spindle Apparatus
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Division of Nuclear and CytoplasmicStructures: Cytokinesis
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This mitotic cell is in ____
prop
hase
meta
phas
e
anap
hase
telop
hase
cytok
inesis
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. prophase2. metaphase3. anaphase4. telophase5. cytokinesis
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This mitotic cell is in ____
prop
hase
meta
phas
e
anap
hase
telop
hase
cytok
inesis
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. prophase2. metaphase3. anaphase4. telophase5. cytokinesis
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This mitotic cell is in ____
prop
hase
meta
phas
e
anap
hase
telop
hase
cytok
inesis
20% 20% 20%20%20%
1. prophase2. metaphase3. anaphase4. telophase5. cytokinesis
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Control of Cell Division. Uncontrolled Cell Division
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Uncontrolled Cell Division: Cancerous Cells
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Uncontrolled Cell Division: Cancerous Cells
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Cell Division in Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis
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Meiosis: Oogenesis and Spermiogenesis
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Cell Division in Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis
• Meiosis is the mechanism by which eukaryotic cells produce mature sex cells or gametes
• Meiosis produces four haploid cells (gametes)• Meiosis involves partition of both cytoplasmic and
nuclear structures• Meiosis consists of Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Both
phases are followed by cytokinesis.• Meiosis I consists of four phases: prophase I, metaphase
I, anaphase I, and telophase I.• Meiosis II consists of four phases: prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.• Oogenesis is the production of mature eggs;
spermiogenesis is the production of mature sperm cells
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Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
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Mature gametes are:
haplo
id
diplo
id
50%50%
1. haploid2. diploid
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Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
• Mature gametes (eggs and sperm cells) are produced after meiosis
• Mature gametes (haploid) carry on fertilization to produce a zygote (diploid).
• Meiosis ensures that the number of chromosomes is maintained from parents to offspring
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Meiosis: An Overview
• Meiosis consists of Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Cytokinesis follows after each phase
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Phases of Meiosis I
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Crossing Over (Prophase I)
• Crossing over is the interchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
• Crossing over occurs during prophase I
• After crossing over, sets of four chromosomes or tetrads are formed
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At the end of anaphase I, is the cell haploid or diploid?
haplo
id
diplo
id
50%50%
1. haploid2. diploid
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Phases of Meiosis II
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Mitosis and Meiosis Compared
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At the end of meiosis I, two haploid cells are produced
True
False
50%50%
1. True2. False
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At the end of meiosis II, two haploid cells (gametes) are produced
True
False
50%50%
1. True2. False