Causes of the Civil War

Manifest DestinyUS expands to the West– Oregon– Texas– California– Utah/ New Mexico

Methods– Purchase– Annexation– Compromise– War

What’s Next for America???

The Gold Rush!!!

Compromise of 1850Gold is discovered in California– Thousands of Americans and Immigrants move in–Create territorial government and apply for

Statehood (Free State)

Debate between the North & South–Balance of Power is threatened (15 vs. 15)–Wilmot Proviso: No Slavery in Mexican Cession–Calhoun Succession: If NO slavery/leave Union–Cass Popular Sovereignty: Let the people in the

territory decide (popular vote/ majority rule)

Compromise of 1850Clay’s Compromise

1. California Free 4. UT & NM Pop. Sov.2. Stricter Fugitive Slave Law 5. Tx Land goes to NM3. Slavery in DC is legal BUT no slave trading in DC

President Z. Taylor (1849-50) Whig• Rejects Compromise • Dies in the Summer of 1850New President Millard Fillmore• Supports legislation & passes it

Reaction: Comp. of 1850 North

1. Upset with the Fugitive Slave Law

2. Pass Personal Liberty Laws to bypass the Law

3. Aid Underground Railroad activities

4. Publish Newspapers (WL Garrison the Liberator)

5. Write Books against slavery (Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin)

South1. Upset that California was

added as a free State (North has more power in the Senate)

2. Like Stricter Fugitive Slave Act (but angry when not enforced)

3. Satisfied with Popular Sovereignty in the West

4. Threatened by Northern attacks and activities that want to end Slavery

The Underground RR!Pathway to Freedom

1. Informal system used by slaves to escape to Canada & Free States. (Songs used as map)

2. Many followed wooded & water routes and secret signals to avoid detection.

3. Stopped at many at “DEPOTS”, safe-houses of free blacks & anti-slavery whites.

4. Had to avoid slave-catchers in Northern Cities (Philly/NYC)

Conductors & Passengers1. Harriet Tubman- Conductor

that led up to 300 people to freedom (over 13 trips).

2. Levi Coffin- Ohio Quaker that helped over 2,000 fugitive slaves (Pres.). (Rev. Rankin)

3. Henry “BOX” Brown- Mailed himself to freedom.

4. Frederick Douglass- Escaped Slave/ Abolitionist Advocate

5. W. Stills, M. Garner, R. Smalls

How are the 2 Images Related?

Election of 1852 !Candidates– Whigs select Winfield Scott (over M. Fillmore) b/c of his

military success in the Mexican-American War– Democrats select Franklin Pierce (Douglas, Buchanan,

and Cass) b/c he supported the Comp. of 1850 & FSL– Free-Soil Party selected John Hale to lead their

campaign against the expansion of slavery in America

Issue– Slavery/ Expansion of Slavery (Comp. of 1850/FSL)

Result– Pierce (254), Scott (42), & Hale (0)

Kansas-Nebraska Act !Organization of the West – Trans-Continental Railroad (No.,Central,So.)– Gadsden Purchase (land for Southern Route)

Stephen A. Douglas– Plan to organize Nebraska Territory – Needs Southern Votes (divide the territory into

Kansas & Nebraska and allows Popular Sovereignty)

Pierce is Pressured and Passes it– Southern States support b/c it opened land to slavery– Northern States outraged b/c it canceled the Missouri

Compromise of 1820

Bleeding Kansas !Settlement

– Both PRO & ANTI Slavery settlers move in– New England Emigrant Aid Society(pay/beecher’s bibles)

Elections– 1st Votes: Pro Slavery Government (border jumping?)– Anti Slavery Settlers object & set up their own Gov.’t– Two Constitutions are sent & are rejected by Pierce

Violence– Settlers protest, raid, destroy, and kill(Lawrence/P Creek)– Sumner is caned by Brooks for attack on Slavery & Butler

The Republican Party-Wisconsin: Whigs, Free-Soil, Anti-Slavery Democrats1. Revive the spirit of the American Revolution2. Against the Expansion of Slavery in the West3. Divided on Abolition of Slavery4. Opposed Popular Sovereignty5. Opposed the Nullification of the Comp. of 18206. Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Election of 1856 !CandidatesAmerican- FillmoreRepublicans- FremontDemocrats- Buchanan

Buchanan wins: Not tied to Slavery/ Bleeding KS

Dred Scott Case !Sues owner for their freedom

b/c they lived in the North !State Courts ruling were

inconclusive (Free & Slave)Supreme Court Ruled (Taney)• AA’s not Citizens• AA’s are Property !• MO Comp is UnconstitutionalPresident Buchanan supported

the decision & hoped that the fight over slavery was done

Lincoln-Douglas Debates!A. Lincoln– Selected by the

Republicans to battle Douglas in Illinois

– Speaks openly about Slavery (it’s wrong) but they have the right to it

S. A. Douglas (Winner)– Is the current Senator &

nationally recognized– Freeport Doctrine, Pro

Slave Kansas, Scott Case

FREEPORT DOCTRINEWhat is popular sovereignty?Is it the right of people to have slavery or not have it, asthey see fit in the territories? As I understand the Dred Scott decision, if only 1 manwants slaves, all the resthave no way of keeping that one man from holding them.

It matters not what way theSupreme Court may here-after decide the question ofslavery. The constitutionallows for it to be introducedand excluded. Slavery cannotexist unless it is supported by local regulations. If they oppose slavery they can oppose its existence. Douglas

John Brown’s Raids!Abolitionist– Moved to Kansas to settle it as a Free State– Retaliation attack at Pottawatomie Creek

Underground Railroad– Aided in the escape of Slaves from Missouri– Moved Free Slaves to Canada

Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (Oct 16th , 1859)– Raids Federal Arsenal to gather weapons– Plan to arm Slaves and start an rebellion

Capture and Trial (Dec 1859) – Buchanan sends in the Marines (Lee)– Accused and Convicted of Treason (Hanged)– Is Brown a Hero/Martyr OR a Villain

Election of 1860!Candidates– Democrats> • Northern- Douglas • Popular Sovereignty, Freeport Doctrine• Southern- Breckinridge (Buchanan’s VP)• Dred Scott Decision, Federal Slave Code

– Constitutional Union> • Bell• Save the Union, uphold the Constitution

– Republican> !• Lincoln (Wins w/o Southern Votes)• Anti-Brown’s Raid; For- South’s Rights to own Slaves, a

Protective Tariff, New Homestead Laws, Transcontinental RR

Attack on Fort Sumter !After Election (November)– By Feb 1861 South Carolina & 6 Southern States Secede– Congress’ Crittenden’s Compromise Fails (MO- Line)– Seceded States seize all Federal Property(arsenals/forts)– Formation of the CSA, write a Constitution, Davis Prez.

Lincoln’s Inauguration (March)– Tries to save the Union by promising to allow slavery

where it already exists (We are not enemies, but friends)

Fort Sumter (April)– Confederacy bombs the Fort and forces a surrender– Lincoln calls for volunteers to suppress the rebellion – Virginia & 3 more States secede (Join the CSA/ No Choice)