carotid artery disease: treatment and post-operative care jennifer heise, apn, fnp-bc september 12,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Carotid Artery Disease: treatment
and post-operative care
Jennifer Heise, APN, FNP-BCSeptember 12, 2015
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Let’s introduce ourselves…
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QUESTION???
Do you like Gray’s Anatomy?
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QUESTION???
Did you think I was asking about the television
show?
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Learning Objectives
• Review carotid vasculature anatomy • Identify the role of atherosclerosis in carotid
artery disease• Discuss treatment of carotid atherosclerosis– Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)– Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS)
• Describe nursing management and care for patients pre and post procedure
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Carotid Arteries
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Carotid arteries
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Carotid Artery Disease
• 90% of all extracranial carotid lesions are caused by atherosclerosis
• 10% are caused by:– Fibromuscular dysplasia– Radiation– Takayasu’s arteritis– Carotid artery dissection– Injury
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QUESTION???
What are some common risk factors for
atherosclerosis?
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Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis
• Diabetes• Tobacco use• Hypertension• Hypercholesterolemia• Family history
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Atherosclerosis
• Hardening of an artery due to plaque build up• Complex process, begins at cellular level,
inflammatory process, not fully understood• Chronic, progressive, asymptomatic for years• Stable plaques become unstable, separate
from arterial lumen and rupture
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Atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis
• Plaques can eventually cause stenosis, thrombosis or embolization
• Cause of strokes, myocardial infarctions, extremity arterial occlusive disease
• Most common cause of death in U.S.• Atherosclerosis is the most common
contributing factor for stroke
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Carotid Atherosclerosis
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Primary Goal of Treatment of Carotid Atherosclerosis is:
Stroke prevention
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Patient Evaluation
• Asymptomatic– Plaque may build slowly– Found incidentally– Eventually 3-5% per year become symptomatic
• Symptomatic– Symptoms <24 hours = Transient Ischemic Attack
(TIA)– Symptoms >24 hours = stroke
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Patient Evaluation
• Patient history– Neurological changes– Timing of events, duration, frequency– Risk factors
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Patient Evaluation
• Patient physical exam– Neurological exam– Temporal artery/carotid artery: pulses, bruits– Cardiac exam– Extremities
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Purpose of thorough evaluation:
• Looking for clues or signs of atherosclerosis• Establish
baseline neuro status
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Diagnostic Examinations
• Carotid artery ultrasound: shows structural details of carotid arteries, blood clots, and atherosclerotic plaque
• Carotid artery duplex ultrasound: combines standard ultrasound with doppler flow information to show how blood is flowing through the vessels and measures the speed of the flow of the blood.
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Carotid artery duplex
ultrasound
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MagneticResonance
Imaging
QMRA: Quantitative MRA
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Interventions
Carotid Artery Endarterectomy (CEA)Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS)
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QUESTION???
Which procedure do you see more in your practice?
Carotid EndarterectomyCarotid Artery Stenting
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Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)
• Most frequently performed non-cardiac vascular surgical procedure in US
• Goal: prevent stroke• First recorded case 1954, safe, lasting• Large studies have shown significant benefit of CEA
if >70% stenosis and symptomatic– CEA is recommended for symptomatic patients with
>50% stenosis– CEA is recommended for asymptomatic patients with
>60% stenosis
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Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)
• Contraindicated: – High surgical risk-general anesthesia– Co-morbidities– Acute major stroke– History severe stroke
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Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)
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Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)Eversion technique
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Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)Transverse Incision
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Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS)
• Minimally invasive-endovascular• Goal: prevent stroke• Conscious sedation/local anesthesia• Indications– Unable to tolerate general anesthesia– Previous CEA or neck surgery– Irradiation– Re-stenosis after CEA– High lesions
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Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS)
• Contraindications:– Allergy to IV contrast-manageable if
pre-medicated– Unfavorable anatomy– Unstable carotid plaque– Unstable aortic arch plaque– Poor renal function
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Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS)
(Medscape.com)
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Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS)
(Medscape.com)
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Patient Education is Key
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Patient education
• Pre-op– Carotid artery disease is result of atherosclerosis– CEA is surgical procedure to remove plaque from
carotid artery to prevent stroke– CAS is minimally invasive, angioplasty/stent to
prevent stroke – MD/APN to explain risks/benefits– Discuss pre/post op routines– Assess neuro status
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Patient care: pre-op CEA
• Patient education• Labs: CBC, CMP, PT/INR• CXR, EKG• Consider cardiac clearance• NPO after midnight• Baseline neuro exam, (cranial nerve assessment)
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Patient care: post-op CEA
• Admit-step down unit• Vital signs per routine-call MD for abnormals• Neuro exam, including cranial nerves
• every 4 hours for 24 hours• Routine nursing neuro check
– Alert/oriented/speech clear/swallow –gag reflex– Pupils– Visual fields– Smile, frown, stick tongue out– Shoulder shrug, motor drift, hand grasps
• Diet– Advance diet as tolerated (4 hours post-op)
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Patient care: post-op CEA
• Nursing interventions– Ice to incision, 20 minutes/hour, PRN– Keep dressing in place, will be changed by MD– Foley catheter (rarely ordered)-discontinue in
PACU, post-op, midnight– No labs/tests unless ordered by vascular surgeon– HOB to 30 degrees
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Patient care: post-op CEA
• Medications– IV fluids– Aspirin suppository, 300mg, rectal, once, PACU– Aspirin 325 mg, oral, daily, starting post-op day 1– Labetalol, hydralazine, clonidine, nitroprusside prn
to help maintain systolic BP <140– Prophylactic antibiotics (ancef, vanco, cleocin)– Antiemetics (zofran, reglan, nausea protocol)
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Patient care: post-op CEA
• Pain management– No narcotics/sedatives/sleeping agents– Acetaminophen
• VTE prophylaxis– SCDs– Do not give chemoprophylaxis due to high risk of
bleeding- (no Lovenox or heparin)• Activity– Bedrest, or bedrest with bathroom privileges– Ambulate TID, starting post-op day 1
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Patient education: post-op CEA
• Post-op– Activity: return to normal activity as tolerated– No heavy lifting >10 pounds for 1 month– May shower 2-3 days post op, cleanse incision
gently with mild soap/water, pat dry– Bruising and minimal swelling is normal– Men should shave gently with electric razor until
swelling decreases, numbness is common– May drive when able to turn neck freely
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Patient education: post-op CEA
• Notify MD of any new or recurrent symptoms– Swallowing/breathing issues– Unusual redness/swelling– Temperature over 100.5– Sudden weakness, numbness of one side
• Follow up:– 2 weeks-MD visit (no scan- too tender)– 6 weeks-US duplex scan– 6 months-US duplex scan– Every 6-12 months
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Patient education: post-op CEA
• Medications– Aspirin-enteric coated- 81 mg daily– Acetaminophen 500 mg 1-2 tabs every 4 hours as
needed for pain
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Patient care: pre-op CAS
• Patient education• Consent: Cerebral angiogram with possible
stenting of carotid artery stenosis• Labs: CBC, BMP, PT/INR• CXR, EKG• Consider cardiac clearance• NPO after midnight• NIH stroke scale (pre-procedure and prior to
discharge)
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Patient care: pre-op CAS
• Aspirin and Plavix for 5-7 days prior• P2y12 function (Plavix) and aspirin function
levels• Hold betablockers for 2 days prior• Hold proton pump inhibitors-start H2 blockers• Space timing of Plavix and statin therapy
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Patient care: post-op CAS
• Outpatient: If diagnostic cerebral angiogram only, asymptomatic, low grade stenosis, and low risk for stroke
• Admit to ICU: if stent placed (if symptomatic, and greater than 80% stenosis)
• Discharge post-op day one from ICU
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Patient care: post-op CAS
• Vital signs per routine-call MD if abnormal• Routine neuro exam (NIH at discharge)• Groin access site care– Femstop/leg immobilizer, frequent groin checks
• Ambulate after groin is stable• Regular heart healthy diet
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Patient care: post-op CAS
• Medications– Aspirin for life, 81mg or 325mg– Plavix for minimum of 6 months
• Follow up:– 30 days-US carotids– 5-6 months-US carotids and QMRA– Annually- US carotids and QMRA
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Post-op complicationsfor CEA or CAS
• Perioperative stroke– Embolization of atheromatous debris or low blood
flow– Surgeon will assess in OR and PACU– Be aware of neuro changes, Code BAT
• Hypertension/hypotension– Hypertension can threaten arterial anastomosis– Hypotension can cause thrombosis– Either can complicate existing cardiac issues
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Post-op complicationsfor CEA or CAS
• Hyperperfusion syndrome– Rare– Can occur 2-3 days post-op– Severe unilateral headache, seizure, stroke– Due to increased blood pressure in brain
capillaries because vessels have chronically lost the ability to autoregulate and vasoconstrict
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Post-op complicationsfor CEA or CAS
• Cranial nerve injury (CEA)– May have decreased sensation or movement– Can be misinterpreted as a stroke– Caused by traction during surgery or accidental
transection– Most injuries resolve with time
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Post-op complicationsfor CEA or CAS
• Groin site complications (CAS)• Hematoma/respiratory distress (CEA)– Wound complications are infrequent– Bleeding and wound hematoma could
compromise airway, cause tracheal compression– Possible return to surgery, drain placement
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QUESTION???
What would be the MOST important assessment finding to notify the provider about post procedure?A. Slight oozing at incision/groin siteB. Complaints of hungerC. Hypo/hypertensionD. Pain at incision/groin site
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Post-procedure
Patient education• Risk factor reduction– Diet: Low fat/low cholesterol diet– Smoking: accelerates atherosclerosis, increases
blood pressure, and decreases heart rate– Hypertension: resume previous blood pressure
medications, follow up regularly with primary MD or cardiologist
• Notify MD of any new or recurrent symptoms• Attend follow up visits and repeat duplex scans
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QUESTION???
What acronym do we use to teach the public to recognize signs of stroke?A. PASSB. RACEC. FASTD. RICE
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Neuro assessment-cranial nerves
• Alert/oriented/speech clear/swallow-gag reflex
• Pupils: PEARL, EOM• Visual fields• Smile, frown, stick tongue out• Shoulder shrug, motor drift, hand grasps
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Cranial Nerves in Relation to Carotid Artery
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Neuro assessment post CEA:Pupils- CN III, IV, VI
Pupils: PEARL Extraocular movements: EOM
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Neuro assessment post CEA:Visual fields and facial symmetry-
CN II, III, IV, V, VII, XIIVisual fields Facial symmetry
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Neuro assessment post CEA:Accessory -CN XI
Shoulder shrug Motor drift
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Summary of cranial nerves• I - Smell • II - Visual acuity, visual fields and ocular fundi • II,III - Pupillary reactions • III,IV,VI - Extra-ocular movements, including opening of the eyes • V - Facial sensation, movements of the jaw, and corneal reflexes • VII - Facial movements and gustation • VIII - Hearing and balance • IX,X - Swallowing, elevation of the palate, gag reflex and gustation • V,VII,X,XII - Voice and speech • XI - Shrugging the shoulders and turning the head • XII - Movement and protrusion of tongue
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CEA vs CAS?
• CEA-has been standard of care for significant carotid artery disease
• CAS-less invasive alternative• SAPPHIRE trial proved the noninferiority of CAS vs.
CEA in high-risk patients with carotid artery disease.• CREST trial showed no significant differences in
death, stroke or MI• Rates of CAS are slowly increasing with
improvements in technology and experience
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Interesting thought…???
• Are CEA and CAS even necessary?• Perhaps, asymptomatic carotid artery
disease can be effectively treated with current pharmacologic guideline driven treatments for HTN, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and smoking cessation.
• Announcing CREST-2: stay tuned!• http://www.crest2trial.org/
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References
• Assessment: Musculoskeletal and neurologic. (2006-2013). Mosby’s Skills. St. Louis,
MO:Elsevier• Fahey, Victoria. (2004). Vascular nursing. St.
Louis, MO: Saunders. • www.medscape.com• www.svnnet.org • www.vascularweb.org• Gray’s Anatomy
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References
• Bates ER, Babb JD, Casey DE, Cates CU, Duckwiler GR, Feldman TE, Gray WA, Ouriel K, Peterson ED, Rosenfield K, Rundback JH, Safian RD, Sloan MA, White CJ. ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 clinical expert consensus document on carotid stenting: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus DocumentCommittee on Carotid Stenting). J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:126 –70.