carl a. griffey, david marshall, wynse s. brooks, nicholas ... · •70 new crosses made in...
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Carl A. Griffey, David Marshall, Wynse S. Brooks, Nicholas Meier, Mark E. Vaughn, and Wade E. Thomason
Virginia Tech
Research and development of winter malt barley
varieties for the eastern US
Barley Production and Craft Beer Statistics by State in the
mid-Atlantic, 2015 data
Mid-Atlantic
States
Winter Barley
Planted Acreage
#Craft
Breweries
/state Rank
Annual Craft
Beer
Production
(#barrels) Rank
Economic
Impact $ in
millions Rank
Impact
per
Capita
$ Rank
Pennsylvania 55,000 178 8 4,059,330 1 4,488 2 477 4
Maryland 50,000 60 20 258,926 21 652 23 151 23
Virginia 46,000 124 13 274,111 16 1,046 19 173 39
Delaware 32,000 15 49 248,742 22 264 42 389 9
North Carolina 19,000 161 9 675,469 11 1,200 16 168 40
New York 11,000 208 5 1,086,719 7 2,921 4 202 35
New Jersey N/A 51 24 799,942 35 1,236 15 190 37
Conneticut N/A 35 32 105,484 30 569 26 216 30
West Virginia N/A 12 48 14,161 49 211 46 152 45
Washington
DC N/A 10 43 29,727 45 149 51 293 16
Total 213,000 854 6,832,610 12,736 2,412
N/A= Not available Sources: http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/. & https://www.brewersassociation.org/statistics/by-state/ & http://barleycap.cfans.umn.edu/
Craft Maltsters / Brewers Location Cooper Fox Distillery & Maltings Sperryville, VA
Stone Brewing Co. Richmond, VA
Deer Creek Malthouse Glen Mills, PA
Double Eagle Mault Philadelphia, PA
Sierra Nevada Brewing Asheville, NC
Epiphany Craft Malt Durham, NC
Dogfish Head Craft Brewery Milton, DE
Flying Dog Brewery Frederick, MD
Peterson Quality Malt Monkton, VT
Cottrell Brewing Co. Pawcatuck, CT
Pioneer Malting Rochester, NY
River House Brewing Co. Ewing, NJ
Blue Ox Malthouse Lisbon Falls, ME
Maltarie Frontenac Inc. Quebec, Canada
Deschutes Brewery Roanoke, VA
Malt Barley Market Potential and Opportunities:
Some Craft Malt & Micro Brewers in Eastern North America
Source:
https://www.brewersassociation.org/statistics/by-state/?state=VA
Regional Brewing Operations
• 129+ Craft Breweries in
Virginia
• 3 Macro Breweries within 4 hrs
• 4 Regional Craft Breweries in
planning
• Deschutes
• Ballast Point
• Greenflash
• Stone
• 2 Regional Craft Breweries
• Sierra Nevada Brewing Co
• New Belgium Brewing Co
Malt Barley Development at Virginia Tech: Progress,
Constraints and Challenges
YIELD (Secretariat, Thoroughbred and Atlantic)
GRAIN QUALITY and KERNEL SIZE (Thoroughbred and Violetta)
NETBLOTCH
RESISTANCE (Nomini)
LEAF RUST RESISTANCE (VA92-42-46 and Secretariat)
FHB RESISTANCE (Nomini and Eve))
POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE (Wysor)
Available Commercial Winter Malt Barley Varieties in
the Eastern U.S.
• Charles, Endeavor, Wintmalt and Thoroughbred (AMBA recommended
varieties)
• Charles and Endeavor, developed and released by the USDA-ARS in
Idaho and available from Idaho Foundation Seed Program and Wintmalt
was developed in Europe available from KWS
• Thoroughbred, developed and released from the Virginia Tech breeding
program
• These varieties do not possess the required genetic resistance to all
prevalent diseases in eastern regions of North America
• It is economically and environmentally beneficial that barley varieties
developed for the eastern regions of North America be resistant to
diseases (FHB, leaf rust, powdery mildew, net blotch and BYD Virus)
Potential malt barley cultivars: Violetta and Flavia
recommended for production in eastern U.S.
• Violetta LCS is a European high yielding two row winter malt barley variety
developed by Limagrain with very good disease resistance package.
• Flavia also is a European high yielding two row winter malt barley variety develop
in Germany (Ackerman) with very good leaf rust and net blotch resistance.
• Over two years (2014 and 2015), Violetta and Flavia performed very well in the
WMBT in Virginia and were recommended for production.
• In the WMBT, Violetta out yields current two row winter malt barley check
varieties Endeavor and Charles and has overall better disease resistance
• Malting quality in Virginia for Flavia and Violetta is good with high test
weight, plump seed and bright kernels.
Contact information: Seed Source
Limagrain Cereal Seeds North American Office 2040 SE Frontage Road Fort Collins, CO 80525 Telephone: 970-498-2200
Virginia Crop Improvement Association P.O. Box 78 Mt. Holly, VA 22524 Telephone: 804-472-3500 email: [email protected]
• Currently involved in cooperative testing of winter malt
barley lines in 13 states (WA, OR, ID, UT, NE, ND,
MN, WI, MT, NY, TX, VT, and VA) via: Winter Malt
Barley Trial (WMBT).
• Crosses made between Virginia elite lines and varieties
with superior malt barley varieties from the WMBT to
develop high yielding, disease resistant varieties with
superior malt quality.
• In collaboration with OSU, Double Haploid Method
being used to accelerate malt variety development.
• In 2016, we evaluated malt barley lines in yield tests at 1-
2 locations in Virginia:
- 28 lines in the WMBT - 48 DH malt barley lines
Production of two and six-rowed winter malt
barley for the eastern U.S. regions
Table 1. Winter Malt Barley Germplasm being developed and
evaluated in the Virginia Tech Breeding Program in 2015-2016
Tests/Year 2015 2016 2017 Total
POPULATIONS
New Malt Barley Crosses (F1) 45 60 159 264
New Double haploid (DH) Crosses 1 3 4 8
Populations (F2 and higher generations) 48 57 68 173
Progeny Rows 660 627 450 1737
DH Progeny Rows* (New DH lines 2018) 60 640 0* 700
YIELD TESTS
VA-Malt Observation Test 0 61 31 92
Facultative Malt Barley Observation Test 0 0 31 31
VA-Preliminary Malt Test 0 0 39 39
Winter Malt Barley Trial (WMBT) 29 28 30 87
Table 2. Summary of performance of barley entries versus check
varieties in the WMBT at Blacksburg and Warsaw, VA in 2016
Line Row
#
Yield
(bu/ac)
Yield
Rank
Test
weight
(Lb/bu)
Date
headed
(Julian)
Leaf
rust
(0-9)
Net
blotch
(0-9)
Powdery
Mildew
(0-9)
BYD
V (0-
9)
Winter
Survival
(0-100%)
Hirondella 6 107 1 42.6 117 1 5 0 0 95
Calypso 2 94 4 43.5 120 1 3 0 1 99
10/069/1 2 93 5 41.1 115 2 6 2 3 96
SU Mateo 2 85 6 43.8 118 1 5 0 2 96
Thoroughbred
(chk) 6 100 2 44.9 111 5 6 5 0 98
McGregor (chk) 6 96 3 40.8 116 4 3 5 1 98
Endeavor (chk) 2 75 9 42.6 113 7 4 1 2 96
Wintmalt (chk) 2 66 12 43.6 120 4 3 2 5 98
Charles (chk) 2 65 14 37.3 113 8 5 0 3 96
Mean (n=28) 65 40 116 4 5 3 4 94
LSD (0.05) 8 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1 1.2 3.8
CV 13 4.1 1
Table 3. Summary of Malt Quality of Entries versus Check
varieties in the WMBT at Blacksburg and Warsaw, 2016 harvest
*All analyses performed by the USDA Cereal Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI
Parameter Score Lo-Hi Flavia Calypso Hirondella Violetta Endeavor (Chk)
Thoroughbred (Chk)
McGregor (Chk)
Charles (Chk)
Malt Extract [%] 78-81+ 80 81 80 81 81 78 77 80
Protein Content [% dm] 11-13+ 12 11 12 12 12 11 11 12
Diastatic Power [°ASBC] 110-150 183 174 164 192 165 138 93 154
Alpha amylase[20°DU] 40-70 64 53 54 67 108 54 55 112
Beta glucan [ppm] 100-120 181 217 388 178 169 466 425 167
Fan 140-210 199 181 156 195 273 160 162 278
Overall quality score 43 38 35 42 48 29 27 34
Row type 2 2 6 2 2 6 6 2
Table 4. 2016 Warsaw Malt Quality Data
Variety or
Selection
Row
#
Kernel
Weight
(mg)
on
6/64"
(%)
Malt
Extract
(%)
Wort
Clarity
Barley
Protein
(%)
Wort
Protein
(%)
S/T
(%)
DP
(ASBC)
Alpha-
Amylase
(20 DU)
Beta-
glucan
(ppm)
FAN
(ppm)
Quality
score
Overall
Rank
DH14BDH
12-81 2 41.8 98.7 82.3 2.0 12.4 5.0 40.5 121.7 71.5 94.5 296.0 68 1
DH14BDH
12-82 2 34.5 91.1 81.6 1.0 12.0 4.8 41.8 160.5 90.7 228.9 230.3 58 4
Wintmalt 2 32.8 83.4 81.4 2.0 12.1 4.7 41.5 171.9 76.1 128.4 211.5 55 7
Flavia 2 34.2 84.2 81.4 2.0 12.3 5.1 43.4 167.7 71.2 136.9 248.3 55 7
Violetta 2 38.0 94.6 83.4 1.0 10.2 4.7 47.9 144.8 70.9 131.6 190.7 53 12
VA16B-82
2R 2 41.1 97.9 82.8 3.0 10.8 4.8 49.0 125.9 66.3 120.9 212.6 53 12
Calypso 2 38.9 90.6 83.4 1.0 9.8 4.3 45.6 151.2 57.9 209.3 187.8 49 18
DH14BDH
12-94 2 42.7 96.0 82.8 1.0 11.2 6.4 57.8 113.1 105.1 156.7 350.0 48 25
VA16B-81
2R 2 37.6 97.0 83.5 3.0 10.8 3.9 37.0 167.8 82.8 57.0 205.8 46 33
Endeavor 2 29.7 79.0 83.3 3.0 11.0 5.5 53.7 111.1 97.9 138.9 269.6 46 33
Charles 2 28.4 82.1 83.1 3.0 10.4 5.4 52.8 105.0 102.9 167.7 260.2 38 47
Thorough-
bred 6 28.2 83.3 78.8 1.0 10.3 3.4 33.9 128.1 59.6 522.9 161.2 32 64
Small Grains Breeding Nursery, May 2016, Raleigh, NC
USDA/ARS Program in Breeding Malt-Quality Winter Barley for the Southeastern U.S.
Introduction of Variation
•Parent genotyping & identification
•70 new crosses made in November 2010-January 2011
•F1s grown in New Zealand April 2011-November 2011
•F2s grown in North Carolina November 2011-May 2012
Segregation & Selection
•100 spikes/F2 population selected for agronomics, disease resistance, and plump kernels
•Selected F3s sorted on a gravity-table
•F4s planted in field
•Single heads selected for improved type
•F5 head rows grown and selected for yield trials
Evaluation and Release
•First year yield trials (organic and conventional) evaluation for multiple traits in screening nurseries for agronomic, biotic stress characteristics, and grain quality
•Second (2015-16) and third year (2016-17) yield trials at multiple locations (organic and conventional), and throughout the U.S.; multiple trait screening nurseries
•Purity, multiplication, and release of new varieties in 2018 or 2019
Steps repeated each year and material recycled from late to early generations
Winter Malting Barley Breeding Scheme – USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC
Barley Breeding Challenges for Malt Production Quality & Yield
Disease & Insect Resistance
Winter Hardiness
Lodging Resistance
Preharvest Sprouting Tolerance
Non-Traditional Traits: Terroir Sensory Climate (CO2, O3,
temp, vpd)
Progress in Malting Barley Variety Development - 2016 Began malting barley development in 2010.
Provided information to Riverbend Malt House (Asheville), Epiphany Malt (Durham); and Carolina Malt House (Statesville). The number of craft breweries (micro, regional, and brewpubs) has doubled in North Carolina, going from 60 in 2011 to 122 in 2015. In the U.S. as a whole, there were 3,464 craft breweries in 2014. This is the highest number since 1873, when there were 4,131 breweries; all-time low was in 1920 (Prohibition).
In 2016, for barley, had 38 elite lines, 153 advanced lines, 620 preliminary lines, 18,000 head rows, and 420 segregating populations.
In house, agronomic, disease, grain quality (protein, falling numbers, germination, 6/64 sieving); USDA-ARS lab in Madison, WI. Germplasm development and exchange with the USDA-ARS Winter Malting Barley breeding program in Aberdeen, ID.
Virginia
Tennessee
Georgia
South Carolina
Small Grain Testing Locations in North Carolina. Eight locations in all, spanning from the Appalachian Mountains to the Atlantic coast.
Kernel on Barley Malt Barley Wort Alpha- Beta-
Weight 6/64" Color Extract Wort Wort Protein Protein S/T DP amylase glucan FAN Qual i ty Overal l
yield pro twt (mg) (%) (Agtron) (%) ColorClari ty (%) (%) (%) (°ASBC) (20°DU) (ppm) (ppm) Score Rank
ARS14B01 91.93 10.24 54.8 40.0 97.8 34 78.3 2.3 1 12.5 4.07 33.6 98 40.4 541 153 32 16
ARS14B02 85.29 12.74 49.2 39.2 96.2 32 77.7 2.2 1 13.2 4.17 33.6 95 38.2 517 141 17 34
ARS14B06 109.16 10.20 51.9 38.6 95.5 29 78.9 3.4 1 11.9 4.23 36.1 87 39.9 443 169 26 21
ARS14B07 113.73 12.24 47.4 39.4 96.4 34 78.3 2.9 1 12.0 4.19 35.4 82 38.6 708 123 26 21
ARS14B08 107.83 11.68 50.3 38.6 96.0 35 78.3 2.9 1 12.0 4.02 33.8 81 36.2 682 141 26 21
ARS14B15 90.47 11.13 55.5 37.7 95.9 34 77.7 2.6 2 12.1 3.77 33.3 81 36.4 614 170 16 36
ARS14B22 93.06 9.78 47.7 37.0 92.8 27 80.3 3.0 1 11.9 5.16 45.9 129 88.2 521 268 55 1
ARS14B23 85.68 12.77 53.5 38.9 96.3 33 77.0 2.3 1 12.9 3.98 31.3 92 41.5 691 137 23 28
ARS14B25 135.44 8.69 49.6 34.5 86.9 30 81.7 2.9 1 10.9 4.79 47.4 114 88.3 281 282 43 14
ARS14B26 119.13 9.65 55.0 33.8 89.0 30 82.3 3.2 1 9.8 4.82 52.1 132 87.1 264 291 46 10
ARS14B27 139.55 10.41 54.2 33.8 86.5 32 81.3 3.1 1 10.6 4.92 47.2 145 76.5 309 298 46 10
ARS14B29 122.53 10.17 49.8 34.0 89.0 29 81.7 3.3 1 10.5 4.86 49.2 132 76.0 401 255 46 10
ARS14B30 83.85 9.49 55.8 37.0 94.9 32 78.6 2.8 2 11.4 3.97 36.0 81 42.8 655 170 24 26
ARS14B31 99.09 10.08 56.2 39.7 96.1 27 78.3 2.7 1 11.8 3.99 34.0 80 37.5 754 213 28 19
ARS14B32 98.03 10.20 56.2 39.2 95.9 33 78.2 2.6 1 12.5 4.08 34.1 83 38.4 896 218 31 17
ARS14B33 133.04 10.94 35.1 34.3 89.1 26 80.5 3.1 1 11.8 4.64 42.3 150 62.4 439 259 53 4
ARS14B34 146.40 9.01 39.1 34.2 89.7 23 80.8 3.0 1 11.0 4.59 42.6 148 67.2 373 269 48 6
ARS14B35 122.67 8.33 50.5 35.3 92.0 32 82.9 2.5 1 10.0 4.88 52.1 141 90.8 246 284 48 6
ARS14B36 144.66 10.25 49.2 34.6 91.1 30 82.0 3.0 1 10.2 4.79 49.2 152 80.2 302 218 48 6
ARS14B37 124.09 10.29 56.6 35.3 90.5 30 82.5 2.8 1 10.5 5.05 51.2 153 92.0 259 278 48 6
Harrington 38.8 95.8 73 82.1 2.2 1 11.5 4.65 40.6 118 91.3 162 245 57
Endeavor 98.81 9.77 51.3Thoroughbred 106.80 10.44 49.7
Mills River
USDA-ARS Raleigh Small Grains Researchers:
• David Marshall – Wheat and Barley Breeding & Pathology • Christina Cowger – Small Grains Pathology • Gina Brown-Guedira – Small Grain Genetics • David Livingston – Small Grains Physiology • Alan Franzluebbers – Soil Scientist
Identification of Informative Malt Quality Molecular Markers
for MAS to Facilitate the Development of High Yielding,
Superior Quality Winter Malt Barley Cultivars for eastern
North America
• 2 Double Haploid Mapping Populations; Each with ~150 individuals
(Endeavor x VA09B-34) & (Violetta x VA09B-34)
• Will be genotyped with Illumina Micro-Array 50k SNP chip
• Phenotyping of malt quality traits (i.e. malt extract, β –glucan, α-amylase,
FAN, DP, etc….) will take place at the Center for Craft Food and Beverage at
Hartwick College, New York
• Informative markers at specific QTL that positively influence malt quality
traits will be integrated into the program for use in MAS to facilitate high-
throughput selection of superior quality winter malt barley cultivars
By: Nicholas Meier; PhD student
Winter Malt Barley and Wheat Flavor Study
• Grow, malt, and brew 50 kg of 4 malt cultivars (Flavia, Violetta, Endeavor, and
Thoroughbred), 2 soft red and 1 soft white winter wheat cultivars (AgriMaxx 444,
Hilliard, and MCIA Venus), and 1 Triticale cultivar (Trical 498) in Blacksburg and
Warsaw; planted Fall 2016
• Use Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and VT’s trained sensory panel to
analyze aroma compounds of barely, malt, and wort to identify unique flavors which
are genetically and environmentally (terroir) influenced
• All activities to take place on campus in Virginia Tech’s Pilot Malt and Brew house in
collaboration with the Department of Food Science and Technology (Dr. Sean
O’Keefe & Brian Weirsma)
By: Nicholas Meier;
PhD Student
• Continue to participate in the national
collaborative Winter Malt Barley Trial.
• Initiate a regional mid-Atlantic and
Eastern Uniform Winter Malt Barley
Trial.
• Continue to select and use superior
germplasm from the WMBT as parents in
crosses with elite material from our
program.
SUMMARY: FUTURE WORK PLAN
• Accelerate the development of superior,
widely adapted, high yielding two and six-
row winter malt barley varieties using
double-haploid breeding.
• New winter malt barley varieties must have
advantages either in yield, disease
resistance, or quality performance in Malt
houses and Breweries.
• Evaluate yield, disease resistance and
FHB resistance of lines in Virginia state
variety trial and the WMBT in a Scab
nursery at Mount Holly, VA.
SUMMARY: FUTURE WORK PLAN
Acknowledgements
Research Funds Provided by:
● Virginia Small Grains Board
● Kentucky Small Grain Growers Association
● Maryland Grain Producers Utilization Board
● The U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiatives
● American Malt Barley Association (AMBA)
● Brewers Association
THANKS!
Nicholas Meier: [email protected]
Wynse Brooks: [email protected]
Carl Griffey: [email protected]
Dave Marshall: [email protected]