ccri ppt 2012 a
DESCRIPTION
PPT through KN ActTRANSCRIPT
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“Native” Americans
• Beringia– Eskimo– Northwest– Anasazi
• Pueblos• Water conservation
– Similarities• Diet
– Hunt, farm, fish• Bows & arrows• No writing
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• Vs. Europeans– Less dense– No wheels or ships– Small animals only
• Ericsson• Prince Henry• Bartolomeu Dias• Vasco da Gama breaks
Mediterranean monopoly 1498
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• Portugal inches along African coast– Slaves– Religion
• Cape Verde 1st plantations
• Ottoman Turks– Genoa & Venice– Atlantic nations look
west
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• Spain– Moors
• Columbus– Bad with the ruler– San Salvador
• Bahamas
– Hispaniola• La Navidad
– Returns with natives– 4 trips– Columbian Exchange
• Goods, ppl & ideas
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• Treaty of Tordesillas– Portugal– Brazil only– de Gama 1498
• Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod
• Cabral– Vespucci
• Balboa• Magellan
– West voyage not feasible
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• Conquistadores– Cortez
• Aztec– Empire, tribute,
sacrifice• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro• Inca
• French– Verrazano– Cartier
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• Up to now– No settlements in
America– Spanish Empire – Portugal to China– International fishing
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• Huguenots– Challenge to Spain– St. Augustine 1st
• England– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti
• Factors encouraging exploration– Technological advances– Monarchs looking to
enlarge, enrich– Gold, glory & the Gospel
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• England supplants Spain– Henry VIII– Elizabeth
• Reform
– Drake– Roanoke Island – Armada
• Spain defends Cath.• English pond
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England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt– New trade partners– Ease unemployment
• Pressure valve• 1530-1680 Pop doubled
causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company– VA London– VA Plymouth– Takes time for profit
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• Jamestown– License to poach– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants– Search for gold
• 38/144– Malnutrition, disease,
European traditions of labor– Could have done better if
they learned to farm
– John Smith• Harsh• “The Starving Time”
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• Powhatan Confederacy– Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr– Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal• Natives inferior• Almost exterminated due to
VA success
• John Rolfe– Made VA a stable colony– Seals peace by marriage
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• Spread of the vile weed– Scattered settlements– Constant encroaching
• Labor force– Indentured
• Lack of labor• Poor, willing• Cheap, abundant• 2x or 3x pay• Most migrants to
Chesapeake• Many premature deaths
• Society of servants and ex-servants
• Sometimes sold• Extended– legally
– Stole, ran away, pregnant– Women no marriage– Freedom dues
– Headright• Wealthy gentry class
– More land, more workers
– New arrivals in 1619• Africans & wives?
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• House of Burgesses– Series of harsh rulers– Representative self-
government• Local laws only but, it set
a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies
• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
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• Maryland– Proprietary
• Lord B’more• Sanctuary
– But… conflict» Majority
Protestants as yeoman
» Catholics as gentry– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
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• Polarized society post 1649– Land, money in east– Untamed in the west– Gov. Berkeley
• No elections for 15 years• Only male landowners &
heads of households• Monopolized fur trade w/
Indians• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed
– New workforce
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• New England• Pilgrims– Separatists– Too corrupt– Holland– Mayflower Compact
• Political body & legal auth• Will of majority
– Squanto• Pilgrims as allies• Thanksgiving
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• Mass. Bay Colony– Covenant
• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”• Reform the Church of
Eng.– King’s puppet
– Families, educated, college
– Voting rights• Property owning males• Popular got big tracts
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The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted
• Connecticut– Thomas Hooker– All males– Fundamental Orders of
CT.
• Rhode Island– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson• Comm. Directly with God
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Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637– White settlement
disrupted trade– Narragansett allies– Heavily criticized
• Tried to Christianize• Indians knew only unity
stops encroachment
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• King Philip’s War– Encroachment
• Surrounded Indian towns• Sassamon• Mohawk• Great Swamp• Sold into slavery• Debt, ruined frontier,
hatred• Eunice Williams stayed• Mary Rowlandson–
Redemption Rock
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Trouble in New England
• Salem– Tituba
• Witchcraft• Specters
– Causes• Continual disorder
explained by blame– Indian attacks– Decline of Puritan s.– Ergot
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The Other Colonies
• New York– 1609 Hudson– Albany– New Netherlands– New Amsterdam
• Manhattan• Patroonships• Headright
– Diverse– Huguenots
• Peter Stuyvesant• Duke of York– James
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• Pennsylvania– Wm. Penn– Quaker– Proprietary– Indians
• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims
• Those having probs elsewhere
– Religious toleration• “in the souls there is no
sex”
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• Carolina– Restoration as others– Barbados
• Charles Town• Slaves• Staple crop
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence
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• Georgia– Oglethorpe– Buffer/Reform
• Between two empires
– Savannah
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Governing the Colonies
• Navigation Acts– Only English/colonial
ships– Enumerated list– Make money/
competition– Salutary Neglect
• Robert Walpole• Admiralty Courts
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• Crown attacks colony’s charters– Mass Bay– Dominion of New
England• Under direct crown
control• Land titles invalidated• Edmund Andros• Glorious Revolution
– Mass Bay restored
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– Leisler’s Rebellion– John Coode
• More Indian Wars– New York
• Beaver Wars• Iroquois
– European diseases
– North Carolina• Tuscarora
– Many enslaved– 6th Nation
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• South Carolina– Yamassee
• Abuse (slavery)• Lands• Spanish intrigue
• Slavery– Portuguese
• Africans practiced violence– European didn’t have
too– Xtianized them instead
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– Triangular Trade• Products & trade basis of
economy• Middle Passage
– Rebellion• Stono• No overturn, no winning
fight for freedom
• Colonial Experiences– The Great Awakening
• First Shared
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– Religious Indifference• Convert non-believer• Revive piety
– Revivals• Jonathan Edwards
– “Sinners… • Religious Diversity
• Enlightenment– Life, liberty, property
• John Locke– Right of rebellion
• Peter Zenger
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– Religion• Deism• God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin• Poor Richard’s
• The French in America– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois• Black Robes
– Robert de la Salle• Mississippi
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– No suppression Indians– Like European goods
• Kept Spanish away
• Wars with France– King William/Queen Anne
• Mostly European• Frontier towns attacked
– Still need English prot.
– King George’s War• Louisbourg
– Colonists furious» Boston widows
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• French/Indian War– Contested land
• Ohio Valley• French forts• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington» Surrenders» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
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» Win Indians» Colonists meet
annually» Refused by colony &
crown• Independence–
not enough, too much
– General Braddock• Duquesne• Colonists refused• British feel colony bear
responsibility• Indians side with French–
less land hungry
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– William Pitt• Better commanders
– Local recruitment• Finance thoroughly, but…
– Boon to colonial economy
• Focus on NA not WI– Attack Quebec– Cripple colonies– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe/Montcalm» Iroquois ally GB
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– Treaty of Paris• Indians lose land• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover• Colonists
– Military confidence– Colonists treated poorly
» No promotions» Discipline brutal» Amateurs
• British concerns– Am. Trade w/ enemy– Am. Headed west
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• Pontiac’s Rebellion– Refused to surrender
lands– British raised prices– Several Br. Forts attacked– Many lives– Germ warfare
• Proclamation of 1763– Keep peace– Soldiers stationed here
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• British problems– War debt– Colonists should help pay
for empire– Pitt’s role– Standing Army
(where?!?)– Quartering Act
• Sugar Act– Molasses Act– Rewards for capture
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• Stamp Act– Internal tax– James Otis
• No rep in Parle• Direct rep here• Grenville virtual
– Sons & Daughters• Boycott
– VA Resolves• Patrick Henry• Caesar, Chas I and George
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– Stamp Act Congress• First successful union• 9 of 13• Rights & Grievances
– Tax and represent redux– Jury w/o trial– Restrict on trade
• Prevent distribution– Andrew Oliver
» Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson
» All resigned
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• Boycott worked• Declaratory Act
• Townsend Acts– Revenue Act of 1765– Customs collectors paid
by crown– Tax on lead, glass, paint,
tea– Writs of assistance– New York Assembly
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– Circular Letter• Sam Adams• Tax w/o consent?• VA Assembly agrees
dissolved
• Currently– Taxes– Houses searched– Troops stationed at the
center of hotbeds
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• Boston Massacre– March 5, 1770– Soldiers withdrawn– Townsend repealed
• Gaspée– Crown’s commission to
find perpetrators– Committees of
Correspondence• Cooperation to oppose
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• Boston Tea Party– British East India Tea Co.
• Smuggled tea• Tax lowered• Favoritism• Hurt current suppliers• Hurt smugglers
• “Intolerable” Acts– 1. Boston Harbor– 2. Mass. Charter– 3. Trials in England
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– 4. New Quartering Act– 5. Quebec Act
• New borders– Land granted to
Catholics!– No precedent
– General Gage
• First Continental Congress– Rights & Grievances
• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
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• Continental Association– Manage boycott– Ben Franklin
» “we must hang together…”
– Colonists forced to choose sides
– Meet again in one year
• Lexington & Concord 4/75– Stockpiles– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes– Sam Adams/John Hancock
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– Boston under siege
• Second Continental Congress– G. Washington C-in-C– Mass Militia named Cont.
Army
• Bunker Hill– 3 attempts– Pyrrhic victory– Hessians– Ports closed– Halifax
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• Ethan Allen• Canadian Invasion– Benedict Arnold
• Common Sense– Thomas Paine
• Hessian’s (unpopularity)• Fawkes Day– Need European support
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• Independence needed– Richard Henry Lee– “These colonies…”
• Adams, Franklin, Jeff• SC & GA edit
– All men…– Life, liberty &– Government purpose to
allow– Government derives
power– If government fails to
allow
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• All signers… treason• All states write their own
• Battle of New York– No pursuit– Desertion– The Crisis
• British ad/disad– Army– 3000 miles– Re-conquer judiciously
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• New Jersey– Delaware– Trenton– Princeton
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• Americans– Good officers as well as
bad– Home game– Women
• Nurses• Domestic• Shurtleff• Pitcher
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• Britain cuts off New Eng– Howe– Philadelphia
• Brandywine• No accomplishment
– Burgoyne– Saratoga
• One of the biggest• French
– Repossess– Fear reconcile
• Home-rule
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• Valley Forge– Baron von Steuben
• War in the West– Joseph Brandt
• Iroquois Alliance
– George Rogers Clark– Indians mostly neutral to
leaning British
• War on the Sea– John Paul Jones
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• Bonhomme Richard
– Privateers
• War in the South– Charleston/ Savannah
• Put Tories in charge• African- Americans• Nathaniel Greene
– We fight…– Guerrilla
» Marion» Sumter» Further inland
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• Yorktown– De Grasse– Cut their losses
• Treaty of Paris
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• State Constitutions– Governors – Bi-cameral– Limit voting rights
• South “at least you…”
– VA had bill of rights
• Republican government– Elect reps– Weak central gov’t
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• Articles of Confederation• Foreign affairs• Maintain army• Borrow• Issue currency
– Could not• Regulate trade• Draft• Tax• Laws 9/13, amend 13/13• No exec, no judiciary
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• One vote per• Ratification problems
– Western lands– 3/1781
– Accomplishments• Won war• Foreign affairs• New states
• Land policy– Ordinance of 1785
• 1st independent source of revenue
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• 6x6• Education• Auction• Speculators• 640 for $1 each
• Ordinance of 1787– Northwest Territory– 3 to 5 (equal) states
• 60,000
– Bill of Rights– No slavery but…
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• Problems with Money– Soldiers wages– March on PHL– Paper worthless– Dept of Finance
• Robert Morris• 5% imports
– Denied (gov’t too powerful?)
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• Post war depression– Rice crop– Farms confiscated– WI closed– Britain flooded states
• Shays’ Rebellion– Mass broke– Tax farmers– Confiscate land– Shays marches to courts/
arsenal– A of C not strong enough
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• Slavery– Immediate to gradual
freedom– VA manumission – “All men…”
• Quok Walker• South… not human• NJ
• Const. Convention– Annapolis Conf.
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– Madison/Hamilton• Change A of C– too weak• 55 delegates– lawyers
– VA Plan• Bi-cameral• Pop. proportioned• Exec chosen by legis.
– NJ Plan• Uni-cameral• Plural execs
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• Great Compromise– Roger Sherman– Bi-cameral
• House, Senate• 3/5 clause• Slavery till 1808• 9 of 13 ratify
• Ratification– Federalists/anti-Federalist
• Fear distance power• Bill of Rights
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– Delaware– New Hampshire– VA
• Bill to be added
– NY• Federalist Papers
– Failure of A of C
• First Election– Washington
• Adams
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• Dept of Treasury– Hamilton
• State– Jefferson
• War• “Cabinet”– Advisers
• Judiciary Act of 1789– Supreme Ct.– John Jay
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• Bill of Rights– Madison– 12-10– No mention of who can
vote
• Financial problems– Hamilton
• Tariff• South no
– Report on Public Credit
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– Fed debt at par• Speculators (wealthy)
– Assumption• States have stake• South not happy• Washington D.C.
• National Bank– Vault, loans, currency– Strict– Loose
• Necessary and…• Political parties
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• Whiskey Rebellion– Hamilton’s programs
• 25%• Bartering• Serious threat• Nationalize PA militia
• Frontier problems– Indians look to Eng./Sp.– Anthony Wayne
• Fallen Timbers• Greenville
– Ohio
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• European problems– Revolution
• Neutrality• Citizen Genet• Jefferson resigns• British impress
– Jay’s Treaty• Hamilton’s role• Northwest• Pay for ships• Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I.
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• Freed slaves?• Executive privilege
– Pinckney’s Treaty• Spain• Right of Deposit• Mississippi
• Washington’s Farewell– Precedent– Party system– Alliances
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• Election of 1796– Adams– Jefferson– 71-68– 12th Amendment
• Adam’s presidency– Problems w/ France– XYZ Affair
• Shipping• Talleyrand
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– Undeclared war• Dept of Navy
– Alien & Sedition Acts• Aimed at Republicans
– 14 year• Sedition Act
– KY & VA resolutions• Compact• Nullification
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• Election of 1800– Adams
• A/S• Taxes for Navy• Whiskey• Jay’s Treaty
– Jefferson• Atheist• Jacobin• Sally Hemings• Burr as help• Tie• “Revolution”
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• Jefferson Presidency– States center
• Compact
– Capital– Debt paid down
• Gallatin• Army/navy• Excise tax• Sedition Act• Naturalization repealed• Kept par, et al
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• Midnight Appointments– Federalists– John Marshall– Marbury v. Madison– Writ of Mandamus– Judicial Review– Samuel Chase
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• Foreign Policy• Tripoli• Stephen Decatur
– Louisiana Purchase• French control/empire?• Right of Deposit• Eli Whitney• Livingston/Madison• Haiti
– Toussaint L’Ouverture• Napoleon needs $$$
more
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• Feds oppose• Strict v. Loose• Doubled size• Lewis & Clark
– Good relations– Flora/fauna– Water route– Oregon– Sacajawea– Louisiana 1812
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• Domestic Issues– Essex Junto
• New England, NY, NJ– Feds losing influence– Burr as governor– Hamilton – Southwest Empire?
• 2nd Term– Problems w/ Britain &
France• Continental System• Orders in Council
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• Impressment– 6,000 1808-1811
• Chesapeake v. Leopard• Embargo Act
– Disaster– Smuggling
• Non- Intercourse Act
• Election of 1808– Madison – Feds gain seats– Macon’s Bill #2
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– War Hawks• Henry Clay• John C. Calhoun• Andrew Jackson• All anti-British
– Tippecanoe • Wm. Henry Harrison• Tecumseh• Federation• Tecumseh flees
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• Causes for War– War Hawks want Canada– Florida– Impressment– Federalists oppose– Sectional vote– Orders in Council
suspended but news travels slow
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• War of 1812– Ads:
• Britain tied up w/Nap• Home game• Canada target w/ little
pop.
– Dis-ad:• Small army &
old/untrained• “Mr. Madison’s War”
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• Invasion of Canada– William Hull– NY Militia
• Lake Erie– Oliver Hazard Perry– Thames
• Retreating British• Tecumseh• York
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• At Sea– USS Constitution
• 2 big victories
– Inland lakes– Privateers– British blockade
• Economy crippled• Treasury broke
– Bank expired
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• 1814 Napoleon defeated– Chesapeake
• Washington• Baltimore
– Francis Scott Key
– Hudson• Plattsburgh • Macdonough• War too costly
– Southwest Campaign• Jackson
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– Horseshoe Bend
– Treaty of Ghent• Status Quo Ante Bellum• New Orleans
– Hartford Convention• Feds last hurrah• Openly traded w/ Britain• State militias• 3/5 clause• 60 day embargo• 1 term President
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• No successive President from same state
• 2/3 vote for new states• Poor timing
• Era of Good Feelings– 1816 Elections
• James Monroe• Little opposition
– Nationalism High– BUS re-chartered 1816
• Local banks
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• War effort hurt
– Tariff of 1816• Protective
– Florida• Adams-Onis
– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818• Demilitarized • 49th Parallel
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• Panic of 1819– Westward migration– Steamships– Wildcat– Distrust of BUS
• McCulloch v. MD
• MO Compromise– Whitney & LA Purchase
• Slavery forefront• Profitable & expanding
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– Balanced Senate• Tallmadge Amendment
– Gradual Abolition– Precedent?
» LA Purchase» South too?
– Compromise by Clay• MO/ME• 36’36”
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• Foreign Policy (Monroe)– Monroe Doctrine
• Great Britain• West closed• US stays out of Europe• GB motives
• Election of 1824– Caucus– One party– Crawford—Clay– Adams
– Jackson
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– Jackson wins popular– Jackson wins electoral
• Plurality• House• Clay’s role• Corrupt Bargain?
• Adam’s Presidency– Internal improvements– National Road– Canals
• Erie
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– National University?– Naval College?
• Election of 1828– Jackson
• Democratic Republicans• Property qual. Dropped
– RI 1842• Mudslinging• Rachel
– Adams• National Republicans
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• Jackson’s Presidency– King Mob– inauguration – Spoils System
• Loyalists• Beginnings of patronage
• Jackson & Tariff of 1828– Inherited– Abominations
• South manuf. little• South sold worldwide• Slavery?
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• MO fires rekindled• Denmark Vesey 1822
– SC Exposition• Calhoun• KY & VA Resolutions
• “Nullies”– Tariff of 1832– Too little– Nullified– Secession?
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– Jackson… “Hang the first”
– Clay Compromise• 1833 Tariff
– Force Bill– SC repealed nullification
• Nullified Force Bill
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• Indian Removal– Trail of Tears– Five Civilized Tribes
• Cherokee• Alphabet• Sequoyah• Slave owners
– Worcester v. GA• Sovereign• “John Marshall has made
his decision…”
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– West to “save” them– Sauk/Fox
• Blackhawk
– Seminole/Osceola
• Eaton Malaria– Peggy wife of John– Sec’y of War– Floride Calhoun– Rachel– Cabinet resigned
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– Martin Van Buren– VP frontrunner
• Bank War & Election of 1832– BUS controlled economy– Answers to no one– Controlled gold/silver– Nicholas Biddle– Clay asks for re-charter 4
years early (1832)
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– Vetoed (as many others)
• Clay & National Republicans– Nomination conventions
with platforms (1st )– First third party
• Anti-Mason• William Wirt• Anti-Jackson• Morphed in with Whigs
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• Killing the Bank– Mandate– Taney– Biddle tries to create
crisis– “Pet” banks– More wildcats– Specie Circular
• “Hard” currency only• Led to another panic
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• Whigs & Election of 1836– King Andrew the First– Only issue– Jackson
• South hates tariff• North hates slavery• Clay hates Jackson• West lovers American
System• Anti-Masons
– Favorite Sons– Wm. Henry Harrison
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• Van Buren’s Presidency– First born in “America”– “Machine-made”
• Other Dems resented
– Trouble in Maine• Aroostook • Webster-Ashburton 1842
– Abolitionism in full swing
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– Panic of 1837• Land spec.• Wildcats• Specie Circular• Wheat crop fail• Pet banks failed
– Government $$$• Buren– laissez faire• Independent Treasury Bill
– Trail of Tears 1838– Texas
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• Election of 1840– Tippecanoe & Tyler too!– “Log Cabin Campaign”– Martin van Buren
• John Tyler– “His Accidency”– Anti-tariff, bank, internal
improvements
• Whig Congress– Ended Independent
Treasury
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– Passed BUS• Vetoed• Mass resignations• Expelled by Whig caucus
• Texas– Mexico 1821
• Needed population• Stephen Austin• Mexico wants
– 300 Roman Cath.– Mexicanized
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• Many just ahead of US law
• Many bring slaves• Mexico emancipated
1830• Austin to Mex. City• All local rights suspended
by Santa Anna– Raises army
• Lone Star Republic– 1836 independence– Sam Houston Pres.
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– Alamo• Davy Crockett/ Jim Bowie
– Martyrs
– San Jacinto• Forced terms• Independence• Rio Grande• Repudiated• TX Annexation?
– No, recognize– Northern protest – Mexico– province in
revolt
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• Texas attracts plenty of attention– Cotton, no tariffs
• Election of 1844– Texas biggest issue– Clay– waffled– Polk– Dem—dark-horse
• Pro-annexation– Texas, Oregon,
California– “54’40 or fight”
– Liberty Party– NY!
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– Tyler sees election as mandate• Joint resolution
• Oregon– Britain losing pop. Race– Robert Gray– Lewis & Clark– Manifest Destiny– Polk cooled post-TX
• War• South not excited for
Oregon
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• Oregon not excited for South or Polk
• Problems with Mexico– Polk wants Calif.– Mex. Recalls ambassador
post annex– Neuces Rio Grande
“no man’s land”– Slidell to buy– Zack Taylor to Rio
Grande
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– “American blood shed…”• US declared war• “Spot resolutions”• Northerners not happy
– Henry David Thoreau
– But, Britain ready to seize
• War with Mexico– Polk hopes for quick
victories– Santa Anna offers help
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– Taylor heads south• Buena Vista
– Winfield Scott• Veracruz• Together, must capture
Mex. City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– NM & CA
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• Effects of war– 1st invasion– 13,000 dead
• Mostly disease
– Experience for next war• Who did fighting?
• Slavery issue rekindled– Wilmot Proviso– Southern “Slavocracy”
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• Election of 1848– Democrats– Lewis Cass
• Popular sovereignty• No stand on slavery in
territories
– Whigs– Zack Taylor• Hero • Slaveholder• No stand in territories
– Free Soil Party– Van Buren
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– Amalgamation of those…• Against slavery• Pro-Wilmot• Racists not into sharing• Abolitionists• NY again!
• California Dreaming– John Sutter– Growing fast– Need government bad– Taylor encourages
statehood
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– Bypass territory status– Still tied in Senate
• Nothing on horizon for South
• As precedent for rest of Mexican Cession
• Compromise of 1850– Clay– Taylor dead– Fugitive Slave Law
• Underground RR• Harriet Tubman
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– CA free– permanently tilted
– NM & Utah– pop. Sov.– Slave trade in DC
• North opposition to FSL– $5 free, $10 returned– Aid in escape? Fines and
jail– Personal Liberty Laws
• Denied use of jails• MA nullify
– South losing face
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• Uncle Tom’s Cabin– Harriet Beecher Stowe
1852
• Election of 1852– Democrats– Franklin
Pierce• Dark-horse• Pro-slavery northerner• “the hero of many a
bottle”
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– Whigs– need another war hero• No to Fillmore• Winfield Scott• Whigs not in agreement
– End of Party
• Pierce Presidency– Pro-expansion– Wm. Walker– Nicaragua– Cuba– Ostend Manifesto– Gadsden Purchase
• Terminus?
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– Kansas-Nebraska Act• Northern Terminus too?• Stephen Douglas• Two territories
– Pop. Sov.– Voided MO Comp.– North gave up on any
enforcement of FSL– New Party
• Republicans– Prevent spread– Dem becomes Southern– Rep. in South?
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