sug243 - cartography (nature of cartography)

Nature of CartographyNature of Cartography

Nature of Cartography 2

Geomatics?Geomatics? Geomatics : a multi-disciplinary field that includes

surveying and mapping, geodesy, global positioning systems (GPS), remote sensing, photogrammetry, geographic information systems (GIS) and cartography. Where geospatial questions are concerned, the contemporary forms of these disciplines are unified by their dependence on a common knowledge set that is comprised of geographic positioning and a reliance on digital geographic positioning and a reliance on digital geospatial data. geospatial data.

(Sawada, Wilson and Levrington 2003 – Introduction to Geomatics)


CartographyCartography Cartography (in Greek chartis = map and graphein =

write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. Definition : The art , science, technology of making maps

together with their study as scientific documents and works of art (International Cartographic Association, ICA 1973)

Cartography is the making and study of maps in all their aspects.

The organisation an communication of geographically related information in either graphic or digital form. It can include all stages from data acquisition to presentation and use.


Cont..Cont.. With the advent of digital technology and

GIS, the scope of cartography includes production, usage of maps, organization, management, analysis and exploitation of cartographic digital files.

Cartography is an efficient way of manipulating, analysing and expressing ideas, forms and relationships that occur in two- and three-dimensional space.


Forms of representation Need for maps Basic characteristics of maps Purposes maps serve Categories of maps Emphasis on cartographic representation The scope of cartography

Nature of CartographyNature of Cartography


Forms of RepresentationForms of Representation

Literacy - the use of written language Articulacy - the use of spoken language Numeracy - mathematics: a way of

symbolisation Graphicacy - the use of graphics

"A picture is worth of thousands of words"


Hang Seng Index 1999Hang Seng Index 1999Date JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

11 -- -- 9,599.55 9,599.55 10,020.46 10,020.46 11,072.98 11,072.98 -- -- 12,363.56 12,363.56 -- -- -- -- 13,544.19 13,544.19 -- -- 13,322.11 13,322.11 15,422.52 15,422.52

22 -- -- 9,502.72 9,502.72 9,913.58 9,913.58 -- -- -- -- 12,458.64 12,458.64 14,184.58 14,184.58 13,435.43 13,435.43 13,367.56 13,367.56 -- -- 13,335.84 13,335.84 15,603.04 15,603.04

33 -- -- 9,419.85 9,419.85 9,922.40 9,922.40 -- -- 13,337.07 13,337.07 12,471.61 12,471.61 -- -- 13,473.84 13,473.84 13,178.31 13,178.31 -- -- 13,257.33 13,257.33 15,840.41 15,840.41

44 9,809.17 9,809.17 9,438.65 9,438.65 9,912.76 9,912.76 -- -- 13,559.69 13,559.69 12,415.54 12,415.54 -- -- 13,591.02 13,591.02 -- -- 12,875.86 12,875.86 13,651.51 13,651.51 -- --

55 9,891.06 9,891.06 9,190.20 9,190.20 10,241.12 10,241.12 -- -- 13,586.21 13,586.21 -- -- 14,506.74 14,506.74 13,254.34 13,254.34 -- -- 12,998.89 12,998.89 13,610.27 13,610.27 -- --

66 10,233.80 10,233.80 -- -- -- -- -- -- 13,570.24 13,570.24 -- -- 14,372.61 14,372.61 13,167.06 13,167.06 13,385.16 13,385.16 13,017.98 13,017.98 -- -- 16,168.62 16,168.62

77 10,693.57 10,693.57 -- -- -- -- 11,614.87 11,614.87 12,997.43 12,997.43 12,837.39 12,837.39 14,257.44 14,257.44 -- -- 13,396.09 13,396.09 13,113.20 13,113.20 -- -- 16,073.09 16,073.09

88 10,722.70 10,722.70 9,139.60 9,139.60 10,263.99 10,263.99 11,727.84 11,727.84 -- -- 12,864.86 12,864.86 14,226.30 14,226.30 -- -- 13,356.63 13,356.63 13,112.42 13,112.42 13,521.11 13,521.11 15,989.38 15,989.38

99 -- -- 9,244.49 9,244.49 10,532.95 10,532.95 11,914.10 11,914.10 -- -- 12,874.42 12,874.42 14,222.57 14,222.57 12,945.47 12,945.47 13,854.88 13,854.88 -- -- 13,669.70 13,669.70 16,370.95 16,370.95

1010 -- -- 9,076.33 9,076.33 10,749.01 10,749.01 -- -- 13,163.20 13,163.20 12,839.21 12,839.21 -- -- 12,596.71 12,596.71 13,855.93 13,855.93 -- -- 13,975.54 13,975.54 16,380.21 16,380.21

1111 10,634.27 10,634.27 9,146.80 9,146.80 10,662.81 10,662.81 -- -- 12,874.37 12,874.37 12,992.76 12,992.76 -- -- 12,437.80 12,437.80 -- -- 12,992.72 12,992.72 14,105.71 14,105.71 -- --

1212 10,711.56 10,711.56 9,425.42 9,425.42 10,801.76 10,801.76 11,744.74 11,744.74 13,012.97 13,012.97 -- -- 14,061.84 14,061.84 12,779.75 12,779.75 -- -- 12,759.35 12,759.35 14,189.67 14,189.67 -- --

1313 10,273.77 10,273.77 -- -- -- -- 11,899.69 11,899.69 13,053.67 13,053.67 -- -- 13,980.93 13,980.93 12,608.18 12,608.18 13,860.85 13,860.85 12,475.87 12,475.87 -- -- 16,442.11 16,442.11

1414 10,183.13 10,183.13 -- -- -- -- 11,834.13 11,834.13 12,855.52 12,855.52 13,007.57 13,007.57 13,575.57 13,575.57 -- -- 13,804.03 13,804.03 12,486.82 12,486.82 -- -- 16,282.70 16,282.70

1515 10,147.40 10,147.40 9,402.39 9,402.39 10,836.86 10,836.86 11,962.23 11,962.23 -- -- 12,935.41 12,935.41 13,758.89 13,758.89 -- -- 13,430.60 13,430.60 12,299.08 12,299.08 14,562.22 14,562.22 15,825.31 15,825.31

1616 -- -- -- -- 10,911.25 10,911.25 12,490.30 12,490.30 -- -- 13,155.12 13,155.12 13,545.24 13,545.24 12,894.78 12,894.78 -- -- -- -- 14,689.46 14,689.46 15,571.36 15,571.36

1717 -- -- -- -- 10,940.07 10,940.07 -- -- 12,588.60 12,588.60 13,408.27 13,408.27 -- -- 12,783.16 12,783.16 13,484.84 13,484.84 -- -- 14,704.48 14,704.48 15,986.35 15,986.35

1818 10,402.54 10,402.54 -- -- 10,659.32 10,659.32 -- -- 12,627.10 12,627.10 -- -- -- -- 12,993.10 12,993.10 -- -- -- -- 14,721.74 14,721.74 -- --

1919 10,290.11 10,290.11 9,254.12 9,254.12 11,082.92 11,082.92 12,766.44 12,766.44 12,403.14 12,403.14 -- -- 13,447.13 13,447.13 13,403.59 13,403.59 -- -- 12,134.13 12,134.13 15,073.10 15,073.10 -- --

2020 10,314.91 10,314.91 -- -- -- -- 12,409.78 12,409.78 12,375.42 12,375.42 -- -- 13,600.40 13,600.40 13,566.74 13,566.74 13,472.37 13,472.37 12,498.56 12,498.56 -- -- 16,212.39 16,212.39

2121 10,048.57 10,048.57 -- -- -- -- 12,543.76 12,543.76 12,272.14 12,272.14 13,994.23 13,994.23 13,419.66 13,419.66 -- -- 13,420.46 13,420.46 12,523.00 12,523.00 -- -- 16,248.74 16,248.74

2222 9,738.52 9,738.52 9,229.34 9,229.34 11,107.24 11,107.24 12,933.54 12,933.54 -- -- 14,004.88 14,004.88 13,369.06 13,369.06 -- -- 13,187.62 13,187.62 12,863.08 12,863.08 15,285.03 15,285.03 16,192.40 16,192.40

2323 -- -- 9,433.99 9,433.99 11,041.01 11,041.01 12,905.30 12,905.30 -- -- 13,976.04 13,976.04 13,093.70 13,093.70 13,573.66 13,573.66 13,214.44 13,214.44 -- -- 15,393.20 15,393.20 16,296.08 16,296.08

2424 -- -- 9,677.57 9,677.57 10,711.34 10,711.34 -- -- 12,436.86 12,436.86 13,780.12 13,780.12 -- -- 13,633.87 13,633.87 13,032.07 13,032.07 -- -- 15,307.28 15,307.28 16,833.28 16,833.28

2525 9,499.50 9,499.50 9,658.07 9,658.07 10,826.13 10,826.13 -- -- 12,346.91 12,346.91 13,784.51 13,784.51 -- -- 13,479.13 13,479.13 -- -- 13,034.18 13,034.18 14,998.77 14,998.77 -- --

2626 9,509.83 9,509.83 9,858.49 9,858.49 10,803.31 10,803.31 13,127.02 13,127.02 12,409.16 12,409.16 -- -- 12,866.52 12,866.52 13,608.38 13,608.38 -- -- 12,797.38 12,797.38 15,274.53 15,274.53 -- --

2727 9,719.66 9,719.66 -- -- -- -- 13,364.79 13,364.79 12,308.53 12,308.53 -- -- 13,075.09 13,075.09 13,383.13 13,383.13 12,760.46 12,760.46 12,709.07 12,709.07 -- -- -- --

2828 9,360.96 9,360.96 -- -- -- -- 13,133.39 13,133.39 12,059.25 12,059.25 13,840.29 13,840.29 13,140.42 13,140.42 -- -- 12,844.93 12,844.93 12,758.88 12,758.88 -- -- 16,928.29 16,928.29

2929 9,506.90 9,506.90 -- -- 10,688.47 10,688.47 13,179.70 13,179.70 -- -- 13,765.49 13,765.49 13,117.84 13,117.84 -- -- 12,834.89 12,834.89 13,256.95 13,256.95 15,461.11 15,461.11 16,660.82 16,660.82

3030 -- -- -- -- 10,940.21 10,940.21 13,333.20 13,333.20 -- -- 13,532.14 13,532.14 13,186.86 13,186.86 13,688.66 13,688.66 12,733.24 12,733.24 -- -- 15,377.19 15,377.19 16,962.10 16,962.10

3131 -- -- -- -- 10,942.20 10,942.20 -- -- 12,147.12 12,147.12 -- -- -- -- 13,482.77 13,482.77 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

HighHigh 10,722.7010,722.70 9,858.499,858.49 11,107.2411,107.24 13,364.7913,364.79 13,586.2113,586.21 14,004.8814,004.88 14,506.7414,506.74 13,688.6613,688.66 13,860.8513,860.85 13,256.9513,256.95 15,461.1115,461.11 16,962.1016,962.10

LowLow 9,360.969,360.96 9,076.339,076.33 9,912.769,912.76 11,072.9811,072.98 12,059.2512,059.25 12,363.5612,363.56 12,866.5212,866.52 12,437.8012,437.80 12,733.2412,733.24 12,134.1312,134.13 13,257.3313,257.33 15,422.5215,422.52


HSI 1999: ChartHSI 1999: Chart


HSI: Analytical Chart (1)HSI: Analytical Chart (1)


Forms of RepresentationForms of Representation Map - the graphic representation of the geographical

setting. Map- A representation normally to scale and on a flat

medium of a selection of material or abstract features on, or in relation to the surface of the earth or other celestial bodies (ICA 1973).

Maps can portray things other than the earth surface, other planets.

Maps are a vital tool to man that have been in use for thousand of years and with evolving technology are becoming more useful. They are a way of generalizing the surrounding world and presenting the information in an understandable fashion.


Need for MapsNeed for Maps Reducing the spatial characteristics of a large area and

putting it in map form to make it observable. A map is carefully designed instrument for recording,

calculating, displaying, analysing and understanding the interrelation of things.

Communicate spatial information - more efficient than linear communication

Its most fundamental function is to bring the things into view.


Purposes Maps ServePurposes Maps Serve

Store geographical information. Serve mobility and navigation needs. Analytical purposes, e.g. Measuring and

computing. Summarise statistical data to assist forecasting

and spotting trends. Visualise invisible. Stimulate spatial thinking.


to give directions to search for minerals to navigate to plan travel arrangements to plan communication routes to distribute products efficiently to gain an understanding of the world and one's place

in it to analyze complex collection of data - topography,

soil, landuse, direction A powerful tool for spatial analysis

Purposes Maps Serve ..contPurposes Maps Serve ..cont


Maps – what for?Maps – what for?

For what tasks do we use maps? What is the role of maps in these tasks? What is necessary to answer a question?


Maps as Information Maps as Information ProductsProducts Three fundamental economic questions:

1. What is produced?

2. How is it produced?

3. For whom is it produced?

Adapted to cartography: How do I say what to whom and is it effective?


Cartographic communicationCartographic communication


How do I say what to whom? How do I say what to whom? How Traditional cartographic methods

and techniques Cartographic methods and techniques using modern visualization technology

do I Cartographer Geoscientist

All users of the WWW

say Classical communication model Modern communication model

what Defined spatial data and their attributes

Any spatial and temporal question, semantics

to whom?

Target or user groupGoal of the map

Target or user groupMap maker herself (presentation - exploration)

Is it effective?

Established tradition Effectiveness of tools can be ensured through


Different kind of productsDifferent kind of products

Agricultural products Industrial products Information products


The Market for MapsThe Market for Maps

About 80% of all decisions are linked to space and time: How do I get from here to the train station? How much paint do I need to buy? Where should a new airport be built? Where does SARS originate? Which city has the lowest crime rate? ...


Map use is communicationMap use is communication We communicate (and lie!) with maps

how do I say what to whom and is it effective? Maps provide information for some tasks or

questions of some users


perception

primary model

mapping

map reading

secondary model

reality

Communication with MapsCommunication with Maps


Map As a Representation of Map As a Representation of RealityReality

Spatial data - spatially referenced objects or phenomena Reality Model construction and selection Selection and construction to a cartographic

representation Map Results in the user’s mental map


The Nature of Spatial DataThe Nature of Spatial DataThe nature of spatial data: from reality (a), via model construction and selection to digital landscape model (b), followed by selection and construction to a cartographic representation towards a digital cartographic model (c), presented as a map (d), which results in the user's mental map (e).

From Kraak and Ormeling, 1996.


(Geo)-Spatial data(Geo)-Spatial data

Terrain dataTerrain dataTerrain dataTerrain data

Aerial photosAerial photosAerial photosAerial photosSatellite imagesSatellite imagesSatellite imagesSatellite images

MapsMapsMapsMaps


spatial data -spatial data - data that has a spatial component data that has a spatial component Both Both spatial spatial and and non-spatialnon-spatial (i.e., descriptive, or also (i.e., descriptive, or also

alphanumeric, attribute) alphanumeric, attribute) aspectsaspects are associated with are associated with this kind of datathis kind of data For example, a river For example, a river will have attribute information have attribute information

associated with it (such as its name and length) associated with it (such as its name and length) together with its geometric description (the spatial together with its geometric description (the spatial component)component)

(Geo)-Spatial data(Geo)-Spatial data


DentDent


Basic Characteristics of Basic Characteristics of MapsMaps Locations in two-dimensional space Attributes - qualities or magnitudesExamples:

Relationships among locations, e.g. Distance Relationships among various attributes at one location,

e.g. Temperature, rainfall and soil Relationships among the locations of the attributes of a

given distribution, e.g. Rainfall Relationships among the locations of derived or

combined attributes of given distributions, e.g. Relation of GDP and population


Basic Characteristics of Basic Characteristics of Maps Maps (Cont.)(Cont.)

All geographical maps are reductions. Scale.

All maps involve geometrical transformations. Map projection.

All maps are abstractions of reality. Generalization.

All maps use signs to stand for elements of reality. Symbolism.


Characteristics of Maps: Characteristics of Maps: ReductionsReductions Map Scale

Defined dimensional relation

between reality and the map.


Characteristics of Maps: Characteristics of Maps: TransformationsTransformations

Projection Transform spherical surface

to a flat map Affects how map is used

Calculation of distances etc.Calculation of distances etc.

Miller Cylindrical Hammer-AitoffSinusoidal


Characteristics of Maps: Characteristics of Maps: AbstractionsAbstractions

Simplification of reality Only information chosen to

fit the purpose of the map classification simplification generalizationgeneralization


Characteristics of Maps: Characteristics of Maps: Signs and MarksSigns and Marks


Categories of MapsCategories of Maps


Categories of MapsCategories of Maps Classed by scale

Small-scale map Large-scale map

Classed by function General reference maps Topographic maps Thematic maps Charts

Classed by subject matter Classed by medium


Classed by scaleClassed by scale

Small scale -“bird’s eye view”of a large area

Large scale – “close-up view” of a small area

1:1000 - 1:5000 very large 1:5000 - 1:25000 large 1:25000 - 1:100000 medium 1:100000 -1: 1 mil small 1: 1mil - < 1:1 mil very small


Classed by functionClassed by function

General Purpose/reference maps archive of spatial information answers

'where', 'when', 'what‘ shows many different things, where

specific objects are relative to one another, user is generally looking location of specific feature relative to others


Classed by functionClassed by functionTopographic maps maps whose principal purpose is to portray and identify the

man-made and natural features of the earth’s surface as faithfully as possible within the limitations imposed by scale

usually made by public agencies using photogrametric methods

issued in series of individual sheets eg. L7030 map series varying from large to small scale 1:25000,1:50000,1:100000,1:200000,1:250000, 1:500000,

1:1000000 multi-purpose maps : maps that can be used for different

purposes by different types of users used as base map for preparing thematic maps



Thematic maps analysis of spatial pattern ,answers 'why' special purpose maps maps designed to demonstrate particular features or

concepts concentrate on spatial distribution of a single attribute or

relationships among several attributes. distinction based on themes represented appear both at large and small scales data represented either qualitatively or quantitatively eg. Major soil groups, Annual rainfall, Ave. annual

income , Population density, Land use changes, Soil suitability, Distribution of industries.


Thematic MapsThematic Maps



Charts designed to serve the needs of navigators whether on

the sea, the land, or in the air charts are to be “worked on” Eg: nautical charts: sailing charts for navigation in

open waters, coastal charts for near-shore navigation Aeronatical charts: for visual flying chart scales depend on detail necessary chart series are not made at uniform scales


ChartsCharts



Topographic MapTopographic Map Thematic mapThematic map

Thematic mapThematic map Nautical ChartNautical Chart


Classed by subject matterClassed by subject matter

Cadastral Maps- land parcels, property boundaries, large scale

Plan – shows buildings, roadways, boundary lines, very large scale

No limit of classes – Soil maps, Geological maps, Climatic maps, Population maps, Transportation maps, Economic maps, Statistical maps


Cadastral maps, plansCadastral maps, plans


Classed by subject matterClassed by subject matter


Classed by mediumClassed by medium

Real maps Virtual maps Mental Maps

Perception , Experience,Imagination


Real ,Real , Virtual, Virtual, Mental MapsMental Maps


Emphasis on Cartographic Emphasis on Cartographic RepresentationRepresentation The principal task of cartography is to communicate

environmental information. The emphasis on cartographic representation is map

effectiveness in thought and communication. This is best achieved by treating the making and using

of maps equally.


Basic Steps for Communication Map Basic Steps for Communication Map InformationInformation

Cartographic Steps – SlocumCartographic Steps – Slocum

Step 1Consider what the real world distribution of the

phenomenon might look like

Step 2Determine the purpose of the map and its intended

audience

Step 3 Collect data appropriate for the map's purpose

Step 4 Design and construct the map

Step 5Determine whether users find the map useful and

informative


The Theme of Map The Theme of Map EffectivenessEffectiveness

MapEffectiveness

MapMaking

MapUse

SymbolisationSimplification

Selection

Classification Exaggeration

Analysis

Interpretation

Reading


Information TransformationInformation Transformation

GeographicalEnvironment

RecognisedGeographicalInformation

MAP MapImage

CensusGround surveyRemote sensingCompilation

SelectionClassificationSimplificationExaggerationSymbolisation

ReadingAnalysisInterpretation

Transform 1 Transform 2 Transform 3


The Scope of CartographyThe Scope of Cartography

Map Maker

Map User

Data Map


Processes in CartographyProcesses in Cartography

Collecting and selecting the data for mapping Manipulating and generalising the data,

designing and constructing the map Reading or view the map Responding to or interpreting the information


Processes in CartographyProcesses in Cartography


A Cartographer Must...A Cartographer Must...

Be familiar with all mapping activities (geodesy, surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing and GIS); and

Know a lot about human thought and communication (cognitive science) and the disciplines associated with the environmental features being mapped.


Geographers Are the Primary Geographers Are the Primary Users of MapsUsers of Maps

EnvironmentalSciences

CognitiveSciences

MappingSciences

MAP


CartographyCartography Cartography, the construction and use of maps, has been

employed by humans since antiquity. To understand what cartography is, we must understand the definition and function of a map. A map is the symbolization and generalization of reality. As cartogrphers, we are involved with space and the analysis of the distribution of phenomena in space. Maps are the tools employed to visually represent the distribution of data. The type of data that can be illustrated varies with the area to be mapped and the scale of the map. Moreover, the type of data influences the type of map that can be created. Cartography, however, involves more than just learning how to portray data on a map. In the broadest sense, cartography is defined as the science of map-making. Included within this definition is the construction and production of maps, map design, and ultimately, the use of the map. This course will emphasize the elements of cartography that are involved in all aspects of map-making.


QuotesQuotes"The good cartographer is both a scientist and

an artist. He must have a thorough knowledge of his subject and model, the Earth.... He must have the ability to generalize intelligently and to make a right selection of the features to show. These are represented by means of lines or colors; and the effective use of lines or colors requires more than knowledge of the subject - it requires artistic judgement." Erwin Josephus Raisz (1893 - 1968)

sug243 - cartography (nature of cartography)

Documents

chart nature of cartography

words nature of cartography

study of maps

nature of cartographyforms

usage of maps

categories of maps emphasis

cartographic representation

digital geospatial data