Carsharing and Fractional OwnershipSusan Shaheen, Ph.D.

Lecturer and Co-Director, University of California, BerkeleySAP Workshop

February 20, 2013

Overview

• Worldwide overview

• Industry trends & developments

• Carsharing impacts

• New market segments: PVS and one-way

Worldwide & Regional Membership (2006-2012)

2006 2008 2010 2012

South America NaN NaN 110 1500

Australia 1130 5210 12750 25500

Asia 15700 12546 81817 160500

Europe 212124 334168 552868 691943

North America 117656 318838 516100 908584

Worldwide 346610 670762 1163645 1788027

100,000

300,000

500,000

700,000

900,000

1,100,000

1,300,000

1,500,000

1,700,000

1,900,000

Cars

hari

ng M

embe

rs

Worldwide & Regional Fleets (2006-2012)

2006 2008 2010 20120

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

65 255 440 1080608 810

43156155

7,491

10,833

16,779

20,464

3,337

7,50510,420

15,795

11,501

19,403

31,967

43,554

13 60

South America Australia Asia Europe North America Worldwide

2012 Worldwide Census

AsiaAustraliaEuropeN. AmericaS. AmericaWorldwide

Members160,50025,500

691,943908,584

1,5001,788,027

Vehicles6,1551,080

20,46415,795

6043,554

Ratio26.123.633.857.525.041.1

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Carsharing Phases in North America

1990

1994 to mid-2002mid-2002 to

late-2007 late-2007 to present

Initial market entry and

experimentation

Growth and market

diversification

Commercial mainstreaming

Industry Trends & Developments

• Continued membership growth

• Mergers and acquisitions

• Continued growth/expansion of multi-national operators, traditional car rental providers, automaker sponsored programs

• Notable developments in one-way carsharing, personal vehicle sharing, and public bikesharing

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012-4

1

6

11

16

21

26

31

1 1 13

5 5

8

109

1211 11 11

13

15

18 18

2019

24

6

13 1315

14

1718

19

24

27 2725 26

-2-1-1 -1

-3-2

-1 -1-2

-1 -1

-3-2-1 -2

-1 -1

North American Carsharing Organizati ons - Closures and Totals

Operational, US Closures, US Operational, CA Closures, CA

State of the Industry – As of July 2012

• U.S. Data:

– 806,332 members / 12,634 vehicles / 26 programs currently reporting

• Canadian Data:

–101,502 members / 3,143 vehicles / 19 programs

N.A. Vehicle Holdings: Key Findings

• Between 9 to 13 vehicles removed, including postponed purchase

• 4 to 6 vehicles/carsharing vehicle sold due to carsharing

• Most shift due to 1 car households becoming carless

• Second largest shift, 2 car households become 1 car households

• 25% sell a vehicle

• 25% postpone vehicle purchase

Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

CO2 & Carsharing: Key FindingsNet effect: observed reduction in CO2 emissions

• .75 mt/respondent U.S.• .22 mt/respondent CA• Average .58 mt/respondent (27%

observed and 43% full impact)

Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

GHG Emission Impacts of Carsharing in North America

transweb.sjsu.edu/project/0911.html

Personal Vehicle Sharing

• Personal vehicle sharing models first seen in North America in 2001, eGOCarShare, RentMyCar

• Continues to increase in popularity

• As of April 2012, 33 personal vehicle sharing operators worldwide

• Ten active or in pilot phase in North America

Short-term access to privately-owned vehicles

Fractional Ownership

• Individuals sub-lease or subscribe to vehicle owned by a third party

Hybrid P2P-Traditional Carsharing Model

• Individuals access vehicles by joining an organization that maintains its own fleet of vehicles, but also includes private autos, throughout a network of locations

P2P Carsharing

• Employs privately-owned vehicles made temporarily available for shared use by individual or members of P2P company

P2P Marketplace

• Enables direct exchanges between individuals via Internet

4 Types of Personal Vehicle Sharing

Personal Vehicle Sharing in N. America: How to Address Trust Issues

Shaheen, Mallery, and Kingsley, 2012

User R

ating and Feedback

Socia

l Netw

orking

Scre

ening and Selecti

on

Media Cove

rage

Insura

nce

Technology

Marke

ting

Owners' ch

oice of r

enters

Critica

l mass

of use

rsOther

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Trust Issues

Num

ber

o Re

spon

dent

sn=

22

Acknowledgements• North American carsharing, personal vehicle

sharing, and public bikesharing organizations• Mineta Transportation Institute, San Jose State

University• California Department of Transportation• Adam Cohen, Dr. Elliot Martin, and Dr. Jeff Lidicker,

TSRC, UC Berkeley

www.its.berkeley.edu/sustainabilitycenter