“Discovering America”

• Norse

– Ericson

– Hopscotch

– Greenland

– L’Anse aux Meadows

– Maine?

– Newport?

Crusades

• Crusades– Food– Venice & Genoa

• Marco Polo– Trade by sea poss.

• Gutenberg• Bubonic Plague

– Less people– More food– Feudalism– Nationalism

• Renaissance– New instruments

Prince Henry

• Prince Henry

– Portugal inches along African coast

– Sao Tome • Slaves/Plantations

• Barthomeu Dias

– Genoa & Venice

– Da Gama

Columbus

• Spain– Isabella/Moors

• Columbus– Bad with the ruler

– San Salvador• Bahamas

– Hispaniola• La Navidad

– Returns with natives

– 4 trips

– Columbian Exchange• Goods, ppl & ideas

Magellan

• Treaty of Tordesillas

– Portugal

– Brazil only

– de Gama 1498

• Cabral

– Vespucci

• Balboa

• Magellan

– West voyage not feasible

Conquistadores

• Conquistadores– Unemployed in Spain– Cortez

• Aztec– Empire, tribute, sacrifice

• Spain most powerful after

– Pizarro• Smallpox • Inca

• French– Verrazano– Cartier– Champlain

• Lived with Indians

Huguenots

• Huguenots– Challenge to Spain

– St. Augustine 1st

• England– Northwest Pass– Cabot—Newfoundland

– Frobisher (China)

– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti

– Walter Raleigh trade/ Indians

England enters the Picture

• England supplants Spain

– Henry VIII

– Elizabeth• Reform

– Drake

– Roanoke Island

– Armada• Spain defends Cath.

• English pond

England Colonizes in a Big Way

• Hakluyt

– New trade partners

– Ease unemployment• Pressure valve

• 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave

• Joint-stock company

– VA London

– VA Plymouth

– Takes time for profit

• Jamestown– License to poach– Terrible location

• Swamp, drought

– Gentlemen/servants– Search for gold

• 38/144– Malnutrition, disease,

European traditions of labor

– Could have done better if they learned to farm

– John Smith• Harsh• “The Starving Time”

• Powhatan Confederacy– Aid led to survival

– Weapons for reinforcing

• Lord de la Warr– Irish tactics

• Raid, burn, steal

• Natives inferior

• Almost exterminated due to VA success

• John Rolfe– Made VA a stable colony

– Seals peace by marriage

• Spread of the vile weed– Scattered settlements

– Constant encroaching

• Labor force– Indentured

• Lack of labor

• Poor, willing

• Cheap, abundant

• 2x or 3x pay

• Most migrants to Chesapeake

• Many premature deaths

• Society of servants and ex-servants

• Sometimes sold

• Extended– legally – Stole, ran away,

pregnant

– Women no marriage

– Freedom dues

– Headright• Wealthy gentry class

– More land, more workers

– New arrivals in 1619• Africans & wives?

• House of Burgesses

– Series of harsh rulers

– Representative self-government• Local laws only but, it set

a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies

• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.

• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629

• Maryland

– Proprietary• Lord B’more

• Sanctuary

– But… conflict

» Majority Protestants as yeoman

» Catholics as gentry

– Act of Toleration 1649

• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants

• Polarized society post 1649– Land, money in east

– Untamed in the west

– Gov. Berkeley• No elections for 15 years

• Only male landowners & heads of households

• Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians

• Bacon’s Rebellion– Big guys & little guys,

Berkeley removed

– New workforce

• New England

• Pilgrims– Separatists

– Too corrupt

– Holland

– Mayflower Compact• Political body & legal auth

• Will of majority

– Squanto• Pilgrims as allies

• Thanksgiving

• Mass. Bay Colony

– Covenant• Contract for a mission

– “City Upon a Hill”• Reform the Church of Eng.

– King’s puppet

– Families, educated, college

– Voting rights• Property owning males

• Popular got big tracts

The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted

• Connecticut

– Thomas Hooker

– All males

– Fundamental Orders of CT.

• Rhode Island

– Roger Williams

• Land belonged to…

• Freedom of religion

– Newport 1658

– Anne Hutchinson

• Comm. Directly with God

Relations with Indians

• Pequot War of 1637

– White settlement disrupted trade

– Narragansett allies

– Heavily criticized• Tried to Christianize

• Indians knew only unity stops encroachment

• King Philip’s War

– Encroachment• Surrounded Indian towns

• Sassamon

• Mohawk

• Great Swamp

• Sold into slavery

• Debt, ruined frontier, hatred

• Eunice Williams stayed

• Mary Rowlandson–Redemption Rock

Trouble in New England

• Salem

– Tituba• Witchcraft

• Specters

– Causes• Continual disorder

explained by blame

– Indian attacks

– Decline of Puritan s.

– Ergot

The Other Colonies

• New York– 1609 Hudson

– Albany

– New Netherlands

– New Amsterdam• Manhattan

• Patroonships

• Headright– Diverse

– Huguenots

• Peter Stuyvesant

• Duke of York– James

• Pennsylvania– Wm. Penn

– Quaker

– Proprietary

– Indians• Purchase land, deal fairly,

respect claims

• Those having probselsewhere

– Religious toleration• “in the souls there is no

sex”

• Carolina

– Restoration as others

– Barbados• Charles Town

• Slaves

• Staple crop

– Eliza Lucas

– VA influence

• Georgia

– Oglethorpe

– Buffer/Reform• Between two empires

– Savannah

Governing the Colonies

• Navigation Acts– raw materials– Revenue & divert trade

– Only English/colonial ships

– Enumerated list

– Make money/ competition

– Salutary Neglect• Robert Walpole

– Ignore leads to more wealth

• James II & WM/Mary get rid of Sal. Neg.

• Admiralty Courts 1796

• Crown attacks colony’s charters– Mass Bay revoked

– Dominion of New England• Under direct crown

control

• Land titles invalidated

– Edmund Andros

– Glorious Revolution• Mass Bay restored w/

• Other colonists revoke

– Leisler’s Rebellion

– John Coode

• More Indian Wars– New York

• Beaver Wars

• Iroquois– European diseases

– Replenish

– North Carolina• Tuscarora

– Many enslaved

– 6th Nation

• South Carolina– Yamassee

• Abuse (slavery)

• Threatened Lands

• Spanish intrigue

• Slavery– Portuguese

• Africans practiced violence– European didn’t have

too

– Xtianized them instead

– Triangular Trade• Products & trade basis of

European economy

• Middle Passage– Deaths & suicides

– Rebellion• Stono

• No overturn, no winning fight for freedom

• Colonial Experiences– The Great Awakening

• First Shared

– Religious Indifference• Convert non-believer

• Revive piety

– Revivals• Jonathan Edwards

– “Sinners…

• Religious Diversity

• Enlightenment– Life, liberty, property

• John Locke– Right of rebellion

• Peter Zenger

– Religion• Deism

• God the Clockmaker

– Ben Franklin• Poor Richard’s

• The French in America– Champlain

• Coureurs de bois– FR wants fur trade

• Black Robes

– Robert de la Salle• Mississippi

– No suppression Indians

– Like European goods letting FR stay

• Kept Spanish away

• Wars with France

– King William/Queen Anne

• Mostly European

• Frontier towns attacked

– Still need English prot.

– King George’s War

• Louisbourg

– Colonists furious

» Boston widows

• French/Indian War

– Contested land• Ohio Valley

• French forts

• Gov. Dinwiddie

– Washington

» Surrenders

» British retaliate

• Nova Scotia

– Albany Congress• Albany Plan for Union

– Ben Franklin

» Win Indians– non-committal

» Colonists meet annually

» Refused by colony & crown

• Independence– not enough, too much

– General Braddock• Duquesne– war!

• Colonists refused

• British feel colony bear responsibility

• Indians side with French–less land hungry

– William Pitt• Better commanders

– Local recruitment

• Finance thoroughly, but…

– Boon to colonial economy

– Turning pt.

• Focus on NA not WI

– Attack Quebec

– Cripple FR colonies

– Plains of Abraham

» Wolfe/Montcalm

» Iroquois ally GB

– Treaty of Paris• Indians lose land

• England east, Spain west

– Colonial hangover• Colonists

– Military confidence

– Colonists treated poorly

» No promotions

» Discipline brutal

» Amateurs

• British concerns– Am. Trade w/ enemy

– Am. Headed west

• Pontiac’s Rebellion

– Refused to surrender lands

– British raised prices

– Several Br. Forts attacked

– Many lives

– Germ warfare

• Proclamation of 1763

– Keep peace

– Soldiers stationed here

• British problems– War debt

– Colonists should help pay for empire

– Pitt’s role

– Standing Army (where?!?)

– Quartering Act

• Sugar Act– Molasses Act

– Rewards for capture

• Stamp Act

– Internal tax

– James Otis• No rep in Parle

• Direct rep here

• Grenville virtual

– Sons & Daughters• Boycott

– VA Resolves• Patrick Henry

• Caesar, Chas I and George

– Stamp Act Congress• First successful union

• 9 of 13

• Rights & Grievances

– Tax and represent redux

– Jury w/o trial

– Restrict on trade

• Prevent distribution

– Andrew Oliver

» Effigy

– Thomas Hutchinson

» All resigned

• Boycott worked

• Declaratory Act

• Townsend Acts

– Revenue Act of 1765

– Customs collectors paid by crown

– Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea

– Writs of assistance

– New York Assembly

– Circular Letter• Sam Adams

• Tax w/o consent?

• VA Assembly agrees dissolved

• Currently

– Taxes

– Houses searched

– Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds

• Boston Massacre

– March 5, 1770

– Soldiers withdrawn

– Townsend repealed

• Gaspée

– Crown’s commission to find perpetrators

– Committees of Correspondence• Cooperation to oppose

• Boston Tea Party– British East India Tea Co.

• Smuggled tea

• Tax lowered

• Favoritism

• Hurt current suppliers

• Hurt smugglers

• “Intolerable” Acts– 1. Boston Harbor

– 2. Mass. Charter

– 3. Trials in England

– 4. New Quartering Act

– 5. Quebec Act• New borders

– Land granted to Catholics!

– No precedent

– General Gage

• First Continental Congress– Rights & Grievances

• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response

• Continental Association

– Manage boycott

– Ben Franklin

» “we must hang together…”

– Colonists forced to choose sides

– Meet again in one year

• Lexington & Concord 4/75

– Stockpiles

– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes

– Sam Adams/John Hancock

– Boston under siege

• Second Continental Congress– G. Washington C-in-C

– Mass Militia named Cont. Army

• Bunker Hill– 3 attempts

– Pyrrhic victory

– Hessians

– Ports closed

– Halifax

• Ethan Allen

• Canadian Invasion

– Not just about MA

– Benedict Arnold

• Common Sense

– Thomas Paine

• Hessian’s (unpopularity)

– What happened to the family war

• Independence needed– Richard Henry Lee

– “These colonies…”• Adams, Franklin, Jeff

• SC & GA edit– All men…

– Life, liberty &

– Government purpose to allow

– Government derives power

– If government fails to allow

• Issues for the new government

– How to share power

– Controlled by who?

– Women?

– Slave status

• All signers… treason

– All states write their own• Executive loses

• Battle of New York– No pursuit– saved?– Desertion– Response

• The Crisis

• British ad/disad– Army

• Do Pats measure up?

– 3000 miles***– Re-conquer judiciously

• New Jersey

– Delaware

– Trenton• Hessians

– Princeton

• Americans

– Good officers as well as bad

– Home game

– Women• Nurses

• Domestic

• Shurtleff

• Pitcher

• Britain cuts off New Eng– Howe

– Philadelphia• Brandywine

• No accomplishment

– Burgoyne

– Saratoga• One of the biggest

• French– decisive – Repossess (revenge)

– Fear reconcile

• Home-rule

• Valley Forge– Baron von Steuben

» Inexperienced/» undermanned

• War in the West– Joseph Brandt

• Iroquois Alliance moved to Canada

– Dragging Canoe• Western settle.

– Indians mostly neutral to leaning British

• War on the Sea– John Paul Jones

• Bonhomme Richard

– Privateers

• War in the South– Charleston/ Savannah

• Tories pledge allegiance to crown

• Tories in charge of conquered– Treason; joining Brits,

food, ammo

– Penalty; house arrest, voting, property

• African- Americans join post Charleston

• Nathaniel Greene– conciliatory– We fight…– Guerrilla (post Camden

and Arnold)» Marion» Sumter» Drag Brits inland

• Yorktown– De Grasse– Chesapeake, VA, NC– Cut their losses– “Oh God! It is all over”– “World Turned Upside

Down”

• Treaty of Paris

– All lands west to Miss.

– Newfoundland

– Independence recognized

– Property confiscated

• State Constitutions– Governors – Bi-cameral– Limit voting rights

• 25-50%

– Southern solidarity– Slaves not fully human– NJ– Quok Walker

• VA had bill of rights• Republican government

– Elect reps– Weak central gov’t

• Articles of Confederation– 1st Constitution

• Foreign affairs• Maintain army• Borrow• Issue currency

– Not backed– Not worth…

– Could not• Regulate trade• Draft• Tax• Laws 9/13, amend 13/13• No exec, no judiciary• Tariff tried

• One vote per

• Ratification problems– Western lands

– 3/1781

– Accomplishments• Won war

• Foreign affairs

• New states

• Land policy– Ordinance of 1785

• 1st independent source of revenue

• 6x6• Education• Auction• Speculators• 640 for $1 each• Indians still obstacle

• Ordinance of 1787– Northwest Territory– 3 to 5 (equal) states

• 60,000

– Bill of Rights– Equal to other states– No slavery but…

• Fugitives

• Problems with Money

– Soldiers wages

– March on PHL

– Paper worthless

– Dept of Finance• Robert Morris

• 5% imports

– Denied (gov’t too powerful?)

• Post war depression– Rice crop– Farms confiscated– WI closed– Britain flooded states

• Spain closed Miss– No US expansion

• Shays’ Rebellion– Mass broke– Tax farmers– Confiscate land– Shays marches to courts/

arsenal• If govt destroys rights of people.

– A of C not strong enough

• Slavery

– Immediate to gradual freedom

– VA manumission

– “All men…”• Quok Walker

• South… not human

• NJ

• Const. Convention

– Annapolis Conf.

– Madison/Hamilton• Change A of C– too weak

• 55 delegates– lawyers, rich

• Closed doors

– VA Plan• Proportional or equal rep

• VA Plan meant new Const

• Bi-cameral

• Pop. proportioned

• Exec chosen by legis.

– Small states rejected

– NJ Plan• Big prob– how to satisfy

big/small states

• Uni-cameral

– Tax/reg. trade

• Plural execs

• Great Compromise– Roger Sherman

– Bi-cameral• House, Senate

• Electoral Colleg

• 3/5 clause

• Slavery till 1808

• 9 of 13 ratify

• Ratification– Federalists/anti-Federalist

• Fear distance power

• Bill of Rights

– Delaware

– New Hampshire

– VA• Bill to be added

– NY• Federalist Papers

– Failure of A of C

• First Election

– Washington• Adams

• Dept of Treasury– Hamilton

• State– Jefferson

• War

• “Cabinet”– Advisers

• No constitutional mention

– Adams did little• Senate

• 1st Congress

– Tariff

– Judiciary Act of 1789• Supreme Ct.

• John Jay

• Law of the land

• 1st 10 years hardly any big cases

• John Jay

• Bill of Rights– Madison (promised)

• 2nd militia

– 12-10

– No mention of who can vote

– Speech, press, religion, jury

• Financial problems– Hamilton– fan of elite/British

– Consolidate power at nat’llevel– encourage nat’l credit• Tariff for “protection”

• South no, North yes

• Report on Public Credit– Fed debt at par

• Speculators (wealthy stake)• Little debt good thing

– Assumption– restore faith in fed govt• States have stake but subservient• South not happy• Washington D.C.

• National Bank– does Const. give power?– Model B. of Eng.– Vault, loans, currency– Strict– Jefferson – Loose (Elastic)

• Necessary and…• Any means not prohibited by

Constitution • Political parties– 2nd term• Opposition is disloyal

• Whiskey Rebellion– Hamilton’s programs

• 25%• West farmers

– No protect against Indians

• Bartering• Serious threat• Nationalize PA militia• Nat’l govt no tolerate resistance to

laws

• Frontier problems– Indians look to Eng./Sp.– US want to clear them out– Anthony Wayne

• Fallen Timbers• Greenville

– Ohio– 20,000; 9,000 annuity, hunt on

ceded land

• European problems– Revolution

• England declares war– US bound ideo to Fr

– Econ to GB

• Neutrality– Biggest problem for

new nation

– Ham saw customs collections as too important

• Citizen Genet

• Jefferson resigns

• British impress

– Jay’s Treaty• Hamilton’s role• Northwest

– Loyalists property?– Article V– Prewar debts? A of C

couldn’t enforce pay

• Pay for ships• Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I.• Freed slaves not addressed• France capture US ships

– Congress increases $$$

• House wants to refuse to fund

• Executive Privilege

– Pinckney’s Treaty• Spain

• Right of Deposit

• Mississippi

• Stay out of Indian affairs

• Washington’s Farewell

– Precedent

– Party system

– Alliances

– Kept out of war

• Election of 1796– One issue– Jay’s

– Adams

– Jefferson

– 71-68

– 12th Amendment

• Adam’s presidency– Problems w/ France

– XYZ Affair• Anti-French sentiment

• Shipping

• Talleyrand

– Undeclared war• Dept of Navy• US wins in West Indies• Convention of 1800• Adams keep US out of war

– Alien & Sedition Acts• Aimed at Republicans

– 14 year

• Sedition Act1st Amend?

– KY & VA resolutions• Compact• Nullification

– Feds disagree– Sup. Ct.

• Election of 1800– Adams

• A/S• Taxes for Navy• Whiskey• Jay’s Treaty• No War!

– Jefferson• Atheist• Jacobin• Sally Hemings• Hamilton role• Tie• “Revolution”

• Jefferson Presidency

– States center– weak nat’l

• Compact

• Citizen Farmer

– Capital

– Debt paid down

• Gallatin

• Army/navy

• Excise tax

• Sedition Act

• Naturalization repealed

• Kept par, (most others)

• Midnight Appointments

– Federalists

– John Marshall

– Marbury v. Madison

– Writ of Mandamus

– Judicial Review

– Samuel Chase

• Foreign Policy• Tripoli

• Stephen Decatur

– Louisiana Purchase• French control/empire?

• Right of Deposit

• Eli Whitney

• Livingston/Madison

• Haiti

– Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Napoleon needs $$$ more

• Feds oppose

• Strict v. Loose

• Doubled size

• Lewis & Clark

– Good relations

– Flora/fauna

– Water route

– Oregon

– Sacajawea

– Louisiana 1812

• Domestic Issues– Essex Junto

• New England, NY, NJ– Feds losing influence

– Burr as governor

– Hamilton

– Southwest Empire?

• 2nd Term– Problems w/ Britain &

France• Continental System

• Orders in Council

• Impressment

– 6,000 1808-1811

• Chesapeake v. Leopard

• Embargo Act

– Disaster

– Smuggling

• Non- Intercourse Act

• Election of 1808

– Madison

– Feds gain seats

– Macon’s Bill #2

– War Hawks• Henry Clay

• John C. Calhoun

• Andrew Jackson

• All anti-British

– Tippecanoe • Wm. Henry Harrison

• Tecumseh

• Federation

• Tecumseh flees

• Causes for War

– War Hawks want Canada

– Florida

– Impressment

– Federalists oppose

– Sectional vote

– Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow

• War of 1812

– Ads: • Britain tied up w/Nap

• Home game

• Canada target w/ little pop.

– Dis-ad:• Small army &

old/untrained

• “Mr. Madison’s War”

• Invasion of Canada

– William Hull

– NY Militia

• Lake Erie

– Oliver Hazard Perry

– Thames• Retreating British

• Tecumseh

• York

• At Sea

– USS Constitution• 2 big victories

– Inland lakes

– Privateers

– British blockade• Economy crippled

• Treasury broke

– Bank expired

• 1814 Napoleon defeated

– Chesapeake• Washington

• Baltimore

– Francis Scott Key

– Hudson• Plattsburgh

• Macdonough

• War too costly

– Southwest Campaign• Jackson

– Horseshoe Bend

– Treaty of Ghent• Status Quo Ante Bellum

• New Orleans

– Hartford Convention• Feds last hurrah

• Openly traded w/ Britain

• State militias

• 3/5 clause

• 60 day embargo

• 1 term President

• No successive President from same state

• 2/3 vote for new states

• Poor timing

• Era of Good Feelings

– 1816 Elections• James Monroe

• Little opposition

– Nationalism High

– BUS re-chartered 1816• Local banks

• War effort hurt

– Tariff of 1816• Protective

– Florida• Adams-Onis

– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818• Demilitarized

• 49th Parallel

• Panic of 1819

– Westward migration

– Steamships

– Wildcat

– Distrust of BUS• McCulloch v. MD

• MO Compromise

– Whitney & LA Purchase• Slavery forefront

• Profitable & expanding

– Balanced Senate• Tallmadge Amendment

– Gradual Abolition

– Precedent?

» LA Purchase

» South too?

– Compromise by Clay• MO/ME

• 36’36”

• Foreign Policy (Monroe)– Monroe Doctrine

• Great Britain

• West closed

• US stays out of Europe

• GB motives

• Election of 1824– Caucus

– One party

– Crawford—Clay– Adams – Jackson

– Jackson wins popular

– Jackson wins electoral• Plurality

• House

• Clay’s role

• Corrupt Bargain?

• Adam’s Presidency– Least successful

• Left most intact

• Sarcastic

– Internal improvements

– National Road• War of 1812? Transport

troops

– Canals• Erie

• Canal Era

• New England Farmers

– National University?

– Naval College?

• Election of 1828

– Jackson• Democratic Republicans

• Property qual. Dropped

– RI 1842

• Mudslinging

• Rachel

– Adams• National Republicans

• Jackson’s Presidency– Suspicious, Log Cabin– King Mob– inauguration – Spoils System

• Loyalists– Corrupt, incompetent

• Beginnings of patronage

• Jackson & Tariff of 1828– Inherited– Abominations

• South manuf. little• South sold worldwide• Slavery?• Clothes for slaves

• Slavery interference next?• MO fires rekindled• Denmark Vesey 1822

– SC Exposition• Calhoun• KY & VA Resolutions

• “Nullies”– People had power not

states– Tariff of 1832– Too little– Nullified– Secession?

– Jackson… “Hang the first”

– Clay Compromise• 1833 Tariff to 1816 levels

– Force Bill• Pres. use army/navy to

collect

– SC repealed nullification• Nullified Force Bill

• Indian Removal– Trail of Tears– Five Civilized Tribes

• Cherokee

• Alphabet

• Sequoyah

• Slave owners

– Worcester v. GA• Sovereign– GA rules don’t

apply

• “John Marshall has made his decision…”

– West to “save” them• Many dependent on govt

payments for survival

– Sauk/Fox• Blackhawk

– Seminole/Osceola

• Eaton Malaria– Peggy wife of John

– Sec’y of War

– Floride Calhoun

– Rachel

– Cabinet resigned

– Martin Van Buren– VP frontrunner

• Bank War & Election of 1832– BUS controlled economy– Answers to no one

• Primary motive = profit

– Controlled gold/silver– Foreclosed on many farms– Nicholas Biddle– Clay asks for re-charter 4

years early (1832)– Made credit abundant so

expanded economy

– Vetoed • More than all others

• Increased power of Exec.

• Clay & National Republicans– Nomination conventions

with platforms (1st )

– First third party• Anti-Mason

– Started convention sys.

• William Wirt

• Anti-Jackson

• Morphed in with Whigs

• Killing the Bank

– Mandate

– Taney

– Biddle tries to create crisis

– “Pet” banks

– More wildcats

– Specie Circular• “Hard” currency only

• Led to another panic

• Whigs & Election of 1836– King Andrew the First

– Only issue– Jackson• South hates tariff

• North hates slavery

• Clay hates Jackson

• West lovers American System

• Anti-Masons

– Favorite Sons– Wm. Henry Harrison

• Van Buren’s Presidency

– First born in “America”

– “Machine-made”• Other Dems resented

– Trouble in Maine• Aroostook

• Webster-Ashburton 1842

– Abolitionism in full swing

– Panic of 1837• Land spec.

• Wildcats

• Specie Circular

• Wheat crop fail

• Pet banks failed

– Government $$$

• Buren– laissez faire

• Independent Treasury Bill

– Trail of Tears 1838

– Texas

• Election of 1840– Tippecanoe & Tyler too!

– “Log Cabin Campaign”

– Martin van Buren

• John Tyler– “His Accidency”

– Anti-tariff, bank, internal improvements

• Whig Congress– Ended Independent

Treasury

– Passed BUS• Vetoed

• Mass resignations

• Expelled by Whig caucus

• Texas

– Mexico 1821• Needed population

• Stephen Austin

• Mexico wants

– 300 Roman Cath.

– Mexicanized

• Many just ahead of US law

• Many bring slaves

• Mexico emancipated 1830

• Austin to Mex. City

• All local rights suspended by Santa Anna

– Raises army

• Lone Star Republic

– 1836 independence

– Sam Houston Pres.

– Alamo• Davy Crockett/ Jim Bowie

– Martyrs

– San Jacinto• Forced terms

• Independence

• Rio Grande

• Repudiated

• TX Annexation?– No, recognize

– Northern protest

– Mexico– province in revolt

• Texas attracts plenty of attention– Cotton, no tariffs

• Election of 1844– Texas biggest issue

– Clay– waffled

– Polk– Dem—dark-horse• Pro-annexation

– Texas, Oregon, California

– “54’40 or fight”

– Liberty Party– NY!

– Tyler sees election as mandate• Joint resolution

• Oregon– Britain losing pop. Race

– Robert Gray

– Lewis & Clark

– Manifest Destiny

– Polk cooled post-TX• War

• South not excited for Oregon

• Oregon not excited for South or Polk

• Problems with Mexico

– Polk wants Calif.

– Mex. Recalls ambassador post annex

– Neuces Rio Grande “no man’s land”

– Slidell to buy

– Zack Taylor to Rio Grande

– “American blood shed…”• US declared war

• “Spot resolutions”

• Northerners not happy

– Henry David Thoreau

– But, Britain ready to seize

• War with Mexico

– Polk hopes for quick victories

– Santa Anna offers help

– Taylor heads south• Buena Vista

– Winfield Scott• Veracruz

• Together, must capture Mex. City

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– NM & CA

• Effects of war

– 1st invasion

– 13,000 dead• Mostly disease

– Experience for next war• Who did fighting?

• Slavery issue rekindled

– Wilmot Proviso

– Southern “Slavocracy”

• Election of 1848

– Democrats– Lewis Cass• Popular sovereignty

• No stand on slavery in territories

– Whigs– Zack Taylor• Hero

• Slaveholder

• No stand in territories

– Free Soil Party– Van Buren

– Amalgamation of those…• Against slavery

• Pro-Wilmot

• Racists not into sharing

• Abolitionists

• NY again!

• California Dreaming– John Sutter

– Growing fast

– Need government bad

– Taylor encourages statehood

– Bypass territory status

– Still tied in Senate• Nothing on horizon for

South

• As precedent for rest of Mexican Cession

• Compromise of 1850– Clay

– Taylor dead

– Fugitive Slave Law• Underground RR

• Harriet Tubman

– CA free– permanently tilted

– NM & Utah– pop. Sov.

– Slave trade in DC

• North opposition to FSL– $5 free, $10 returned

– Aid in escape? Fines and jail

– Personal Liberty Laws• Denied use of jails

• MA nullify

– South losing face

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin

– Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852

• Election of 1852

– Democrats– Franklin Pierce• Dark-horse

• Pro-slavery northerner

• “the hero of many a bottle”

– Whigs– need another war hero• No to Fillmore

• Winfield Scott

• Whigs not in agreement– End of Party

• Pierce Presidency– Pro-expansion

– Wm. Walker– Nicaragua

– Cuba– Ostend Manifesto

– Gadsden Purchase• Terminus?

– Kansas-Nebraska Act• Northern Terminus too?

• Stephen Douglas

• Two territories– Pop. Sov.

– Voided MO Comp.

– North gave up on any enforcement of FSL

– New Party

• Republicans– Prevent spread

– Dem becomes Southern

– Rep. in South?

• Bleeding Kansas

– NE Emigrant Aid

– Beecher’s Bibles

– South there was an understanding

– Territorial government • Border Ruffians

• Lecompton

• Topeka

• Pierce chooses

– Violence• Lawrence

• Pottawatomie Creek

– John Brown

– Senate Problems• Charles Sumner

• “The Crime Against Kansas”

• Andrew Butler– Preston Brooks

• Election of 1856– Democrats tainted by

Kansas

– James Buchanan• Doughface

• Pro-popular sovereignty

– Republicans• Fremont

• No slavery in territories

– Know-Nothing• Anti-

• Milliard Fillmore

• Dred Scott

– Roger Taney• No citizen

• Property

• 5th Amendment

• MO Comp Unconst.

• Rep. called opinion

– Defiance of SC

– Buch. & Taney part of “Slave Conspiracy”

– Southerners incensed

• Illinois Senate Election 1858– Lincoln –Douglas

Debates• Freeport Doctrine

• Douglas wins/loses South– Split Dems

• Lincoln gets attn

• Harper’s Ferry– John Brown– part II

– “Secret Six”

• Election of 1860– Democrats split

– North wing• Douglas

– South wing• John C. Breckinridge (KY)

– Federal protection of slavery

• Republicans– Lincoln

• RRs, Homesteads, Tariff

• NO EXTENSION OF SLAVERY

– Const. Union Party• John Bell (KY)

• Secession

– South Car. + 6

– Montgomery– CSA • Republican Party forced

them either now or later

• North won’t fight

• North needs cotton

– Jeff Davis

– Buchanan “Lame Duck”

– Compromise?• Crittenden

– Inaugural• Respect where existed

• War in hands of South

• Fort Sumter

– Anderson/ Beauregard

– South aggressor helps • Border states stay but

– MD, MO, KY

– Habeas corpus

– 75,000 for 90

– Upper South secedes• Richmond

• South blockaded

– Ad South• Defensive– military

superior– cotton

– Dis-Ad• No factories– lousy

transportation– 9 million minus 3.5– state’s rights

– Ad North• Factories– RR—Navy– 22

million + immigration

– Dis-Ad • military top to bottom

– Southern Aims• European intervention

– Cotton

– Warehouses full

– Egypt—India

– North traded grain, corn

– Diplomacy• Trent

• CSS Alabama– 15.5 million fine

– Staffing• North– 1863– subs– NYC

• South– 1862– subs – “Rich man’s war but a

poor man’s fight”

– Finances • North– Nat’l Banking

System– greenbacks, bonds, tariffs

• 1st millionaires

• South

– Bonds, graybacks, farm tax

– Blockade & invasion crushed economy

– Transportation suffered

– Women• Jobs– farms, industry

• Sewing machine

• Spies

• Professional nurses

– Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix

• And the War Came– Bull Run

– “picnic”

– Skedaddled

– South– overconfident

– North– fight harder

• McClellan & Peninsula– Jackson tricks

– Stuart encircles

– Lee defeats

• War at Sea– Blockade becomes more

effective

– Merrimac (VA)

– Monitor

• On to Antietam– 2nd Bull Run

– Lee invades MD

– McClellan restored• Plans found, bloodiest

day, draw, Burnside

– Results• GB & France no recog.

• Emancipation Proc.

– “he did where he couldn’t and didn’t…”

• Moral cause stronger

• Off-year elections lost

• South thought he was starting an insurrection

• Now destroy the “Old” South

• African Americans– 180,000; 38,000 dead

– 54th Mass• Wagner, Rob’t Shaw

• Fort Pillow

• On to Gettysburg– Burnside

• Fredericksburg

– Hooker• Chancellorsville

• Stonewall Jackson

– Meade

– Lee invades North again• Take attn off VA

• Rile peace protestors

• Pickett’s Charge

• “High water mark”

• Gettysburg Address

– War in the West• Lincoln finds his general

• Henry & Donelson

– Keep KY & open TN

– Shiloh

– New Orleans

– Vicksburg • Loss of western supply

• Day after Gettysburg

– Chattanooga & Chickamauga• Cleared TN of Rebels

• Grant promoted

• Sherman takes West command

– Atlanta– Savannah• Total war

• Live land

• Sherman “neckties”

• Destroyed supplies/morale

– Desertions up

• Worst for South Car.

• Elections of 1864

• National Union Party

– Andrew Johnson

– Democrats• McClellan

– Sheridan/Sherman seal

– Soldiers furloughed

– South more despondent

• Grant in the East– Lee

– Wilderness—Spotsylvania—Cold Harbor• The “Butcher”

– Petersburg

– Richmond

– Lee corned at Appomattox

– Davis caught in GA

– Lincoln • Ford’s Theatre

• John Wilkes Booth

• Reconstruction– Economy

• Banks

• Transportation

• Farms

• Cotton– overreliance

– Freedmen’s Bureau• O. O. Howard

– Clothing, food, medical care, education

– 1st large federal welfare

– Help AA adjust to freedom

– President Andrew John• TN

• Used for Border States

• Presidential Recon

– Lincoln

– 10%

– Wade-Davis 50%

» Congress– who has the right?

» Suicide–conquered

» Pocket-veto

– Two Camps• Moderates

• Radicals

– Johnson Tries• Used Lincoln’s

• Congress not in session

• Personal petitions

– Granted pardons undermining

• Ratify 13th

• Declare secession illegal

– Many ignored him

– Black Codes• Servility

• Contracts

• Sharecroppers

• No land, no vote, no jury

– South Congressmen• Alex Stephens

• Republicans alarmed

• 12 new votes

• Johnson declares Reconstruction a success

– Republican accomplishments• Tariff, Homestead Act,

Pacific RR Act

– South gains 12 seats

– Congress takes over• Freedmen vetoed

• Civil Rights Bill– vetoed & overruled

• 14th Amendment

• 10 states refuse

• Off-year elections

– Radicals• Sumner (Senate) &

Stevens (House)

• Reconstruction Act

– 5 districts

– Tenure of Office Act

– Edwin Stanton

– Impeached

• 15th Amendment

– Election of 1868

– Grant• 500,000 new voters

– Ku Klux Klan• Intimidate, Redeem

• Enforcement Act

– Redemption• Grand-father clause,

literacy test, poll tax

– Grant’s Admin• Corrupt

• Hurts Recon

• Democrats win House 1874

• Election of 1876

– Democrats– Tilden

– Republicans– Hayes

– South Car, LA, FLA

– Compromise• Hayes

• Troops pulled

• South RR & aid

• Cabinet member

• Most gains erased

• 1890s Jim Crow

• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson

• 1954 Brown v. Board

• Solid South

– Reagan 1980