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Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D. Orthopaedic Associates of Manitowoc

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Page 1: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.

Orthopaedic Associates of Manitowoc

Page 2: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Presentation GoalsThe effects of aging on our bodiesThe physiological benefits of exerciseExercise types and program designHow to initiate a new exercise programHow to prevent and treat overuse injuries associated with exercise

Page 3: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

DefinitionsExercise

Bodily exertion for the sake of restoring the organs functions to a healthy state or keeping them healthy

Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (25th edition)

Cross trainingCombining exercises to work various parts of the bodyReduces risk of overworking single body part

Envelope of functionEach individuals’ level of ability and tolerance to exercise

Can expand with appropriate trainingNot infinite

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The Effects of AgingMuscle size and strength decreasesBone mass and density decreasesTendons and ligaments become less elasticJoint cartilage degeneratesBalance control deterioratesMetabolic rate slows

Page 5: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

The Effects of AgingCombine all the effects…

Increased body weightIncreased risk for injury/pain/stiffnessIncreased risk for fallsIncreased risk for major medical problems

High blood pressureHigh cholesterolDiabetes

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Benefits of ExerciseImprove strength, endurance, and flexibility

Muscles, tendons, bones, ligaments and jointsReduce risk for injury, pain, stiffness

With proper programImprove mobility and independenceImprove balance and posture

Reduce risk of fallsMaintain or reduce body weight

Page 7: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Benefits of ExerciseImproves heart and lung function

Increases metabolic rateReduce medical risksReduce cancer risk (breast and colon)Improve psychological well‐beingImproves immune responseImproves sleepImproves chances of living longer

Page 8: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Risks of ExerciseInjury to joints, muscles, bone etc…

Overworking tissues not yet acclimatedTypically when starting a new exercise or when attempting to increase exercise program

General medical concernsUnderlying heart, lung, kidney diseaseCheck with regular physician before starting

Page 9: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Exercise

BENEFITSRisks

Page 10: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Types of ExerciseBalanced exercise program

Range of motion/flexibilityStrengtheningEndurance/cardiovascular

Alternate workout programsCross training

Utilize different muscle groupsAvoid repetitive stress on same body regions

Page 11: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Range of MotionStretching

Reduces stiffness and improves flexibilityWork within motion joint allows

Used as warm‐up and cool‐down exercisesExamples…

YogaTai ChiPilates

Page 12: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

StrengtheningMaintain or improve muscle strength

PowerMax rep 

EnduranceNumber of reps

IsometricTighten muscle without moving joint

IsotonicMove joint as muscle tightens

Lower resistance and higher (15‐20) repetitionsLess risk for injury

Page 13: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

StrengtheningCore exercises (stabilization)

Consists of…Back, abdominal, hip, and thigh regions

Will improve exercise performanceWill reduce incidence of injuryShould be part of a balanced exercise program

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EnduranceImprove cardiac and pulmonary efficiencyImprove aerobic capacity of muscleMost effective for weight reductionFind balance between high impact and low or non‐impact activity

High and medium impactRunning and jumping

Low and non‐impactWalking, elliptical trainer, stair stepperBiking and swimmingCross country skiing

Page 15: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Getting StartedOften the toughest part of exercisingCheck with regular physician to determine safe level of exertionSet reasonable goalsMake it fun!

Page 16: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Getting StartedChoose exercises that can be done year roundStart slow

Allow body to get accustomed to the activityFlexibility exercises very important when starting

Establish a scheduleComfortable time of day

Wear comfortable clothing and supportive shoesWalking or running shoe

Arch supportBreathable, layered clothing

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How Often?Initial goal

30 minutes of balanced exercise5 days per week

Break into more than one daily session if necessaryBuild up duration and frequency of exercise gradually

Goal5 days per weekBalanced program

30 minutes of endurance exercise per each session

Consider using daily chart to track time exercising

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NutritionBalanced diet

Carbohydrates2/3 of daily caloric intakeFruits, vegetables, whole grains

Protein1/3 of daily food intake

Protein‐rich foodsBuilding block for muscleProtein‐rich snack

After muscle damaging workoutHeavy weight‐trainingLong endurance event

Fat20‐30% of daily caloriesPart of all cell membranesEssential fatty acids

Omega‐3

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HydrationAppropriate hydration essential for optimal performance

2% body fluid loss impairs performance>2% can impair cardiac and mental function

Fluid intake guidelinesPre‐workout

16‐20 oz. 2 hours before10 oz. 20 minutes before

During workout4 oz. per every 15 minutes

Post‐workout24 oz. per every pound of body weight lost

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Exercising TipsBefore exercise

Warm upRange of motion and light strengthening exercises for ~15 minutes prior to starting endurance exerciseStart at slow pace and gradually increase pace

Apply heat to area you will be exercising

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Exercising TipsDuring exercise

Exercise at comfortable paceShould be able to speak

Breath regularlyDon’t hold breath

Keep well hydrated

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Exercising TipsDuring exercises

Warning signsChest tightness or painSevere shortness of breathFeeling lightheaded or nauseatedSharp joint or muscle pain

Cease exercisingContact your physician

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Exercising TipsAfter exercise

Cool down5‐10 minutesAllow heart rate to slow down and muscles to relaxSlower pace of exercise activityGentle stretchingApply ice to areas exercised (15‐20 minutes)

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Injury Prevention“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”

Ben Franklin

Many injuries associated with daily fitness can be avoidedProper planning of fitness program and progression

Consulting with regular physicianWorking with a fitness trainer

Page 25: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Injury PreventionMajority of injuries due to overuseBuild up of microscopic trauma to tissue

Tissue breakdown exceeds tissue healingDesigning programs that do not exceed this balance will reduce injury risk

Cross training programWork within envelope of function

Be aware of climate as well as clothing

Page 26: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Common Overuse InjuriesFoot and ankle

Plantar fasciitisPain bottom of heel/arch

Achilles tendonitisPain back of heel or lower calf

Knee/lower legPatella tendonitis

Pain at edge of patella

Shin splintsPain mid and lower shin

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Common Overuse InjuriesHip

Trochanteric bursitisPain outer hip and buttock

BackMyofascial strain

Pain along spinal column

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Common Overuse InjuriesShoulder

Bursitis/tendonitisPain front/side of shoulderWorse when reaching

ElbowTendonitis

Tennis elbowPain outer elbow

Wrist/handTendonitis

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Common Overuse InjuriesStress fractures

Any weight bearing jointWomen > men

Lower bone density with ageFemale triad (Teens and 20s)

Stress fractureAbnormal menses

Due to high level of exerciseEating disorder or poor caloric intake

RunnersPoor calcium and vitamin D intake as teens/adultsSymptoms

Pain and swellingOften warm to touch

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Common Overuse InjuriesStress fractures

Important to distinguish from soft tissue injuryCan lead to complete fracture if neglectedTreatment

Reduce stress to injured boneTypically heal without surgery

Consider surgery if stress fracture of hipOptimize calcium and vitamin D intake

1200 mg calcium and 1000 IU vitamin D dailyMay take 8‐12 weeks to heal

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Injury TreatmentIn general…

Cessation of activity causing painIce to affected areaOral anti‐inflammatory/analgesic useContinue exercises that do not create symptomsSelf‐assess and correct for any causative abnormality

BiomechanicsExercise program/progressionAthletic equipment

Gradual resumption of activity when symptom free and causative factors corrected

May take several weeks

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Injury TreatmentSeek medical care if…

New onset joint swellingUnable to bear weightMechanical catching of jointSymptoms persist or progress despite rest and activity modification

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Injury TreatmentPhysician assessment

Evaluate for significant tissue injuryCartilage, muscle, tendon tearsFracturesAggravation of degenerative joint arthritis

Look for abnormalities in…BiomechanicsExercise program/progressionAthletic equipment

Treat any underlying structural abnormalityNonsurgical treatment most common

Coordinate appropriate rehabilitation

Page 34: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Injury TreatmentPhysical therapy

Reduce inflammationAssess abnormalities in joint/muscle function

Kinetic chainForces transmitted from ground through body and back to the ground

Corrective exercisesRestore balance of muscle forces/flexibility

Balance limbLength

Heel liftCorrective shoe orthotics

Neutral foot arch

Page 35: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

ResourcesLocal fitness trainers

YMCA, Wellness Center, Planet Fitness, etc…The Internet…

Arthritis Foundationwww.arthritis.com

Multiple running, cycling, cross‐training sitesMedical professionals

PhysiciansPhysical therapists

Page 36: Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.chambermanitowoccounty.org/resources/gettingreadytogetactivedr.p… · y“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ” yBen ... yDesigning programs

Questions?

Carl A. DiRaimondo, M.D.

Orthopaedic Associates Manitowoc, WI

682‐6376