cardiovascular powerpoint
TRANSCRIPT
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb
Chapter 11The Cardiovascular
System
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The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System
Slide 11.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
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The HeartThe Heart
Slide 11.2aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Location Thorax between the lungs
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
About the size of your fist Less than 1 lb.
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The HeartThe Heart
Slide 11.2bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.1
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The Heart: CoveringsThe Heart: Coverings
Slide 11.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pericardium – a double serous membrane
Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium
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The Heart: Heart WallThe Heart: Heart Wall
Slide 11.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Three layers Epicardium
Outside layer This layer is the parietal pericardium Connective tissue layer
Myocardium Middle layer Mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium Inner layer Endothelium
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External Heart AnatomyExternal Heart Anatomy
Slide 11.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2a
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The Heart: ChambersThe Heart: Chambers
Slide 11.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Right and left side act as separate pumps Four chambers
Atria Receiving chambers
Right atrium Left atrium
Ventricles Discharging chambers
Right ventricle Left ventricle
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Blood CirculationBlood Circulation
Slide 11.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.3
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The Heart: ValvesThe Heart: Valves
Slide 11.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Allow blood to flow in only one direction Four valves
Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles Bicuspid valve (left) Tricuspid valve (right)
Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve
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The Heart: ValvesThe Heart: Valves
Slide 11.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Valves open as blood is pumped through
Held in place by chordae tendineae (“heart strings”)
Close to prevent backflow
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Operation of Heart ValvesOperation of Heart Valves
Slide 11.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.4
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The Heart: Associated Great VesselsThe Heart: Associated Great Vessels
Slide 11.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Aorta Leaves left ventricle
Pulmonary arteries Leave right ventricle
Vena cava Enters right atrium
Pulmonary veins (four) Enter left atrium
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Coronary CirculationCoronary Circulation
Slide 11.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
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Cardiac Pathology
• Rapid heart beat
• = Inadequate blood
• = Angina Pectoris
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The Heart: Conduction SystemThe Heart: Conduction System
Slide 11.13aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
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The Heart: Conduction SystemThe Heart: Conduction System
Slide 11.13bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Special tissue sets the pace
Sinoatrial node (right atrium)
Pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (junction of r&l atria and ventricles)
Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)
Bundle branches (right and left)
Purkinje fibers
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Heart ContractionsHeart Contractions
Slide 11.14bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.5
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• Three formations– P wave: impulse across atria– QRS complex: spread of impulse down septum,
around ventricles in Purkinje fibers– T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles
Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)
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Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG) (cont.)
Figure 8.15B, C
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The Heart: Cardiac CycleThe Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Slide 11.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atria contract simultaneously
Atria relax, then ventricles contract
Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation
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Filling of Heart Chambers – Filling of Heart Chambers – the Cardiac Cyclethe Cardiac Cycle
Slide 11.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.6
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The Heart: Cardiac OutputThe Heart: Cardiac Output
Slide 11.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
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Cardiac output, cont.
• CO = HR x SV
• 5250 ml/min = 75 beats/min x 70 mls/beat
• Norm = 5000 ml/min
• Entire blood supply passes through body once per minute.
• CO varies with demands of the body.
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Cardiac Output RegulationCardiac Output Regulation
Slide 11.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.7
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart The Heart: Regulation of Heart RateRate
Slide 11.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stroke volume usually remains relatively constant
Starling’s law of the heart – the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
Changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output
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Regulation of Heart RateRegulation of Heart Rate
Slide 11.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Increased heart rate Sympathetic nervous system
Crisis Low blood pressure
Hormones Epinephrine Thyroxine
Exercise Decreased blood volume
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The Heart: Regulation of Heart The Heart: Regulation of Heart RateRate
Slide 11.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Decreased heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system
High blood pressure or blood volume
Dereased venous return
In Congestive Heart Failure the heart is worn out and pumps weakly. Digitalis works to provide a slow, steady, but stronger beat.
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular Blood Vessels: The Vascular SystemSystem
Slide 11.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Taking blood to the tissues and back Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
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The Vascular SystemThe Vascular System
Slide 11.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.8b
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Blood Vessels: AnatomyBlood Vessels: Anatomy
Slide 11.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Three layers (tunics)
Endothelium
Smooth muscle
Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
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Differences Between Blood Vessel Differences Between Blood Vessel TypesTypes
Slide 11.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart
Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
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Movement of Blood Through Movement of Blood Through VesselsVessels
Slide 11.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood
Figure 11.9
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Capillary BedsCapillary Beds
Slide 11.28aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels
Vascular shunt – directly connects an arteriole to a venule
Figure 11.10
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Capillary BedsCapillary Beds
Slide 11.28bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
True capillaries – exchange vessels
Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood
Figure 11.10
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Diffusion at Capillary BedsDiffusion at Capillary Beds
Slide 11.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.20
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Vital Signs
• Arterial pulse
• Blood pressure
• Repiratory Rate
• Body Temperature
• All indicate the efficiency of the system
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PulsePulse
Slide 11.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pulse – pressure wave of blood
Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated
Figure 11.16
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Blood PressureBlood Pressure
Slide 11.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
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Measuring Arterial Blood PressureMeasuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Slide 11.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 11.18
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Blood Pressure: Effects of FactorsBlood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Slide 11.39aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neural factors Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
Renal factors
Regulation by altering blood volume
Renin – hormonal control
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Blood Pressure: Effects of FactorsBlood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Slide 11.39bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Temperature
Heat has a vasodilation effect
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Chemicals
Various substances can cause increases or decreases
Diet
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Variations in Blood PressureVariations in Blood Pressure
Slide 11.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Human normal range is variable Normal
140–110 mm Hg systolic 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension Low systolic (below 110 mm HG) Often associated with illness
Hypertension High systolic (above 140 mm HG) Can be dangerous if it is chronic