To be presented on 4th ACCP and 18th APPS conference Darwin; 27-29 April 2011

The work was facilitated by ACIAR-funded projects no. CP 2004/034 and CP 2005/136.

Catur Hermanto et al.Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research InstituteJl. Raya Solok – Aripan km 8, PO Box 5 Solok 27301West Sumatera – Indonesiac_her25@yahoo.com

• Land potency for banana development and extension

• No irrigated land needed• Pioneer/cash crop for land

conservation• Staple food alternative

O

• Second crop• Varietal diversity• Low Info-tech come to farmers • Low quality• Low sharing price to farmer,

consequently, no incentive for additional input bared for technologies

• Loose in quarantine enforcement

• Pest complex • Competition for global market• Genetic depletion due to

deforestation

• High Genetic Diversity• Center of origin of banana

and the pests’ diversity• Adaptive• Multi function• Easy to growth

T

S W

BANANA IN INDONESIA

Riau Islands

Maluku

Gorontalo

Bangka Belitung

Central Sulawesi

Southeast Sulawesi

Jambi

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

West Sumatera

Yogyakarta Special Area

South Kalimantan

East Nusa Tenggara

Bali

North Sumatera

South Sumatera

Lampung

West Java

Mangosteen 72,634 (0%)

Mango, 1,621,997 (10%)

Durian, 747,848 (5%)

Citrus, 2,565,543 (16%)

Other fruits 6,125,636 (38%)

Banana, 5,037,472 (31%)

Banana production in Indonesia 2006 (ton)

East Java

Central Java

Banten

South Sulawesi

West Kalimantan

Methodology

• Field observation• Survey/interview• Sample collection• Isolation, characterization• conservation

Province

Province

ProvinceProvince

Province

Province

Province

Province

Regency

Regency Location

Location

15 – 25 respondents 15 – 25 samples

Survey and sample collection

15 provinces; 35 districts, + 1000 farms and respondents

MAJOR CONSTRAINT OF BANANA PRODUCTION

Pest13%

Drainage6%

Drought3%

Flood8%

Climate5%

Others2%

Weed10%

Labor3%

Information2%Cost6%

Technology5%

Price2%

Wind0%

Disease35%

FARMER PERCEPTION

MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES

Fusarium31%

None9%

Others1%

Stem rot0%

BDB23%

Moko0%

Sigatoka12%

Nematod1%

BBTV2%

Weevil borer15%

Leaf eater caterpillar

3%Xanthomonas0%

Muntaber0%

Tinasi3%

FARMER PERCEPTION

Banana Pests and Diseases 5 main islands of IndonesiaNo Pests and Diseases Sumatera Java Kalimantan Sulawesi Papua1 Fusarium wilt ++ to +++ ++ to +++ + ++ +2 Sigatoka leaf spot ++ ++ + ++ ++3 Cordana leaf spot + + + ++ +++4 Black cross disease - + - ++ +++5 Giant banana leaf

spot+

6 Blood disease +++ +++ +++ ++ ++7 Bacterial corm rot + + + pe +8 BBTV ++ +++ + + +9 Mosaic disease + pe - + +10 Nematode + + pe + pe11 Leaf roll + to +++ + to +++ + to +++ + to +++ n12 Thrips + + pe + +13 Fruit scab + to ++ + to ++ + to ++ + to ++ -

Banana Pests and Diseases 5 main islands of IndonesiaNo Pests and Diseases Sumatera Java Kalimantan Sulawesi Papua14 Fruit fly + pe - pe -15 Stem borer + to +++ + to ++ + + to ++ pe16 Corm borer + + + + pe17 Leaf eater weevil - + - - -18 Red and white ctpl - + - - -19 Plant hopper - - - - +20 Hemiptera - - + - -21 Mites Pe + - - +22 Termites - - + - -23 Nutrient deficiency Pe pe + pe -24 Herbicide phytotoxic - - pe - +25 Soil inundation - + + pe +

Remark: +, ++, +++ = consecutively from rare to frequently found- = not found during surveype = pest or case was not found during survey but predicted exist in the area

yellowing Vascular discoloration

Splitting

Malformation and pale of newly emerged leaf

Shortening internode

Corm discoloration

FUSARIUM WILT Incidence varied from 0.08 – 100%; average 23.99 + 14.41; Predicted annual loss 1.21 T IDR = 121 M USD

DISTRIBUTION OF FUSARIUM WILT IN INDONESIA

01213/160121801200124/5

01213/16012180123

01213/1601218 01213/16

01218

0126

012601230120

01213/1601219

01213/160126

01213/16

0126

VCG Diversity

01213/16

0121801219012101213/16

Wallace lineWeber line

Java and Sumatera:• 75% isolates originated• more VCG variation• Main banana population• High cultivar diversity

Eastern Indonesia:• Less VCG variation• Banana movement by people• Threat for PNG

• 8 VCGs, TR4 is everywhere• Difficult to judge biological lines due to free

movement of planting materials

Blood disease

Blood disease

Distribution map of BDB in Indonesia 2005

• Thoroughly distributed in almost all of production centers

• Leaf yellowing from the younger, fruit rot, male flower rot and wringkle, vascular discoloration

Sigatoka Leafspot(Mycosphaerella musicola/fijiensis)

• Distributed throughout of Indonesia• Mainly causes problem on banana cv. Manis, Mas, Muli and other desert

banana such as Amboh Hijau, Ambon Kuning, dll

Banana weevil borer

Courtesy: Harlion

• Major pest• Was found through out Indonesia

• Distribution: Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara

• Transmission: infected seedling, Aphids• Dwarf, bunchy, narrow leaves, shortened internode, dark

green streak or dots on the minor vein on the lower portion of lamina, and form hook as they enter the midrib

BBTV

bacterial corm rot

• Was found in West Sumatera, Yogyakarta, Central Kalimantan, Papua on pisang Panjang, Kepok, Raja

• Wilting on candle leaf, soft rot and smelly on the central stem and pseudostem,

• No symptom on fruit,• Most probably associated with banana crom and stem borer

Cordana leafspot (Cordana musae)• Large, pale brown, oval to fusiform-shaped• Dark brown border surrounded by bright yellow halo• Associated with black cross disease• Problem in humid area of Papua• Mainly hit pisang Kepok (ABB Saba), and Raja (AAB)

• Endemic in Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Moluccas, Papua), recently found in East Java

• Mainly found on pisang Kepok (ABB Saba type), and pisang Raja (ABB)

A

B

C

Black cross disease(Phyllacora musicola)

Rose-type giant banana leaf blight (Pasaman leaf blight)

Mozaic virus• Was found on pisang

‘Barangan’ • In Arso – Papua – Indonesia,

April 2007

North Sulawesi

Papua

Nematode• Was found in almost all banana production centers but not

complained by farmer. • Rotten root, restricted growth and unproductive

Raja

Ambon Kuning

Kepok

Awak

Raja

Fruit scab (Nacoleia octasema)

Banana leaf roll (Erionata thrax)• Seasonal• Minor pest• No complain from farmer

Carabidae / Chrysomelidae?

Leaf eater weevil

leaf eater caterpillarSpodoptera?

0.8 cm

Red and white caterpillar on Pisang Raja

Fire worm(Parasa lepida)

• Minor pest• Has been found in Central Sulawesi on pisang

Raja

A B

C

A. Chlorosis of upper surface, B. dusty due to mite’s exufe, and C. massive mites on lower surface of banana leaf cv. ‘Barangan’, Arso – Papua – Indonesia, April 2007

Mites

Sap sucker

Courtesy: Agus Sutanto

• Minor pest on Pisang Awak in East Kalimantan

Termite • Similar damage as caused by weevil borer• Has been found on Pisang Awak in swamp areas of

Central Kalimantan

Leaf blight on banana cv ‘Barangan’ found in Arso – Papua – Indonesia, suspected affected by soil inundation, April 2007

Soil inundation

Necrosis, chlorosis and malformation on banana leaves caused by intensive application of herbicides, Arso – Papua –Indonesia, April 2007

Herbicide phytotoxic

CONCLUSION

• Fifty eight percent of banana farmer respondents complained that pests , in general, as were the major constraint for banana farm;

• Fusarium wilt, blood disease and banana weevil borer were the top three pest/disease problems among 14 pests and diseases mentioned by the farmers;

• Actual field observation found 27 pests, diseases, and disorders associated with banana cultivation;

• Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), and bacterial corm rot in association with weevil were considered as serious potential threats for banana industry in Indonesia after hit of blood disease and Fusarium wilt.