cartography: communicating spatial information scott bell gis institute
DESCRIPTION
3 What is Happening on a Map? Geography/Space is being simplified Non-geographic information is being simplifiedTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information
Scott BellGIS Institute
![Page 2: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
GIS Output and Information Communication
What do we want to communicate?
How can it be communicated?
http://blogs.esri.com/esri/arcgis/2011/10/28/design-principles-for-cartography/Google: ESRI design principles
![Page 3: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
What is Happening on a Map? Geography/Space is being simplified
Non-geographic information is being simplified
![Page 4: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Map Types
Let’s see what types of maps we can makeDot densityProportional/graduated symbol
choropleth
![Page 5: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dot Density Maps
Portraying numeric/count data with dot density
Dots coincide with enumeration area DO NOT represent location of observation
Dots represent a CONSTANT quantity Generalization is associated with aggregation
Use with quantities of observations
5
![Page 6: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
![Page 7: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
![Page 8: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Proportional/Graduated Symbol
Symbol size varies in proportion to attribute value “proportional” implies a continuous range of symbol sizes
Also called Graduated Symbol and Variable Symbol “graduated” implies symbol size is associated with a range of attribute values
Used with ratio data that has a range of values absent of outliers
8
![Page 9: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Choropleth Maps Portraying statistical data with area symbols
Area symbols coincide spatially with and represent data values for enumeration zones
Features in the same class should be similar and should be symbolized similarly
Features in different classes should be dissimilar and should symbolized differently
![Page 12: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12Maps created by Tayyab Shah, 2011.
Thematic maps - Choropleth
![Page 13: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Thematic maps – Graduated Symbol
![Page 14: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Cartography Maps as communication Cartographic/Map elements Map Layout Cartographic Semiotics
SymbolsTypography
![Page 15: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Cartography as Communication Maps as visual communication
Special purpose languageGrammar and syntax
Related to graphical communication
Maps as symbolicGeneralizationsrepresentations
![Page 16: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
17
Bertin, J. (1983). Semiology of graphics. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
Cleveland, William S. 1985. The Elements of Graphing Data. Monterey, CA: Wadsworth.
Schmid, Calvin F. 1983. Statistical Graphics: Design Principles and Practices. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Schmid, Calvin F. and Schmid, Stanton E. 1979. Handbook of Graphic Presentation, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Tufte, Edward R. 1983. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
Tufte, Edward R. 1990. Envisioning Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
![Page 17: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
18
Designing Maps Well Clarity and Legibility Figure – Ground Balance Visual Hierarchy Contrast Audience, Venue, Intent, and Format
![Page 18: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Clarity and Legibility Easy to read
Symbols, legends, themes Colors, patterns, etc. used to differentiate distinct symbols and elements
Individual elements should be larger than required for regular vision
Focus of attention19
![Page 19: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
20
Figure - Ground
![Page 20: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
21
Map Layout Visual Hierarchy
Location on mapSizeProminence
Balance Experimentation Defensibility of each element
![Page 21: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
S4, Brown University22
![Page 22: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
23
Cartographic Elements Elements found on almost all mapsDistance or ScaleDirectionLegendSources of information and how processed
![Page 23: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
25
Cartographic Elements Selectively use elements
NeatlinesLocator mapsInset mapsIndex maps
![Page 24: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
26
![Page 25: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
27
Cartographic Semiotics Theory of signs
Referent and symbol (or sign)
Relationship between the two Cartographers semiotic toolboxVisualOther…
![Page 26: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
S4, Brown University28
![Page 27: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
29
Symbol Systems Levels of data
Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
Feature typesPoints, lines, areas
Symbol systems for each Typography and lettering
![Page 28: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
30
Continuum of Symbols
![Page 29: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
34
Typography and Text Content and Form “Colonies controlled or ruled by the Spanish Empire on the eve of the Spanish-American War”
or“The Spanish Empire in 1898”
Sans serif vs. variable font styles
![Page 30: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
S4, Brown University35
![Page 31: Cartography: Communicating Spatial Information Scott Bell GIS Institute](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/5a4d1b0a7f8b9ab05998a2fd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
42
7 Design Considerations know your subject decide on an appropriate scale decide on volume of data to be presented (esp. # of areal units)
data preprocessing (intensive data)
data classification areal symbolization legend design